Development of a new cerebral ischemia reperfusion model of Mongolian gerbils and standardized evaluation system

Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.

Spatiotemporal changes of gross primary productivity and its response to drought in the Mongolian Plateau under climate change

Gross primary productivity(GPP)of vegetation is an important constituent of the terrestrial carbon sinks and is significantly influenced by drought.Understanding the impact of droughts on different types of vegetation GPP provides insight into the spatiotemporal variation of terrestrial carbon sinks,aiding efforts to mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change.In this study,we utilized the precipitation and temperature data from the Climatic Research Unit,the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI),the standardized precipitation index(SPI),and the simulated vegetation GPP using the eddy covariance-light use efficiency(EC-LUE)model to analyze the spatiotemporal change of GPP and its response to different drought indices in the Mongolian Plateau during 1982-2018.The main findings indicated that vegetation GPP decreased in 50.53% of the plateau,mainly in its northern and northeastern parts,while it increased in the remaining 49.47%area.Specifically,meadow steppe(78.92%)and deciduous forest(79.46%)witnessed a significant decrease in vegetation GPP,while alpine steppe(75.08%),cropland(76.27%),and sandy vegetation(87.88%)recovered well.Warming aridification areas accounted for 71.39% of the affected areas,while 28.53% of the areas underwent severe aridification,mainly located in the south and central regions.Notably,the warming aridification areas of desert steppe(92.68%)and sandy vegetation(90.24%)were significant.Climate warming was found to amplify the sensitivity of coniferous forest,deciduous forest,meadow steppe,and alpine steppe GPP to drought.Additionally,the drought sensitivity of vegetation GPP in the Mongolian Plateau gradually decreased as altitude increased.The cumulative effect of drought on vegetation GPP persisted for 3.00-8.00 months.The findings of this study will improve the understanding of how drought influences vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas.

Argа-Bilig theory in traditional Mongolian medicine:a theoretical and practical perspective

The concept of Arga and Bilig serves as a foundational principle in both ancient Mongolian philosophy and traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM). Arga, symbolized by brightness and associated with qualities of fire and activity, complements Bilig, symbolized by darkness and representing attributes of water and stillness. Together, these opposing forces permeate all aspects of existence, from the genesis of parenthood to the interplay of day and night. Understanding Arga-Bilig is crucial for diagnosing and treating diseases, as it illuminates the source of imbalance within the body. This review provides an overview of the significance of Arga-Bilig in Mongolian philosophy and its application in TMM, emphasizing the dynamic interplay of these opposing forces and their role in maintaining balance and harmony within the body.

A review of geophysical studies on the Mongolian Plateau

The Mongolian Plateau in Central Asia is an intracontinental tectonic system far from active plate boundaries.Despite its distance from these boundaries,the plateau is characterized by intense crustal deformation accompanied by voluminous Cenozoic volcanism and active modern seismicity.However,the intraplate deformation mechanism has long been debated owing to the scarcity of observations and contradictions between different results.In recent years,growing geophysical studies have been conducted on the Mongolian Plateau,providing constraints on its lithospheric structure and dynamics.Here,we review the geophysical research on the Mongolian Plateau over the last decade,including seismological,geodetic,gravity,magnetotelluric,and geodynamic aspects.This review aims to(a)describe crustal and mantle structures based on multiscale seismic images;(b)describe deformation patterns based on seismic anisotropy,focal mechanisms,and global positioning system(GPS)observations;and(c)discuss the mechanisms behind intraplate deformation,volcanism,and seismic activity across the Mongolian Plateau.Seismic images show that the crustal structure of the plateau has significant east-west differences.Several blocks in the western Mongolian Plateau have thick crusts,including the Altai Mountains,Hovsgol Rift,and Hangay Dome.The lithospheric deformation across the Mongolian Plateau has strong lateral variation,with NE-SW shortening in the Altai Mountains and W-E or NW-SE shear deformation in the Hangay Dome region and the eastern part.The varied deformation may result from the superposition of multiple mechanisms,including far-field stress in the Altai Mountains,mantle upwelling,and mantle flow in the Hangay Dome region.However,it is difficult to identify the geodynamics of the formation of the entire Mongolian Plateau because the deformation is too complicated,and the present models are not sufficient and are always partial.Overall,this review encompasses recent advances in seismic observations of the Mongolian Plateau,illuminates the heterogeneities in the crust and mantle structure and deformation of the plateau,and discusses the mechanisms behind the deformation,magmatism,and seismicity.

Aging Mongolian pine plantations face high risks of drought-induced growth decline:evidence from both individual tree and forest stand measurements

Discerning vulnerability differences among different aged trees to drought-driven growth decline or to mortality is critical to implement age-specific countermeasures for forest management in water-limited areas.An important species for afforestation in dry environments of northern China,Mongolian pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)has recently exhibited growth decline and dieback on many sites,particularly pronounced in old-growth plantations.However,changes in response to drought stress by this species with age as well as the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.In this study,tree-ring data and remotely sensed vegetation data were combined to investigate variations in growth at individual tree and stand scales for young(9-13 years)and aging(35-52 years)plantations of Mongolian pine in a water-limited area of northern China.A recent decline in tree-ring width in the older plantation also had lower values in satellited-derived normalized difference vegetation indices and normalized difference water indices relative to the younger plantations.In addition,all measured growth-related metrics were strongly correlated with the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index during the growing season in the older plantation.Sensitivity of growth to drought of the older plantation might be attributed to more severe hydraulic limitations,as reflected by their lower sapwood-and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivities.Our study presents a comprehensive view on changes of growth with age by integrating multiple methods and provides an explanation from the perspective of plant hydraulics for growth decline with age.The results indicate that old-growth Mongolian pine plantations in water-limited environments may face increased growth declines under the context of climate warming and drying.

Flooding(or breaching)of inter-connected proglacial lakes by cascading overflow in the arid region of Western Mongolia(Mt.Tsambagarav,Mongolian Altai)

This study investigates the glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF)hazards in the Tsambagarav mountain range in Western Mongolia,focusing on the Khukhnuruu Valley and its interconnected proglacial lakes.Over the last 30 years,significant glacier retreats,driven by rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns,have led to the formation and expansion of several proglacial lakes.Fieldwork combined with satellite data and meteorological analysis was used to assess the dynamics of glacier and lake area changes,with particular focus on the flood events of July 2021.The research reveals a substantial reduction in glacier area,particularly in the Khukhnuruu E complex,where glacier area decreased by 19.3%.The study highlights the influence of increasing temperatures and summer precipitation,which have accelerated ice melt,contributing to the expansion and eventual breaching of lakes.Additionally,lake area changes were influenced by the steepness of the terrain,with steeper slopes exacerbating peak discharge during floods.Of the studied seven lakes(Lake 1 to Lake 7),Lake 1 experienced the most dramatic reduction,with a decrease in area by 73.51%and volume by 84.84%,followed by Lake 7.This study underscores the region's vulnerability to climate-induced hazards and stresses the need for a comprehensive early warning system and disaster preparedness measures to mitigate future risks.

Origin and Common Application of Mongolian Diet Therapy

This paper mainly introduces the origin of Mongolian medicine diet therapy,classic works of Mongolian medicine diet therapy and clinical conventional diet therapy through literature research,to provide a certain reference for giving reasonable diet therapy for clinical patients and improving treatment and prognosis research.

Current Status of Mongolian Medicine Treatment for Breast Hyperplasia

Through literature and clinical research,the current status of Mongolian medicine treatment for breast hyperplasia is discussed,such as oral administration of Mongolian medicine for treatment,oral administration of Mongolian medicine combined with external application for treatment,combination of Mongolian medicine acupuncture therapy and oral administration of Mongolian medicine for treatment,integrated treatment of Mongolian and Western medicine,and combination therapy of Mongolian and traditional Chinese medicine,providing new ideas and choices for clinical research.

Impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau, East Asia from 2000 to 2023

The Mongolian Plateau in East Asia is one of the largest contingent arid and semi-arid areas of the world.Under the impacts of climate change and human activities,desertification is becoming increasingly severe on the Mongolian Plateau.Understanding the vegetation dynamics in this region can better characterize its ecological changes.In this study,based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)images,we calculated the kernel normalized difference vegetation index(kNDVI)on the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2023,and analyzed the changes in kNDVI using the Theil-Sen median trend analysis and Mann-Kendall significance test.We further investigated the impact of climate change on kNDVI change using partial correlation analysis and composite correlation analysis,and quantified the effects of climate change and human activities on kNDVI change by residual analysis.The results showed that kNDVI on the Mongolian Plateau was increasing overall,and the vegetation recovery area in the southern region was significantly larger than that in the northern region.About 50.99%of the plateau showed dominant climate-driven effects of temperature,precipitation,and wind speed on kNDVI change.Residual analysis showed that climate change and human activities together contributed to 94.79%of the areas with vegetation improvement.Appropriate human activities promoted the recovery of local vegetation,and climate change inhibited vegetation growth in the northern part of the Mongolian Plateau.This study provides scientific data for understanding the regional ecological environment status and future changes and developing effective ecological protection measures on the Mongolian Plateau.

Network Pharmacological Analysis of Action Mechanism of Mongolian Medicine Rhododendron micranthum Turcz. in Treating Lung Cancer

[Objectives]To explore the action mechanism of Mongolian medicine Rhododendron micranthum Turcz.on lung cancer by network pharmacology.[Methods]Based on the high-throughput experiment and reference database(HERB)of traditional Chinese medicine,component target database(Swiss ADME),small molecule drug target prediction online platform(SWISS Target Prediction),human gene business card database(GENECARD),the database of genes and mutation sites related to human diseases(DISGENET)and other databases,the target genes of drugs and diseases were screened out.Venny software was used for obtaining the target intersection of active components of the Mongolian medicine R.micranthum Turcz.and the lung cancer,a CytoNCA plug-in in cytoscape 3.10.0 software was used for screening candidate core target genes,and related effective components were obtained in a reverse direction.A drug-active ingredient-gene-disease regulation network was established,a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was established by means of the STRING database to screen core genes,and common targets were screened by the David database.Gene Ontology(GO)function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)were used for enrichment analysis.[Results]There were 13 effective components of Mongolian medicine R.micranthum Turcz.for treating lung cancer and 115 drug disease intersection target genes.Core genes affecting the disease included SRC,HSP90AB1,EGFR,AKT1,and ERBB2.GO functional enrichment analysis involved 462 items of biological processes,64 items of cellular components and 126 items of molecular functions.Enrichment analysis of KEGG signaling pathways screened out cancer pathways,endocrine resistance,PI3K-Akt signaling pathways,proteoglycans in cancer and other signaling pathways.[Conclusions]Mongolian medicine R.micranthum Turcz.can inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells from multiple targets and pathways,and the results of network pharmaceutical analysis provide a theoretical basis for further experimental research.

Basic philosophy of three essences theory in traditional Mongolian medicine

Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)integrates Tibetan and Chinese medicine with indigenous Mongolian practices,focusing on the balance of three core essences:Khii,Shar,and Badgan,derived from the Five Elements-earth,water,fire,wind,and space.These essences regulate both physical and psychological processes,and their imbalance,often caused by diet,behavior,or environment,leads to disease.TMM utilizes holistic diagnostic methods such as pulse diagnosis,visual inspection,and lifestyle evaluation to identify imbalances of three essences.Treatments include herbal remedies,dietary adjustments,behavior modification,and accessory therapies like moxibustion and massage to restore balance.This mini review examines the philosophical underpinnings,diagnostic techniques,and therapeutic strategies to Khii,Shar,and Badgan,highlighting their importance in both traditional and modern integrative healthcare.

Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Mongolian Medical Warm Acupuncture in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation

Objective:To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation(LDH).Methods:CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,Pubmed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and other databases were searched.The randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on the treatment of LDH with Mongolian medical warm acupuncture were manually searched in the Chinese Journal of Ethnic Medicine,Chinese Journal of Mongolian Medicine,Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,and Journal of Inner Mongolia Medical University.The search time limit was from January 2000 to October 2023.RevMan5.4 software was used to analyze the included and excluded literature.Results:A total of 8 RCTs involving 1,042 patients with LDH were included,with 551 patients in the observation group and 491 patients in the control group.The results of the meta-analysis showed that a total of 8 randomized controlled trials were included in the treatment of LDH with Mongolian medical warm acupuncture compared with simple acupuncture(RR=1.18,95%CI=[1.12,1.23],P<0.00001).Conclusion:The total effective rate of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture for LDH is higher than that of simple acupuncture.However,due to the low quality of the literature included in this study,multi-dimensional,large sample size,and more rigorous clinical randomized trials are needed for further verification in the future.

基于三维运动捕捉技术构建蒙医震脑术三维虚拟仿真平台的视觉呈现

背景:基于三维运动捕捉技术可以构建精准的、客观量化的医学虚拟仿真模型,有利于临床学习者精准、深入理解和掌握各种传统疗术。目前中医虚拟仿真模型已有报道,但蒙医传统疗术的虚拟仿真模型尚未见报道。目的:构建一种基于三维运动捕捉技术的交互式三维可视化的蒙医震脑术虚拟仿真模型。方法:使用Motion Analysis三维光学运动捕捉系统和足底测力台采集蒙医专家的运动捕捉数据,在Motion Builder软件中构建震脑术三维动作模型,使用Maya软件构建角色模型并与动作模型相匹配,运动Unity3D软件构建蒙医震脑术虚拟仿真系统,系统整合蒙医震脑术操作3D动画、运动学和动力学参数信息。结果与结论:通过三维运动捕捉技术和计算机仿真重现蒙医震脑术操作,能够显示施术者和受试者的运动姿态,记录关节运动的关键空间位置参数与变化情况,得出运动过程中的运动学、动力学参数。运用交互式三维虚拟仿真技术,实现蒙医震脑术的三维虚拟仿真的视觉呈现,为蒙医震脑术手法的标准化、数字化、可视化研究奠定基础。

蒙古牛皮肤Qa-1b/NKG2A的表达及Qa-1b纳米抗体的制备和功能鉴定

本研究旨在通过检测蒙古牛皮肤Qa-1b/NKG2A的表达特征,分析其参与皮肤免疫的功能,及Qa-1b在抗黑素瘤发展中可能发挥的作用。通过实时定量PCR、Western blot、免疫组织化学方法以及免疫共沉淀法对Qa-1b/NKG2A在皮肤中的表达进行相对定量和定位以及互作关系分析;以Qa-1b多肽为抗原,使用噬菌体展示技术,从羊驼黑色素瘤细胞纳米抗体文库中进行淘筛,获得结合性较强的纳米抗体(Qa-1b-VHH)序列;构建pET28a-Qa-1b-VHH原核表达重组质粒,通过IPTG诱导表达和镍柱纯化,获得Qa-1b纳米抗体。经ELISA检测Qa-1b纳米抗体与抗原的特异性后,将Qa-1b纳米抗体应用于Western blot和免疫组织化学方法检测组织中Qa-1b的表达,以及添加到B16黑素瘤细胞培养基中,通过CCK8法、细胞划痕法和Western blot法检测其对B16细胞增殖及迁移的影响以及与增殖和迁移相关蛋白表达情况。结果显示:Qa-1b和NKG2A在蒙古牛皮肤组织的毛囊外根鞘和血管内皮中表达,在犊牛皮肤中的表达量显著高于成年牛(P<0.01或P<0.001)。且Qa-1b和NKG2A在皮肤中存在互作关系。所获得的Qa-1b纳米抗体特异性较强,可用作Western blot和免疫组织化学中的一抗检测其他组织中Qa-1b的表达;Qa-1b纳米抗体添加到B16细胞培养基中,应用CCK 8法和细胞划痕法检测该Qa-1b纳米抗体对B16细胞增殖和迁移有明显的抑制效果,细胞增殖过程中Ras、MEK1、CyclinD1、CDK4蛋白的表达显著下调(P<0.01或P<0.001)。本试验揭示了Qa-1b/NKG2A参与皮肤免疫以保证毛囊正常生长,尤其是犊牛;Qa-1b纳米抗体可抑制B16细胞增殖和迁移,为增强皮肤免疫及抗黑素瘤发展的抗体药物提供理论依据。

Cloning of Hoxc8 Promoter in Mongolian Sheep by Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced PCR

[Objective] The research aimed toexplore the method to obtain Hoxc8 pro- moter of Mongolian Sheep. [Method] Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR was used to amplify the promoter sequence of Hoxc8 inMongolian Sheep. [Result] The ob- tained sequence by usingthermal asymmetric interlaced PCRwas not ideal and the sequencing results were not matching to the known sequence. Though promoter se- quence of Hoxc8 in Mongolian Sheep was not obtained by thermal asymmetric in- terlaced PCR, but the results could provide references for the relevant studies in the future. [Conclusion] The research laid the foundation for further study on the methy- lation status Hoxc8 promoter in Mongolian Sheep.

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨蒙药梅花草治疗肝损伤的潜在作用机制

目的:应用网络药理学和分子对接技术探究蒙药梅花草治疗肝损伤的作用机制,为梅花草的进一步研究与应用提供参考依据。方法:基于TCMSP和Swiss Target Prediction数据库筛选蒙药梅花草的活性成分及靶点,通过GeneCards和OMIM数据库查找肝损伤的相关靶点,再将梅花草活性成分靶点与疾病靶点映射,采用Cytoscape 3.8.0绘制PPI网络构建图,并进行GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集分析,进一步构建活性成分-靶点-信号通路网路图,最后运用AutoDock软件将蒙药梅花草主要活性成分与肝损伤核心靶点进行分子对接。结果:通过筛选得到梅花草活性成分28个;药物与疾病共同作用靶点751个;蛋白互作用网络中核心靶点为TP53(肿瘤蛋白P53)、SRC(酪氨酸蛋白激酶)、HSP90AA1(蛋白质编码基因)、AKT1(丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶)、MAPK3(丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3)、STAT3(信号转导子和转录激活子3)、CTNNB1(β-连环蛋白)、MAPK1(丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶1)、EGFR(人表皮生长因子受体)、EP300(E1A结合蛋白P300)等。分子对接结合能均<-7kcal/mol,表明药物活性成分与靶点蛋白对接效果良好,与网络药理预测结果相符。结论:蒙药梅花草以多成分、多靶点、多通路的复杂形式发挥治疗肝损伤的作用,TP53、AKT1、MAPK1、MAPK3等可能参与其中。

融合注意力机制的蒙医药命名实体识别

目前蒙医药文本分布较为分散,缺乏系统化整理,构建蒙医药知识图谱成为解决这一问题的关键途径,其中命名实体识别(NER)技术发挥着关键作用。提出了一种基于BERT-BiGRU-CRF与注意力机制的NER模型,旨在解决蒙医药文本中实体识别问题,数据来源包括公开发布的蒙医药文本以及蒙医的著作,并进行校正和完善。实验结果表明,所提出的模型在蒙医药命名实体识别任务中的F1值达到87.33%。在F1值上,相比于BiLSTM-CRF、BERT-BiLSTM-CRF、BERT-BiGRU-CRF模型分别提升了4.97%、1.82%和1.77%,不仅提升了蒙医药领域中NER的应用效果,还为蒙医药知识图谱的构建和文化传承提供了重要的技术支持。

A Study on the Anxiety of Mongolian Undergraduates in Public English Class

Anxiety is a complicated psychological phenomenon in foreign language learning process, involving both cognitive and affective factors, especially for those with cross culture background. This essay focuses on the anxiety of Mongolian undergraduates in public English class, analyses the contributory factors and puts forward effective strategies on how to overcome their anxiety to achieve the goal that college public English teaching will be elevated at large.

基于地基激光雷达人工蒙古栎削度-二元材积方程的构建

为提高干形复杂树种材积无损估算的精度,利用地基激光雷达点云数据,构建基于人工蒙古栎最优削度模型的二元材积方程。以哈尔滨市城市林业示范基地的蒙古栎人工林为研究对象,使用地基激光雷达扫描获得完整点云数据,经过裁剪、高程归一化、滤波、单木分割和枝叶分离等处理提取树干结构参数。根据蒙古栎干形特征,选用6种削度方程模型(Biging(1984)、Amidon(1984)、孟宪宇(1982)、Kozak(2004)-Ⅱ、曾伟生等(1997)、Max and Burkhart(1976)),通过非线性回归拟合,筛选最优模型并构建削度-二元材积方程。研究结果表明,单木定位识别精度为95.22%,树高和胸径的提取值与实测值决定系数(R2)分别为0.97和0.98;最优削度模型拟合结果的决定系数(R^(2))和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.99和0.38 cm。所构建的蒙古栎削度-二元材积方程与现有材积计算方法进行残差分析表明,其估算结果具备可靠性,可为利用地基激光雷达点云数据估算干形复杂的树种材积提供重要技术支持。