About Some Aspects of Use of Optical Sensors for Monitoring the Aquatic Environment

Multi-channel polarization optical technology is increasingly used for prompt monitoring of water systems.Optical devices during the assessment of water quality determine the intensity of light through the studied aquatic environment.Spectrophotometric devices measure the spectrum of weakening of light through the aquatic environment.Spectroellipsometric devices receive spectra in vertical and horizontal polarizations.The presented article develops an adaptive optical hardware and image system for monitoring water bodies.The system is combined.It consists of 2 parts:1)automated spectrophotometer-refractometer,and 2)adaptive spectroellipsometer.The system is equipped with a corresponding algorithmic and software,including algorithms for identifying spectral curves,databases and knowledge of spectral curves algorithms for solving reverse problems.The presented system is original since it differs from modern foreign systems by a new method of spectrophotometric and spectroellipsometric measurements,an original elemental base of polarization optics and a comprehensive mathematical approach to assessing the quality of a water body.There are no rotating polarization elements in the system.Therefore,this makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and,as a result,improve measurement stability and simplify multichannel spectrophotometers and spectroellipsometers.The proposed system can be used in various water systems where it is necessary to assess water quality or identify the presence of a certain set of chemical elements.

New Attempt for Building Rural Water Environment Management System Based on the Investigation and Analysis of Water Environment in Xianxia Town, Yudu County

Water environment is a part of ecological environment, and conservation of water environment has always been a focus of public attention in China, but water environment management in the vast countryside has been stuck in bottleneck. Based on the fi eld investigation in Xianxia Town, Yudu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, this paper explored the current situation of local water environment and the management diffi culties, then introduced the holistic view to integrate the linkage of government, market and society, proposed the universality of the individual case, and the new attempt centering on urban-rural integrated water environment management system with public participation mechanism, management subjects' benefit balance and coordination system, marketing operation mechanism and economic incentive mechanism as the extension.

Analysis on Residents’ Satisfaction and Its Influencing Factors with Water Environment Management: Based on the Data from Xiaoqing River

Xiaoqing River is one of the key rivers in the Yellow River Basin, and its management satisfaction is the content that the government should consider when formulating policies. This paper concentrates on residents’ satisfaction of water environment management in Jinan section of Xiaoqing River, using questionnaires to find out the problems and effects of Xiaoqing River management. Based on the correlation analysis of the questionnaire data, the results show that five factors including the impact of water pollution, understanding of Xiaoqing River governance, willingness to participate in Xiaoqing River governance, policy publicity, and government regulation have a positive impact on the satisfaction of Xiaoqing River water environment governance. Finally, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to increase residents’ satisfaction from five aspects, such as increasing publicity efforts, paying attention to the cultivation of public participation consciousness, etc.

Radioactivity monitoring in environmental water and air around QNPP

Results of environmental radioactivity monitoring around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (QNPP) are reported in this paper. From 1992 to 2005, concentrations of 90Sr, 137Cs and 3H in terrestrial freshwater are (4.4±1.7) mBq·L-1, (0.3±0.1) mBq·L-1 and (1.6±0.5) Bq·L-1, respectively, and (2.8±2.4) Bq·L-1 of 3H in rainwater. Concentrations of 90Sr, 137Cs and 3H in the seawater samples collected from sea area nearby QNPP are (5.4±4.1) mBq·L-1, (0.7±0.2) mBq·L-1 and (1.0±0.5) Bq·L-1, respectively. Concentrations of 90Sr, 137Cs and 3H in the total waste water discharged from NPP-I are (4.0±1.8) m Bq·L-1, (1.0±0.5) mBq·L-1 and (2.8±2.2) Bq·L-1, respectively, and (1.4±0.4) Bq·L-1 of 3H in seawater sampled from No.1 outlet. Atomspheric 3H concentration in 1993～2005 at two monitoring sites is (78.9±96.3) and (64.2±40.2) mBq·m-3, respectively, with an increasing trend after 2003. Atmospheric 14C concentrations at the two sites are in the same levels as the background and data of the reference site.

A LEACH-Head Expected Frequency Appraisal Algorithm for Water-Environment Monitoring Networks

Water-environment monitoring network (WMN) is a wireless sensor network based real-time system, which collects, transmits, analyzes and processes water-environment parameters in large area. Both cluster selection mechanisms and energy saving strategies play an important role on designing network routing protocols for the WMN. Since those existing routing algorithms can not be used directly in the WMN, we thus propose an improved version of LEACH, a LEACH-Head Expected Frequency Appraisal (LEACH-HEFA) algorithm, for the WMN in this paper. Simulation results show that the LEACH-HEFA can balance the energy consumption of nodes, rationalize the clustering process and prolong the network lifetime significantly in the WMN. It indicates that the LEACH-HEFA is suitable to the WMN.

Valuing water quality in China:purpose,approach and policy

The economic valuation of water quality in a rapidly developing country such as China should be undertaken to determine when the benefits from rapid growth begin to exceed the costs from the same. The best approach is to ascertain the total economic valuation of the environmental resource. This includes all of the various uses of the resource, and even those values that are unconnected to individual use (e.g. natural and aesthetic values). A method known as contingent valuation (CV) is used to ascertain these forms of value. This approach is demonstrated here in an application to river water quality in the Beijing area. A CV study is reported in which Beijing area citizens reported an average willingness to pay about 1.3% of annual income in order to prevent further deterioration of river water quality. Aggregation over the representative population indicates that the perceived cost of further river quality deterioration is in the neighbourhood of USD 60 million. Such a measure provides some indication of the socially desired “stopping point”—— in the pursuit of economic growth at the expense of environmental quality.

Mountain Water Tower and Ecological Risk Estimation of the Mesta-Nestos Transboundary River Basin (Bulgaria-Greece)

The Mesta-Nestos river basin in Bulgaria and Greece is a case study for transboundary decision-making support in south-eastern Europe and a show-case for the development of methodologies and information-gathering for the integrated regional planning of water resources. Land-use conflicts in this water-scarce region cover a wide spectrum of activities like agricultural irrigation,drinking water production,diversions for industrial water,and risk of pollution from mining,to name a few examples. Measurements of the water quality were carried out in the upper basin. Results will be illustrated by the example of the environmental situation in the alpine region of the Pirin National Park as well as in the Razlog Basin with a stronger anthropogenic impact and pollution around a former uranium mine near the village of Ele?nica. The social and economic development of this transboundary region is a recently established priority for the future. It will mean an increase in water usage and more stress for the water resources if regional impacts of global climate change are verified. Problem-focused management of the catchment area as a whole on the basis of proved geo-data sets is needed for the future.

Mitigation Strategies of Land Use for Zengwen Reservoir and Its Catchment: Post-Disaster of Typhoon Morakot

Mitigation and adaptation have become two main strategies that governments around the world are focusing on in response to the threat of global climate change. In August 2009, Typhoon Morakot heavily damaged the central and southern parts of Taiwan, causing irreversible damage to the environment, especially in the mountain areas. In this study, the goal is to attain sustainable reservoir management, thus comprehensive storm water management is used to develop mitigation strategies. Overlay-map methods of GIS, along with vulnerability analysis and land use sustainability analysis, are used to map out optimal land use patterns containing development potentials, growth limits, and suitability concerns that aim to reduce the impact of human development on the ecological environment. Finally, the mitigation strategies proposed by this study for the land use of Zengwen Reservoir and its catchment will be implement shortly.

An Analysis of the Value of Additional Information Provided by Water Quality Measurement Network

European Community policy concerning water is placing increasing demands on the acquisition of information about the quality of aquatic environments. The cost of this information has led to a reflection on the rationalization of monitoring networks and, therefore, on the economic value of information produced by these networks. The aim of this article is to contribute to this reflection. To do so, we used the Bayesian framework to define the value of additional information in relation to the following three parameters: initial assumptions (prior probabilities) on the states of nature, costs linked to a poor decision (error costs) and accuracy of additional information. We then analyzed the impact of these parameters on this value, particularly the combined role of prior probabilities and error costs that increased or decreased the value of information depending on the initial uncertainty level. We then illustrated the results using a case study of a stream in the Bas-Rhin department in France.

Investing in Strategies to Accelerate Conservation and Measure Impact in the Delaware River Watershed

The Delaware River watershed provides drinking water to over 15 million people, critical habitat for plants and animals, including many threatened and endangered species, and recreational and economic enterprise valued at $10 billion per year in direct wages. Water quality and associated economic, environmental and social values have improved dramatically since the 1950s when the lower portion of the river was declared a dead zone during parts of the summer due to excessive inputs of domestic and industrial waste. The question today is how to ensure that progress continues in the face of persistent and growing threats to water quality. Recognizing the challenges facing the watershed, over 40 of the leading conservation groups in this 13,000 square mile region are pursuing a 10-year strategic initiative focused on water quality through the Delaware River Watershed Initiative, a conservation program advancing a combination of place-based work in watershed protection, restoration, education, collaboration and innovation through collective impact. This paper serves as an invitation for broader strategic involvement to accelerate watershed protection and restoration;it also is a springboard for stakeholders to set an agenda for ensuring that the Delaware River watershed delivers clean water for humans, plants and animals. The paper identifies eight “clusters” of sub-watersheds, constituting approximately 25 percent of the total Delaware Basin, where analysis has shown that investment in water quality could deliver significant returns. Diverse geology, land use, development patterns, population density and en-vironmental stressors are present throughout these sub-watershed clusters. Focusing conservation actions in these places contributes directly to local water quality, and by fostering experimentation and innovation, it also cultivates a wide range of effective approaches for scaling up investment across the Delaware River watershed and beyond. This paper emphasizes five strategies for investing in protection of high quality waters and restoration of impaired waters: 1. protect forested headwaters to maintain high water quality;2. manage agricultural lands to reduce polluted runoff and increase groundwater infiltration;3. implement best practices and new financial incentives to reduce urban stormwater pollution through natural processes;4. increase the evidence base for watershed protection by monitoring trends in water quality and assessing project impacts;5. improve policy and practice through applied research focused on water quality outcomes. These strategies demand place-based work, and the Delawre River Watershed Initiative will focus on advancing these efforts through the cooperation of organizations located in the eight distinct watershed clusters. Proceeding downstream from the headwaters, the eight landscapes are: Pocono Mountains and Kittatinny Ridge;New Jersey Highlands;Upper Lehigh River;Middle Schuylkill River;Schuylkill Highlands;Brandywine and Christina Rivers Upstream;Suburban Philadelphia;and Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer (comprising New Jersey’s Bayshore;and Pine Barrens). These clusters bring together many of the most ecologically valuable and significantly impaired areas of the watershed. They are strategically located where strong organizations and critical natural vatues provide measurable opportunities for advancing local water quality while having regional impact. The selection of areas and strategies was based on research and planning undertaken by the Open Space Institute (OSI) and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (ANSDU} with support from the William Penn Foundation. Researchers at OSI and ANSDU were joined by the National Fish and Wildlfe Foundation (NFWF) in engaging over 40 organizations working across the eight sub-watershed clusters to develop collaborative plans for implementing and measuring local conservation strategies essential to the long-term health and vibrancy of the region. These implementation plans tackle major threats to water quality and include strategies to track progress and share lessons learned. The plans provide a framework for public agencies and philanthropic funders seeking to pursue targeted watershed protection outcomes supported by monitoring, technical assistance and ongoing communications. Organizations large and small, public and private, are invited to read this paper and consider this program as an opportunity to align investment for greater impact and help ensure a bright future for the Delaware River watershed.

Monitoring Efficiency Evaluation of the Well-water-level Observation Network in China

In order to understand the monitoring efficiency status of the well-water-level observation network in China after the completion of the 10 th "Five-year Plan " digital network project,and to provide a basis for the future network optimization and equipment updating, the monitoring efficiency of the well-water-level observation network was evaluated. On the whole,61. 8% observing stations have good monitoring effectiveness,the observation environment of 73. 5% of observing stations meets the monitoring requirements of well-water-level. The operation status of the network is as a whole getting better,operation rates of 75% observing instruments are above 95%. Most well water levels can monitor crustal stress changes and seismic activities. However,some observation stations,due to inherent deficiency in wells,environmental disturbance,instrument aging,and low-level operation and maintenance,need to improve the monitoring efficiency level by taking measures such as observation environment improvement,equipment updating,and management training. About 6. 5% of the stations need to stop observation due to the unqualified observational environment.

城市河流水质监测指标间的相关性分析及预测

为快速监测城市河流水质,有效追踪并控制污染源,选用某市4个水质监测站的19期监测数据,分析常规水质指标与核心水质指标间的相关性,揭示其水质状况和月度变化趋势,并使用Mantel检验和信息论模型选择方法确定与核心指标关联度最强的常规指标,建立最优回归预测模型。研究发现,不同监测站的相同核心指标与常规指标的关联程度各异;高锰酸盐指数与浊度、总氮与溶解氧、氨氮与电导率、浊度与氯化物总体均呈正相关,且具有小幅波动;五日生化需氧量和总磷与常规指标间无显著相关。分析表明,在全面分析各监测站大量有效数据的基础上,构建相对可靠的总体回归预测模型,所得水质监测分析结果可为制定有效的水质污染防治措施提供决策依据。

河流伦理研究及其在流域综合管理中的应用

流域水资源综合管理蕴含诸多的河流伦理问题。通过介绍河流伦理的内涵及内容,分析黄河“八七”分水方案、新安江生态补偿方案、小水电清理整改方案、都江堰生态水利工程、淮河“水量-水质-水生态”联合调度等案例,重点研讨了流域水资源综合管理面临的河流伦理问题,包括流域水资源分配的公平,河流健康权利,水资源综合管理的公平性、正义性和责任性等。案例表明,河流伦理思想和相关研究将在流域水资源分配、流域生态保护及流域治理中起到重要的基础与支撑作用。展望未来,变化环境下的流域智慧管理与河流伦理的交叉研究,将会产生更加深入结合与发展的成果。

太湖流域水环境治理工程土地节约集约利用评价研究

土地节约集约利用评价及其障碍因子诊断对固守耕地红线、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义,以太湖流域为例,从建设过程和建设结果两方面构建水环境治理工程土地节约集约利用评价体系,选择信息熵改进TOPSIS模型研究太湖治理工程土地节约集约利用现状及变化趋势,并通过障碍度模型进行障碍因子诊断。研究结果表明:太湖治理工程土地节约集约综合利用水平整体随着时间的推移呈平稳上升趋势,太湖治理工程土地集约利用水平排序依次为新孟河工程(0.564 4)、新沟河工程(0.480 5)、走马塘工程(0.431 6),均处于适度利用等级(Ⅲ级),存在较大提升空间;影响太湖治理工程土地节约集约利用的障碍因子存在差异,障碍度变化各不相同,但总体呈现障碍因子集中、重要障碍因子具有较为明显共性的特点。

水生态环境遥感监测研究进展

水环境污染是影响全球水安全的突出问题之一。我国水资源分布、水资源利用和水环境差异十分明显,科学进行水生态环境监测、评估和规划,以遥感为代表的空间信息技术是必不可少的手段。分析了水生态环境存在的问题和传统监测方法的局限性,阐述了遥感技术在广域、连续和实时数据获取方面的优势,综述了遥感技术在水生态遥感监测、水环境参数遥感反演、面源污染遥感估算、重要引调水工程水生态环境监测以及突发污染事件响应中的应用进展,并展望了以流域为单元的水生态环境系统性治理、新型水生态环境遥感器技术与平台、多源数据融合与跨尺度监测以及“天空地”一体化水质监测体系的发展趋势。遥感技术发展日新月异,在水生态环境保护与管理中也必将大有作为。

变化环境下长江流域滨海城市供水安全与适应性对策

全球气候变化和高强度人类活动影响导致长江流域水循环变化及相关联的城市群水资源供需矛盾问题,尤其在长江下游上海等滨海城市供水安全问题更加凸显,这已成为长江大保护十分关注的重要问题之一。以典型滨海城市上海为例,重点论述变化环境对长江流域的供水安全风险问题;分析当前和未来上海城市供水极端干旱影响、长江淡水与河口咸潮互动供水窗口压力,以及上海城市供水管理综合运用工程措施和预警预报、调度等非工程措施的挑战;提出若干对策与建议,包括供水安全保障的系统思维与战略规划、提升城市供水安全的系统智能化与智慧化管理水平以及完善供水安全保障的管理体系。

Water environment security indicator system for urban water management

Water environment security （WES） is defined in terms of three aspects： first, that it meets basic demands due to industrial and domestic usage; second, that it protects public health from acute and chronic threats; and third, that measures are adopted to ensure sustainable ecological functioning of freshwater resources. Limitations associated with current water environment security indicators in China -- including inefficiency in terms of environmental monitoring, inappropriate indicators and parameters that do not take sufficient account of local water characteristics, and a lack of management targets -- leads to a failure of effective water management. To achieve better water environment management, a systema- tic approach, encompassing several steps including estab- lish ideal indicator system and narrow down the scope, screen priority pollutants, identify local characteristics and organize discussion workshop, should be followed to establish a comprehensive water environment indicator system. A case study in Suzhou is included to demonstrate the detailed operational procedures used to assess the risks associated with poor management practices relating to water environment security as well as design an appro- priate water environment security indicator system.