A Simple Method to Extract Tropical Monsoon Forests Using NDVI Based on MODIS Data:A Case Study in South Asia and Peninsula Southeast Asia

Distribution of monsoon forests is important for the research of carbon and water cycles in the tropical regions. In this paper, a simple approach is proposed to map monsoon forests using the Normalized Difference Vegetation lndex （NDVI） derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data. Owing to the high contrast of greenness between wet season and dry season, the monsoon forest can be easily discriminated from other forests by combining the maximum and minimum annual NDVI. The MODIS-based monsoon forest maps （MODMF） from 2000 to 2009 are derived and evaluated using the ground-truth dataset. The MODMF achieves an average producer accuracy of 80.0% and the Kappa statistic of 0.719. The variability of MODMF among different years is compared with that calculated from MODIS land cover products （MCD 12Q 1）. The results show that the coefficient of variation of total monsoon forest area in MODMF is 7.3%, which is far lower than that in MCD12Q1 with 24.3%. Moreover, the pixels in MODMv which can be identified for 7 to 9 times between 200l and 2009 account for 53.1%, while only 7.9% ofMCD12QI pixels have this frequency. Additionally, the monsoon forest areas estimated in MODMF, Global Land Cover 2000 （GLC2000）, MCDI2Q1 and University of Maryland （UMD） products are compared with the statistical dataset at national level, which reveals that MODMv has the highest R^2 of 0.95 and the lowest RMSE of 14 014 km^2. This algorithm is simple but reliable for mapping the monsoon forests without complex classification techniques.

Spatial pattern of dominant tree species of the secondary monsoon rain forest in Lianjiang, Guangdong Province

Based on the summed dominance ratios of species in sample plots, the first three dominant species (Litchi chinensis, Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Canarium album) of the secondary monsoon rain forest of Mt. Royal Shoe in Lianjiang City, western Guangdong, were chosen for analyzing their spatial distribution pattern with the analysis methods such as frequency models of Poisson Distribution, Two Negative Items Distribution, Neyman Distribution, aggregate indexes, Taylor exponential equation and Iwao’s equation modeling. The results showed that these three species distributed in the congregate spatial pattern. Litchi chinensis and Elaeocarpus sylvestris had the characteristic of basic congregate population and attractive characteristic between their plants. The patterns for Canarium album may change and become more evenly distributed with the increase of density. The overall species spatial pattern also depended on the conservation of the secondary monsoon rain forest besides it was affected by the species reproduction characteristics and its growing environment. The congregate spatial patterns of three dominant species showed that it is important to conserve forest urgent conservation of the forest.

Mangrove forest degradation indicated by mangrove-derived organic matter in the Qinzhou Bay,Guangxi,China,and its response to the Asian monsoon during the Holocene climatic optimum

The response of mangrove ecosystems to the Asian monsoon in the future global warming can be understood by reconstructing the development of mangrove forests during the Holocene climatic optimum（HCO）, using proxies preserved in coastal sediments. The total organic matter in sediments of a segmented core, with calibrated age ranges between 5.6 and 7.7 cal. ka BP and corresponding to the HCO, from the Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi, China, is quantitatively partitioned into three end-members according to their sources： mangrove-derived, terrigenous,and marine phytoplanktonic, using a three-end-member model depicted by organic carbon isotope（δ13Corg） and the molar ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen（C/N）. The percentage of mangrove-derived organic matter（MOM） contribution is used as a proxy for mangrove development. Three visible drops in MOM contribution occurred at ca. 7.3, ca. 6.9, and ca. 6.2 cal. ka BP, respectively, are recognized against a relatively stable and higher MOM contribution level, indicating that three distinct mangrove forest degradations occurred in the Qinzhou Bay during the HCO. The three mangrove forest degradations approximately correspond to the time of the strengthened/weakened Asian winter/summer monsoon. This indicates that even during a period favorable for the mangrove development, such as the HCO, climatic extremes, such as cold and dry events driven by the strengthened/weakened Asian winter/summer monsoon, can trigger the degradation of mangrove forests.

Monsoonal Influence on Evapotranspiration of the Tropical Mangrove Forest in Northeast India

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important part of the water cycle. This study reports on the monsoonal influence on the temporal variation in evapotranspiration of an extremely water conservative and salinity stressed tropical mangrove forest at the land-ocean boundary of northeast coast of India. The magnitude and dynamics of evapotranspiration (ET) exhibited seasonality dominated by monsoon and evaporation rate was greater (0.055 ± 0.015 g·m-2·s-1) during the monsoon than in pre-monsoon (0.049 ± 0.018 g·m-2·s-1) and post-monsoon (0.044 ± 0.012 g·m-2·s-1). Seasonal difference in evapotranpiration was mostly due to fluctuation of canopy resistance, which was the minimum during monsoon when relative humidity was greater than in the dry season (pre- and post-monsoon) and deficiency of water supply (ET ≈ ETeq) was minimum. Evapotranspiration in the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem is the predominant biophysical processes that recycles 67.7% of total precipitation annually to the atmosphere, and has significant monsoonal influence.

Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna,south China

Xishuangbanna of southern Yunnan is biogeographically located at a transitional zone from tropical southeast （SE） Asia to subtropical east Asia and is at the junction of the Indian and Burmese plates of Gondwana and the Eurasian plate of Laurasia. The region, though surprisingly far from the equator and at a relatively high altitude, has a rich tropical flora and a typical tropical rain forest in the lowland areas. Based on physiognomic and ecological characteristics, floristic composition and habitats combined, the primary vegetation in Xishuangbanna can be organized into four main vegetation types： tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal moist forest, tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest and tropical monsoon forest. The tropical rain forest can be classified into two subtypes, i.e. a tropical seasonal rain forest in the lowlands and a tropical montane rain forest at higher elevations. The tropical seasonal rain forest has almost the same forest profile and physiognomic characteristics as equatorial lowland rain forests and is a type of truly tropical rain forest. Because of conspicuous similarity on ecological and floristic characteristics, the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna is a type of tropical Asian rain forest. However, since the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna occurs at the northern edge of tropical SE Asia, it differs from typical lowland rain forests in equatorial areas in having some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanerophytes and epiphytes but more abundant lianas and more plants with microphyll. It is a type of semi-evergreen rain forest at the northern edge of the tropical zone. The tropical montane rain forest occurs at wet montane habitats and is similar to the lower montane rain forest in equatorial Asia in floristic composition and physiognomy. It is a type of lower montane rain forests within the broader category of tropical rain forests. The tropical seasonal moist forest occurs on middle and upper limestone slopes. It is similar to the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in the region in physiognomy, but differs from the latter in floristic composition. It is a vegetation type on limestone at high elevations. The monsoon forest in Xishuangbanna is a tropical deciduous forest under the influence of a strong monsoon climate and is considered to be a transitional vegetation type between a tropical rain forest and savanna in physiognomy and distribution. The tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest is the main montane vegetation type in the region. It is dominated largely by the families Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Theaceae and Lauraceae. It differs from tropical lower montane rain forests in its lack of epiphytes and in having more abundant lianas and plants with compound leaves. It is considered to be a distinct vegetation type from the northern margin of mainland southeastern Asia, controlled by a strong seasonal climate, based on its floristic and physiognomic characteristics.

Tree species diversity and utilities in a contracting lowland hillside rainforest fragment in Central Vietnam

Background： Within the highly bio-diverse ‘Northern Vietnam Lowland Rain Forests Ecoregion＇ only small, and mostly highly modified forestlands persist within vast exotic-species plantations. The aim of this study was to elucidate vegetation patterns of a secondary hillside rainforest remnant（elevation 120–330 m, 76 ha） as an outcome of natural processes, and anthropogenic processes linked to changing forest values.Methods： In the rainforest remnant tree species and various bio-physical parameters（relating to soils and terrain）were surveyed on forty 20 m × 20 m sized plots. The forest＇s vegetation patterns and tree diversity were analysed using dendrograms, canonical correspondence analysis, and other statistical tools.Results： Forest tree species richness was high（172 in the survey, 94 per hectare）, including many endemic species（〉16%; some recently described）. Vegetation patterns and diversity were largely explained by topography, with colline/sub-montane species present mainly along hillside ridges, and lowland/humid-tropical species predominant on lower slopes. Scarcity of high-value timber species reflected past logging, whereas abundance of light-demanding species, and species valued for fruits, provided evidence of human-aided forest restoration and ‘enrichment＇ in terms of useful trees. Exhaustion of sought-after forest products, and decreasing appreciation of non-wood products concurred with further encroachment of exotic plantations in between 2010 and 2015. Regeneration of rare tree species was reduced probably due to forest isolation.Conclusions： Despite long-term anthropogenic influences, remnant forests in the lowlands of Vietnam can harbor high plant biodiversity, including many endangered species. Various successive future changes（vanishing species, generalist dominance, and associated forest structural-qualitative changes） are, however, expected to occur in smal forest fragments.Lowland forest biodiversity can only be maintained if forest fragments maintain a certain size and/or are connected via corridors to larger forest networks. Preservation of the forests may be fostered using new economic incentive schemes.

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of CO2Fluxes and Their Climate Controlling Factors for a Subtropical Forest in Ningxiang

In this study, the diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in a subtropical mixed evergreen forest in Ningxiang of Hunan Province, part of the East Asian monsoon region, were quantified for the first time. The fluxes were based on eddy covariance measurements from a newly initiated flux tower. The relationship between the CO2 fluxes and climate factors was also analyzed. The results showed that the target ecosystem appeared to be a clear carbon sink in 2013, with integrated net ecosystem CO2exchange（NEE）, ecosystem respiration（RE）, and gross ecosystem productivity（GEP） of-428.8, 1534.8 and1963.6 g C m^-2yr^-1, respectively. The net carbon uptake（i.e. the-NEE）, RE and GEP showed obvious seasonal variability,and were lower in winter and under drought conditions and higher in the growing season. The minimum NEE occurred on12 June（-7.4 g C m^-2d^-1）, due mainly to strong radiation, adequate moisture, and moderate temperature; while a very low net CO2 uptake occurred in August（9 g C m^-2month^-1）, attributable to extreme summer drought. In addition, the NEE and GEP showed obvious diurnal variability that changed with the seasons. In winter, solar radiation and temperature were the main controlling factors for GEP, while the soil water content and vapor pressure deficit were the controlling factors in summer. Furthermore, the daytime NEE was mainly limited by the water-stress effect under dry and warm atmospheric conditions, rather than by the direct temperature-stress effect.

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的水文学过程及其氮素动态

本文对鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林—黄果厚壳桂（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃａｒｙａｃｏｎｅｉｎｎａ）、鼎湖钓樟（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｃｈｕｎｉｉ）群落的水文学过程以及水系统中的氮素动态特征进行了初步研究。结果显示：所研究的群落中雨水输入的氮量较高，达３５．５７ｋｇ·ｈａ￣（－１·－１），但渗入土壤及地表径流输出的氮也多，分别为１８．２８和９．２５ｋｇ·ｈａ￣（－１）·ｙｒ￣（－１），输入输出之差为８．０４ｋｇ·ｈａ￣（－１）·ｙｒ￣（－１）。雨水对林冠的氮素淋溶量为４．７２ｋｇ·ｈａ￣（－１）·ｙｒ￣（－１）。通过回归分析，发现各类型水中含氮量与降雨量之间存在较显著的直线相关关系。不同树种的树干茎流中氮浓度存有差别。

海南尖峰岭国家级保护区青皮林资源与乔木层群落学特征

三分区位于尖峰岭国家级自然保护区，目前区内有海南岛保存最好的青皮林。根据1．38hm^2的样地资料，林分平均蓄积量高达469．773m^3·hm^-2；平均胸径28．6cm，最大胸径143．3cm；林木组成复杂，记载种类300多种。青皮为热带常绿季雨林的表征种和建群种，重要值为16．8，该种群的径级和年龄结构合理，具有反J曲线的正常增长型种群。聚类分析结果表明：属于典型热带常绿季雨林类型的青皮林群落分布在海拔300，650m处，伴生树种有白茶、细子龙、野生荔枝等。调查区内有8种国家重点保护植物，其中坡垒为国家一级保护植物，青皮是关键种，该区的森林生态系统具有极高的保护价值。

季风常绿阔叶林演替系列菌根资源及其与群落多样性的关系

随着森林生态系统的正向演替,植物物种多样性、群落结构、生产力以及土壤条件均会发生显著的变化,这些变化对菌根类型和多样性会产生不同程度的影响。为了探讨群落结构和功能的变化对菌根资源可能产生的影响,选择季风常绿阔叶林及其演替系列上的代表性森林生态系统为对象,对菌根化根系、菌根类型和菌根真菌孢子密度进行调查,并结合已有的群落信息和土壤养分状况,分析在森林演替过程中菌根资源的变化情况和可能的影响因素。结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林各演替阶段的森林生态系统中菌根化比例接近70%,但不同演替阶段森林的优势菌根类型存在明显的差异。处于演替初期的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以丛枝菌根为主,占菌根总数的78%;演替中期的针阔叶混交林中的外生菌根占有绝对优势,占75%,是丛枝菌根的3倍;演替顶级的季风常绿阔叶林中的外生菌根和丛枝菌根的比例相当。马尾松林的菌根真菌孢子密度最高,每20 g风干土壤中的孢子数量高达2 925个,是针阔叶混交林的2.5倍,季风常绿阔叶林的2倍。演替系列上的森林生态系统的菌根类型的差异与植物物种多样性和群落结构,尤其是林下的灌木、草本层密度存在一定的相关性,同时也受土壤养分状况的影响。马尾松林具有较丰富的草本植物和较高的草本层密度,并且该森林的土壤相对贫瘠,这些条件都有利于丛枝菌根真菌侵染草本植物的根系形成丛枝菌根并产生大量孢子。针阔叶混交林中外生菌根的优势主要受该森林中外生菌根植物在群落组成上的绝对优势影响。季风常绿阔叶林的物种丰富,群落结构复杂,因此该森林呈现了两种类型菌根优势相当的现象。该文的结果表明,随着季风常绿阔叶林演替的进行,菌根资源在类型上会出现较大的分异,而这种变化受植物物种数量、群落结构的影响,与土壤养分状况存在一定的关系,并且不同演替阶段森林生态系统影响菌根组成的因素存在差异。

江西井冈山地区沟谷季雨林及其超地带性特征

江西井冈山地区位于中国东部中亚热带地区南缘,属北半球湿润区。该地区地处罗霄山脉中段,地势高耸,沟谷深切,生境极富多样化,在其沟谷地区保存有典型亚热带季风常绿阔叶,常称季雨林。选择6个典型沟谷季雨林群落,开展群落生态学和生物地理学的研究,结果表明:(1)群落组成以典型的热带性科属为特征,如樟科Lauraceae、壳斗科Fagaceae、山茶科Theaceae、茜草科Rubiaceae、金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae等;种子植物属的地理成分以热带-亚热带成分占优势,占总属数的64.71%—77.94%,高于同纬度地区其他山体,接近甚至高于南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林中的热带性成分。(2)群落结构具有多优势种及明显的特征性标志种,与具单优势种或少数优势种的亚热带常绿阔叶林有明显差异。(3)Shannon-Wiener指数为4.44—5.46之间,物种多样性较丰富,表现出明显的南亚热带植被特征。(4)其它热带雨林性质的特征还包括:大型木质藤本,板根现象,绞杀现象,滴水叶尖,丰富的寄生、附生植物、兰科植物、树蕨等。整体上,井冈山地区亚热带沟谷季雨林群落具有热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的明显特征,与南亚热带季雨林性质相似,在演替上常被称为侵入群落,或为历史时期长期演化形成的超地带性植物群落。

广东季雨林的几个问题

季雨林是分布在具有明显干湿季节变化热带地区，在干季或多或少，甚至全部落叶的森林植被；是介于热带雨林向热带稀疏林过渡的居间类型，而不是由热带雨林向亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的植被类型。应归属于经向地带性植被，而非纬度地带性植被。并且，在广东南部沿海地区的气候条件下，也不会有季雨林发育。广东南部沿海地区的榕树＋香蒲桃＋野苹婆（Ｆｉｃｕｓｍｉｃｒｏｃａｒｐａ＋Ｓｙｘｙｇｉｕｍｏｄｏｒａｔｕｍ＋Ｓｔｅｒｃｕｌｉａｔａ）群落等类型不是季雨林，而是热带季节雨林，属广义的热带雨林范畴。

鼎湖山顶级森林生态系统水文要素时空规律

运用连续 7a( 1 993～ 1 999)的水文观测资料 ,对南亚热带顶级生态系统鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林集水区水文要素时空规律进行分析 ,得到如下一些主要结论 :( 1 )鼎湖山多年平均降水量为 1 91 0 mm,湿季降水量占年降水量 80 % ,干季仅占 2 0 %。 6月份的降水量最大 ,1月份最小。 ( 2 )季风常绿阔叶林冠层截留率为31 .8% ,湿季的截留量占全年截留量的 66.7% ,截留量最大值和最小值所在的月份分别为 7和 1月份。各月的截留率差异很大 ,截留量大的月份 ,截留率较低 ;截留量小的月份 ,截留率较高。 ( 3)季风常绿阔叶林集水区多年平均总径流量 95 3.0 mm,总径流系数 49.9% ,其中地表径流量为 2 5 2 .3mm,地表径流系数1 3.2 % ;地表径流与降水量之间存在二次抛物线型回归关系 ,与降水强度的关系不大 ,这说明季风常绿阔叶林的产流形式是是蓄满产流。 ( 4 )季风常绿阔叶林多年平均蒸散 948.2 mm,占同期降水量的 49.7% ;蒸散力 1 0 31 .4mm,年蒸散系数为 0 .92 ,蒸散月变化规律较降水量的月变化规律有所滞后。( 5 )系统贮水量的月变化很大 ,2～ 8月份 ,系统处于蓄水阶段 ;9月份至翌年 1月份 ,系统处于失水阶段。蓄水和失水的最大值分别出现在湿季和干季的第一个月 ,即 4月份和 1 0月份。 ( 6)

菜阳河自然保护区天然植被物种多样性研究

采用植物群落学的原理和方法,对菜阳河自然保护区内的3种主要天然植被物种多样性进行研究 结果表明:植被型相同的群落间物种相似性程度较高,植被型不同的群落间物种相似性系数为山地雨林和季节雨林>山地雨林和季风常绿阔叶林>季节雨林和季风常绿阔叶林 季节雨林群落优势种明显,重要值集中在少数优势种上;山地雨林群落优势种不明显,重要值分布均匀;季风常绿阔叶林群落优势种明显,重要值分布不均匀 山地雨林群落物种丰富,多样性指数明显高于季节雨林群落和季风常绿阔叶林群落

铜鼓岭国家级自然保护区植物多样性

铜鼓岭自然保护区地处海南岛东北部文昌县境内的滨海低丘陵。为全面了解其植物多样性及经过18年的保护后其植被变化特征,作者采用野外调查与植物群落学相结合的方法,对海南岛铜鼓岭保护区的各类植被多样性进行了调查。本次调查共记录到植物984种,隶属166科618属。其中海南特有种35个,如海南苏铁(Cycashain-anensis)、茶槁楠(Phoebehainanensis)、古山龙(Arcangelisiagusanhung)等;濒危保护物种12个,分别为:金毛狗(Cibotiumbarometz)、海南苏铁、蕉木(Oncodostigmahainanense)、白木香(Aquilariasinensis)、海南大风子(Hydnocarpushainanensis)、红花天料木(母生)(Homaliumhainanense)、粘木(Ixonantheschinensis)、毛茶(Antirheachinensis)、野生龙眼(Dimocarpuslongan)、野生荔枝(Litchichinensis)、苦梓(Gmelinahainanensis)、白桂木(Artocarpushypargyreus)。该保护区内的主要植被类型热带常绿季雨矮林、灌木林和红树林的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为4.7485、4.5876和1.8096,Simpson指数分别为0.9247、0.9206和0.6978。在热带常绿季雨矮林2,800m2的标准样地内,树高大于1.5m的乔木共有81种1,366个个体,重要值较高的物种分别为黄椿木姜(Litseavariabilis)、海南大风子、滨木患(Aryteralittoralis)、禾串树(Brideliainsulana)、无患子(Sapindusmukorossi)等,18年前的优势种鸭脚木(Scheffleraoctophylla)被黄椿木姜所替代。另外,种数—个体数分析得出3,300m2标准样方内高于1.5m的单个体种有20种,双个体种有13种,占标准样方内所记录物种总数的32.7%。总体来说,热带常绿季雨矮林群落发展稳定,灌木林有向次生林演替的趋势,红树林遭破坏严重,面积减小,多样性也不是很高。所以从植被角度来说对铜鼓岭自然保护区的保护是重要的。

澜沧江糯扎渡季雨林厚皮树+家麻树群落的研究

根据5个20m×25m样地的调查资料,对分布于澜沧江糯扎渡河岸山地,以厚皮树、家麻树为优势种的季雨林群落进行了分析研究,结果显示:(1)该群落乔木层以落叶成分厚皮树和家麻树为优势种,层间以常绿的大型木质藤本云南翅子藤为特征;(2)在群落2500m2样地内,共计维管束植物72种,隶属于38科65属;其中有乔木25种,草本植物25种,灌木10种和层间藤本植物12种;(3)综合5个样地后计算所得群落乔木层树种丰富度为25种,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.9010,Pielou均匀度指数为0.9012,Simpson指数为0.9346,在群落中,随着乔木径级的增大,个体数和种数逐渐减小;(4)该群落主要以高位芽植物为主,并以中高位芽植物为优势,占所统计总种数的35.8%;(5)该群落中落叶种类占总种数的62.5%,中叶占47.2%,小叶占41.7%,单叶占69.4%,纸质叶占61.1%,全缘叶占56.9%;(6)该群落的物种数/样地面积关系曲线显示在取样面积1000m2时开始趋于平缓,意味着该取样面积可以考虑作为群落最小取样面积。

贵州红水河沟谷残存季雨林蕨类植物区系初步研究

初步研究表明,贵州红水河沟谷残存季雨林共有蕨类植物178种(含变种和变型),隶属于30科67属。该区蕨类植物中优势科、属明显,优势科有水龙骨科Polypodiaceae,金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae,卷柏科Selaginellaceae,凤尾蕨科Pteridaceae,蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae,铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae,三叉蕨科Aspidiaceae,鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae,铁线蕨科Adiantaceae;优势属有卷柏属Selaginella,凤尾蕨属Pteris,毛蕨属Cyclosorus,铁线蕨属Adiantun,短肠蕨属Allantadia,铁角蕨属Asplenium,线蕨属Colysis。区系分析结果表明,该区蕨类植物属的地理成分包含世界广布成分、热带成分、热带亚热带成分、亚热带成分、温带成分和东亚成分等6个成分类型,以热带亚热带成分(含26属)为主,频率达44.83%;种的区系成分包含世界广布成分、热带成分、热带亚热带成分、温带成分、东亚成分和中国特有成分等6个成分类型,以热带亚热带成分为主(含103种),频率达59.54%。聚类分析结果显示,该蕨类区系与深圳南山区蕨类植物区系地理成分的组成最为相似。

铜鼓岭热带常绿季雨矮林5种蒲桃属植物的种群结构及空间格局

【目的】分析海南岛文昌市铜鼓岭自然保护区5种蒲桃属植物的种群结构、分布格局及种间关联性,以期了解该地区蒲桃属植物种群的现状、分布状况及发展动态,为该属植物的保护工作提供依据。【方法】在热带常绿季雨矮林建立2.56 hm2固定样地,采用种群结构和空间格局常用的种群径级结构分析、种群静态生命表和绘制种群存活曲线研究方法,结合点格局分析中的Ripley’s K函数和SPSS软件,对5种蒲桃属植物种群的空间格局、种间关联性以及种群聚集规模与种群优势度的关系进行研究。【结果】种群死亡率随龄级的增加而增大,生命期望值ex与此趋势相反,但方枝蒲桃、赤楠和肖蒲桃3个种群中的ex值会出现明显的小波动,说明这3个种群内部经历了密度调节过程,使种群密度达到适合个体生长的最佳状态;方枝蒲桃种群具有最多的个体数目(1 950株),并集中于幼苗和幼树,表明该种群更新良好,存活曲线随着龄级增大逐渐趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,说明种群将长期保持稳定的种群死亡率并更新繁衍下去;其他4个种群的总个体数相差不大(假赤楠374株、赤楠390株、子凌蒲桃393株、肖蒲桃282株),尽管它们的存活曲线最终都趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型,但存在差异,假赤楠的幼苗、幼树数量较少(共82株),虽然其更新木一般都可以生长到生理寿命(Deevey-Ⅰ型),但过少的数量也可能会影响种群的正常繁衍,其他3个种群都具有一定规模的幼苗和幼树,种群更新能力上虽不及方枝蒲桃,但在群落中也具有相当大的生存潜力;总体上,5个种群的空间分布都符合种群普遍格局分布规律,即由小尺度的聚集分布到大尺度上的随机乃至于均匀分布,但假赤楠、子凌蒲桃和肖蒲桃在某些尺度范围内出现了规则分布,说明在这些尺度上可能存在其他种群带来的竞争压力;5个种群的聚集规模和聚集范围都随着种群优势度的降低而减小,其中,种群的聚集规模与优势度呈显著线性相关,二者的回归方程为y=58.531x-132.33(R2=0.958,P=0.004<0.01),肖蒲桃与假赤楠和赤楠在一些尺度上负相关,其他4个种群在任何尺度上均可以共存。【结论】生长在热带常绿季雨矮林中的蒲桃属植物发育良好,都具有一定的更新能力,但假赤楠种群不仅更新幼苗较少,而且在较大尺度上还存在其他种群(如肖蒲桃)对其的竞争压力,所以在天然次生林各种群的科学管控过程中应加以适当侧重保护。

云县罗扎河下游落叶季雨林的群落生态学研究

对罗扎河下游鲜为人知的落叶季雨林进行了群落生态学研究，结果表明：罗扎河下游落叶季雨林群落高度在15-20m之间；群落乔木层以厚皮树（Lannea coromandelica）、一担柴（Colona floribunda）、粗糠柴（Mallotus philippensis）、毛果扁担杆（Crewia eriocarpa）、灰毛浆果楝（Cipadessa cinerascens）等树种为优势种；灌草层以刚莠竹（Microstegium ciliatum）盖度最大，其余如飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）、藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）、蹄盖蕨（Athyrium sp．）等种的盖度也比较大；群落中乔木和附生、藤本植物种类较少，而灌木和草本植物种类较多；多数乔木层植株胸径在5-10cm之间，大径级乔木比较少，即使群落中的优势种也主要是通过较多数量的中小径级个体体现出来。多样性指数计算表明，本落叶季雨林的生物多样性指数虽然比典型热带山地雨林为低，但大致相当于季风常绿阔叶林。

云南普洱季风常绿阔叶林演替系列植物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

通过测定中国西南季风常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段(演替15a,演替30a及原始林)群落中植物叶片与土壤中C、N、P含量,探索了季风常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段群落C、N、P化学计量特征及其与物种丰富度及多度的相关性。结果表明:土壤及植物中全N、全P含量及土壤中C含量均为演替30a群落中最低,而植物中C含量在不同演替阶段群落间无显著性差异。在不同演替阶段共有种中,40%的物种N含量原始林中最高,40%的物种P含量演替15a群落中最高,而80%的物种C含量无显著性差异。土壤中C:N比在不同演替阶段间无显著变化,而N:P及C:P比则随演替呈减小趋势。植物中C:N及C:P比均为演替30a群落最高,而N:P比则随演替呈增加趋势。不同演替阶段共有种的C:N比中,40%的物种原始林中最低,40%的物种无差异,而C:P与N:P比中则均有60%物种无显著性差异,但70%物种在演替15a群落中N:P小于14,演替30a群落中50%物种N:P在14—16,原始林中则有80%物种N:P大于16。群落物种丰富度及个体多度均与C:N、N:P、C:P无显著的相关性,但植物中的N、P与土壤的N、P分别具有显著的线性正相关,说明土壤中N、P供应量影响植物体中的N、P含量。