The Black-winged Monarch(Monarcha frater)inhabits low-mid elevation forests across New Guinea and far northeastern Australia.Of its four recognized subspecies,M.f.canescens is migratory,breeding in tropical north-east...The Black-winged Monarch(Monarcha frater)inhabits low-mid elevation forests across New Guinea and far northeastern Australia.Of its four recognized subspecies,M.f.canescens is migratory,breeding in tropical north-eastern Australia from approximately November–March.The non-breeding range of M.f.canescens,apart from some individuals overwintering in Australia,has been unknown for>100 years.Data from 194 New Guinean and Australian specimens and a literature review have not solved this mystery;the narrow latitudinal range of the intratropical migration may inhibit use of GPS loggers in resolving the migration route.Field work in central and western parts of southern New Guinea is needed.Specimen data,however,revealed an essentially overlooked population in north-western New Guinea east of the Bird's Head Peninsula phenotypically indistinguishable from nominate M.f.frater of that Peninsula.Future genomic analysis of the complex will be largely done from toepad skin because frozen tissue samples for DNA analysis exist only of four individuals of what we suggest should be elevated to species rank as M.periophthalmicus.We discuss how genomic analysis might distinguish among alternative taxonomic hypotheses of one,two or three species.We suggest English names for what we consider to be three diagnosable taxa worth recognizing at species rank in this group:Arfak Monarch corresponding to M.frater(Bird's Head Peninsula and the“new”population of north-western New Guinea);Pearly Monarch for M.canescens(Australia and still unknown non-breeding range),and Masked Monarch for M.periophthalmicus(including kunupi,elsewhere in New Guinea).展开更多
Scholars have previously attributed the theoretical origin of“the heart is the monarch/ruler”to the monarchical view of politics.However,according to the latest unearthed documents and relevant documents handed down...Scholars have previously attributed the theoretical origin of“the heart is the monarch/ruler”to the monarchical view of politics.However,according to the latest unearthed documents and relevant documents handed down from ancient times,it can be found that the theory of“the heart is the monarch”might derive from the importance of attachment to the“Zhong”ideology in traditional culture,which promoted the concept that the heart as the center of body,should be the ruler and was later evolved as the“monarch”.Similar cognitive views were all mentioned in Confucianism,Taoism,eclectics scholars and other pre-Qin literature,but only in the system of traditional Chinese medicine,they played a significant role in building the heart-centered theory of Zang-Fu.Traditional Chinese medicine is a discipline developed mainly by clinical practice with the fundamental purpose of curing diseases and saving people.Although the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)roots in the pre-Qin Dynasty,the development is unique to the other philosophies.With rich cultural connotations and philosophical thoughts,TCM is certainly the key to the treasures of Chinese civilization and deserves more attention and exploration.展开更多
该研究设计以罗汉果为核心的具有清咽润喉和润肠通便双功能的保健食品配方,并对其进行综合评价。通过收集整理含罗汉果的保健食品批文、专利和中成药信息建立数据库,使用关联规则算法(Apriori)、层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,...该研究设计以罗汉果为核心的具有清咽润喉和润肠通便双功能的保健食品配方,并对其进行综合评价。通过收集整理含罗汉果的保健食品批文、专利和中成药信息建立数据库,使用关联规则算法(Apriori)、层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)、熵权法、逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to solution,TOPSIS)等机器学习算法挖掘其中原料药味配方规律。围绕药味类别、归经和现有处方类型构建AHP评价体系计算原料功效得分,同时对原料口感、频率赋值,以此为依据筛选药味并结合中医药理论进行配方。利用AHP计算“君臣佐使”权重向量,配方中所选原料的3项得分分别按君臣佐使加权后求和,得到“配方功效-配方频率-配方口感”矩阵,利用熵权法处理矩阵后使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价,实现配方设计。收集数据建立清咽通便双功能原料数据库,得到的40味原料以补虚药与清热药居多。其中经AHP评价功效得分较高(>1.0)的共有16种不同原料,除罗汉果外排名前5的分别为甘草、蜂蜜、玉竹、陈皮和西洋参。在此基础上,结合药对组合情况与原料口感得分,筛选得到包括罗汉果在内的11味候选原料,组成10个可能配方。对其进行熵权-TOPSIS分析评价后,由罗汉果、胖大海、麦冬、蜂蜜、甘草组成的配方排名第1位且与其他配方评分相差较大。该研究以罗汉果为例探究保健食品配方设计方法并实现配方多维度立体评价,为后续保健食品研发提供新的思路和方向。展开更多
文摘The Black-winged Monarch(Monarcha frater)inhabits low-mid elevation forests across New Guinea and far northeastern Australia.Of its four recognized subspecies,M.f.canescens is migratory,breeding in tropical north-eastern Australia from approximately November–March.The non-breeding range of M.f.canescens,apart from some individuals overwintering in Australia,has been unknown for>100 years.Data from 194 New Guinean and Australian specimens and a literature review have not solved this mystery;the narrow latitudinal range of the intratropical migration may inhibit use of GPS loggers in resolving the migration route.Field work in central and western parts of southern New Guinea is needed.Specimen data,however,revealed an essentially overlooked population in north-western New Guinea east of the Bird's Head Peninsula phenotypically indistinguishable from nominate M.f.frater of that Peninsula.Future genomic analysis of the complex will be largely done from toepad skin because frozen tissue samples for DNA analysis exist only of four individuals of what we suggest should be elevated to species rank as M.periophthalmicus.We discuss how genomic analysis might distinguish among alternative taxonomic hypotheses of one,two or three species.We suggest English names for what we consider to be three diagnosable taxa worth recognizing at species rank in this group:Arfak Monarch corresponding to M.frater(Bird's Head Peninsula and the“new”population of north-western New Guinea);Pearly Monarch for M.canescens(Australia and still unknown non-breeding range),and Masked Monarch for M.periophthalmicus(including kunupi,elsewhere in New Guinea).
文摘Scholars have previously attributed the theoretical origin of“the heart is the monarch/ruler”to the monarchical view of politics.However,according to the latest unearthed documents and relevant documents handed down from ancient times,it can be found that the theory of“the heart is the monarch”might derive from the importance of attachment to the“Zhong”ideology in traditional culture,which promoted the concept that the heart as the center of body,should be the ruler and was later evolved as the“monarch”.Similar cognitive views were all mentioned in Confucianism,Taoism,eclectics scholars and other pre-Qin literature,but only in the system of traditional Chinese medicine,they played a significant role in building the heart-centered theory of Zang-Fu.Traditional Chinese medicine is a discipline developed mainly by clinical practice with the fundamental purpose of curing diseases and saving people.Although the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)roots in the pre-Qin Dynasty,the development is unique to the other philosophies.With rich cultural connotations and philosophical thoughts,TCM is certainly the key to the treasures of Chinese civilization and deserves more attention and exploration.
文摘该研究设计以罗汉果为核心的具有清咽润喉和润肠通便双功能的保健食品配方,并对其进行综合评价。通过收集整理含罗汉果的保健食品批文、专利和中成药信息建立数据库,使用关联规则算法(Apriori)、层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)、熵权法、逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to solution,TOPSIS)等机器学习算法挖掘其中原料药味配方规律。围绕药味类别、归经和现有处方类型构建AHP评价体系计算原料功效得分,同时对原料口感、频率赋值,以此为依据筛选药味并结合中医药理论进行配方。利用AHP计算“君臣佐使”权重向量,配方中所选原料的3项得分分别按君臣佐使加权后求和,得到“配方功效-配方频率-配方口感”矩阵,利用熵权法处理矩阵后使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价,实现配方设计。收集数据建立清咽通便双功能原料数据库,得到的40味原料以补虚药与清热药居多。其中经AHP评价功效得分较高(>1.0)的共有16种不同原料,除罗汉果外排名前5的分别为甘草、蜂蜜、玉竹、陈皮和西洋参。在此基础上,结合药对组合情况与原料口感得分,筛选得到包括罗汉果在内的11味候选原料,组成10个可能配方。对其进行熵权-TOPSIS分析评价后,由罗汉果、胖大海、麦冬、蜂蜜、甘草组成的配方排名第1位且与其他配方评分相差较大。该研究以罗汉果为例探究保健食品配方设计方法并实现配方多维度立体评价,为后续保健食品研发提供新的思路和方向。
