Simulating the evolution of focused waves by a two-layer Boussinesq-type model

Accurate simulation of the evolution of freak waves by the wave phase focusing method requires accurate linear and nonlinear properties,especially in deep-water conditions.In this paper,we analyze the ability to simulate deep-water focused waves of a two-layer Boussinesq-type(BT)model,which has been shown to have excellent linear and nonlinear performance.To further improve the numerical accuracy and stability,the internal wavegenerated method is introduced into the two-layer Boussinesq-type model.Firstly,the sensitivity of the numerical results to the grid resolution is analyzed to verify the convergence of the model;secondly,the focused wave propagating in two opposite directions is simulated to prove the symmetry of the numerical results and the feasibility of the internal wave-generated method;thirdly,the limiting focused wave condition is simulated to compare and analyze the wave surface and the horizontal velocity of the profile at the focusing position,which is in good agreement with the measured values.Meanwhile the simulation of focused waves in very deep waters agrees well with the measured values,which further demonstrates the capability of the two-layer BT model in simulating focused waves in deep waters.

A new model simulating the development of gas condensate reservoirs

A new simulation model for the development of gas condensate reservoirs is introduced based on the influence that phase change,non-Darcy flow,and capillary pressure have on the production of gas condensates.The model predicts well performance,including bottom-hole pressure,oil/gas production rate,oil/gas recovery,gaseoil ratio,and the change in produced fluid composition.It also calculates dynamic characters,such as the change of pressure field and oil/gas saturation field during the development of gas condensate reservoirs.The model is applicable to different boundary conditions(both constant-pressure and sealed boundary)and different production modes(both constant-pressure and constant-volume production modes).Model validation attempted using numerical simulation results for sealed boundary conditions with constant-pressure production mode has shown a relatively good match,proving its validity.For constant-pressure boundary conditions with constant-volume production mode,four stages are defined according to the dynamic behavior of production performance in the development of gas condensate reservoirs.

Active learning accelerated Monte-Carlo simulation based on the modified K-nearest neighbors algorithm and its application to reliability estimations

This paper proposes an active learning accelerated Monte-Carlo simulation method based on the modified K-nearest neighbors algorithm.The core idea of the proposed method is to judge whether or not the output of a random input point can be postulated through a classifier implemented through the modified K-nearest neighbors algorithm.Compared to other active learning methods resorting to experimental designs,the proposed method is characterized by employing Monte-Carlo simulation for sampling inputs and saving a large portion of the actual evaluations of outputs through an accurate classification,which is applicable for most structural reliability estimation problems.Moreover,the validity,efficiency,and accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated numerically.In addition,the optimal value of K that maximizes the computational efficiency is studied.Finally,the proposed method is applied to the reliability estimation of the carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite specimens subjected to random displacements,which further validates its practicability.

基于Plant Simulation的化纤自动落丝系统仿真实验分析

基于Plant Simulation软件,构建一种化纤自动落丝系统的3D数字化模型,对系统效率关键输入因子进行参数化设置,将系统各工位三维数字模型导入软件中建立层次化运动机构图形结构,并运用Simltalk语言实现三维动作仿真,通过基础物理参数设置,保证了仿真数字化模型与现实系统更具一致性。通过多级实验设计分析了系统影响因子对于系统效率的影响特性曲线,并进一步通过动态参数化实验方法,计算出双输入因子对系统效能影响的敏感度。该实验结果可为化纤自动落丝系统的建设成本控制与可行性分析提供指导,具有较好的工程应用价值。

An approach for simulating the air brake system of long freight trains based on fluid dynamics

Air brake systems are critical equipment for railway trains, which affects the running safety of the trains significantly. To study air braking characteristics of long freight trains, an approach for simulating air brake systems based on fuid dynamics theory was proposed. The structures and working mechanisms of locomotive and wagon air brakes are introduced, and mathematical models of the pipes, brake valves, reservoirs or chambers, cylinders, etc., are presented.Besides, the dynamic motions of parts in the main valve are considered. The simulation model of the whole air brake system is then formulated, and the solving method based on the finite-difference method is used. New efficient pipe boundary conditions without iterations are developed for brake pipes and branch pipes, which can achieve higher computational efficiency. The proposed approach for simulating the air brake system is validated by comparing with published measured data. Simulation results of different train formations indicate that models that consider the dynamic behavior of brake pipes are recommended for predicting the characteristics of long trains under service braking conditions.

Simulating the strong ground motion of the 2022 MS6.8 Luding,Sichuan,China Earthquake

Stochastic finite-fault simulations are effective for simulating ground motions and are widely used in engineering to determine the impacts of ground motion and develop relevant predictive equations.In this study,the source,path,and site amplification coefficient of western Sichuan Province,China,and stochastic finite-fault simulations were used to simulate the acceleration time series,Fourier amplitude spectra,and 5%damped response spectra of 28 strong-motion stations with rupture distances within 300 km of the 2022 MS6.8 Luding earthquake.The simulation results of 14 stations at rupture distances of 45-185 km match the observation.However,the simulation results of 3 near-and 6 far-field stations at rupture distances of 12-36 km and 222-286 km,respectively,were obviously deviated from the observations.Simulation results of the near-field stations are larger than the observations at high frequencies(>6 Hz).The discrepancy likely comes from the nonlinear site effect of near-field stations,which reduced the site amplification at high frequencies.Simulation result of the far-field stations is smaller than the observation at frequencies above 1 Hz.As these stations are located close to the Longmenshan Fault Zone(LFZ),thus,we obtained a new quality factor(Q)from data of historical events and stations located around LFZ.Using the new Q value,the discrepancies of the high-frequency simulation results of the far-field stations were corrected.This result indicated that the laterally varying Q values can be used to address the impact of strong crustal lateral heterogeneity on simulation.

基于Simulation X的多轴转向系统功能安全仿真分析

基于ISO 26262《道路车辆功能安全》的标准要求,对特种车的多轴电液转向系统进行分析,以提高系统的安全性和可靠性。运用Simulation X软件建立详细的多轴特种车仿真模型,通过模拟故障模式注入进行仿真试验。对仿真结果和数据进行分析,评估得到故障的严重性、暴露度和可控性,从而确定相应的汽车安全完整性等级。基于故障注入仿真的汽车功能安全分析方法,在系统早期设计阶段可以作为评估架构安全性的重要手段。

基于Plant Simulation的压气机叶片型线加工产线分析与优化

运用专业仿真软件Plant Simulation,根据压气机叶片型线机械加工工艺特点和物料运行流程建立生产线仿真模型,从产能、设备利用率及产线瓶颈等多方面进行仿真分析与优化。结果表明:Plant Simulation仿真平台的仿真可以找出规划设计方案中存在的问题并验证方案的合理性。该仿真结果为型线机械加工产线的优化设计提供了可靠依据,达到了节约投资成本和缩短设计周期的目的。

基于CarSim/Simulink的计算机控制系统综合实验设计

针对计算机控制系统课程中控制算法设计与仿真实现,设计了基于CarSim/Simulink的控制综合实验方案。以4轮独立驱动小车为对象,要求学生熟悉其基本工作原理,并在非线性动力学模型基础上,进行局部线性近似,设计反馈控制器,模拟小车控制。使用CarSim仿真软件可直观地模拟调整4轮独立驱动小车的质量、质心位置和转动惯量等,实现个性化选择,搭建车辆模型;与Simulink接口互通,在Simulink中完成控制算法。实验设计旨在使学生夯实计算机控制系统的理论基础,并逐步过渡到控制工程,理论联系实际,培养其解决复杂工程问题的能力。

基于Monte-Carlo仿真的恒应力加速试验方案模拟评价

为了保证可靠性加速试验方案的正确性和可行性,提出基于仿真的模拟评价方法。以最具代表性的Weibull寿命分布产品的恒应力加速寿命试验为例,以代表试验结果准确性和稳定性的指标——中位寿命估计值渐进方差的均值和标准差作为评价指标,通过Monte-Carlo仿真模拟生成失效数据,对不同试验方案的统计精度和稳定性进行评价,为加速寿命试验优化设计的工程实现提供了思路和实例验证。

基于Simulink的2PSK调制与解调系统的仿真分析

分析2PSK调制和解调的原理,采用Matlab环境下的Simulink仿真工具箱实现2PSK调制及解调系统的仿真建模与分析。仿真实验表明,仿真结果和理论分析内容一致,验证了仿真模型的正确性。该方法有助于相关研究者直观地理解相移调制与解调系统的组成及工作原理,对实际工程应用也有一定的借鉴作用。

基于Simulation的薄壁桶搬运过程的形变研究

桶料的搬运方式主要有托底式、夹取式和挂取(吊取)式,文中针对薄壁桶的搬运方式进行模拟分析,通过模拟分析的具体数值来进行合理的选择。主要对挂取(吊取)和夹取2种薄壁桶的搬运方式进行模拟分析,基于Soildworks中的Simulation进行计算,并得出具体数值,选取合理的薄壁桶搬运方式。模拟分析表明:在同等桶壁厚的情况下,夹取式桶料搬运形式薄壁桶的变形程度较大,主要体现在薄壁桶的夹持部位,如特定场景需夹持薄壁桶的桶身进行搬运时,还需适当加厚薄壁桶的桶壁来抵抗夹持板的夹持力,使薄壁桶不会产生较大的形变量。

The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

Global hybrid simulations of soft X-ray emissions in the Earth’s magnetosheath

Earth’s magnetopause is a thin boundary separating the shocked solar wind plasma from the magnetospheric plasmas,and it is also the boundary of the solar wind energy transport to the magnetosphere.Soft X-ray imaging allows investigation of the large-scale magnetopause by providing a two-dimensional(2-D)global view from a satellite.By performing 3-D global hybrid-particle-in-cell(hybrid-PIC)simulations,we obtain soft X-ray images of Earth’s magnetopause under different solar wind conditions,such as different plasma densities and directions of the southward interplanetary magnetic field.In all cases,magnetic reconnection occurs at low latitude magnetopause.The soft X-ray images observed by a hypothetical satellite are shown,with all of the following identified:the boundary of the magnetopause,the cusps,and the magnetosheath.Local X-ray emissivity in the magnetosheath is characterized by large amplitude fluctuations(up to 160%);however,the maximum line-of-sight-integrated X-ray intensity matches the tangent directions of the magnetopause well,indicating that these fluctuations have limited impact on identifying the magnetopause boundary in the X-ray images.Moreover,the magnetopause boundary can be identified using multiple viewing geometries.We also find that solar wind conditions have little effect on the magnetopause identification.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will provide X-ray images of the magnetopause for the first time,and our global hybrid-PIC simulation results can help better understand the 2-D X-ray images of the magnetopause from a 3-D perspective,with particle kinetic effects considered.

Magnetopause properties at the dusk magnetospheric flank from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations,the kinetic Vlasov equilibrium,and in situ observations--Potential implications for SMILE

We derived the properties of the terrestrial magnetopause(MP)from two modeling approaches,one global–fluid,the other local–kinetic,and compared the results with data collected in situ by the Magnetospheric Multiscale 2(MMS2)spacecraft.We used global magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)simulations of the Earth’s magnetosphere(publicly available from the NASA-CCMC[National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Community Coordinated Modeling Center])and local Vlasov equilibrium models(based on kinetic models for tangential discontinuities)to extract spatial profiles of the plasma and field variables at the Earth’s MP.The global MHD simulations used initial solar wind conditions extracted from the OMNI database at the time epoch when the MMS2 observes the MP.The kinetic Vlasov model used asymptotic boundary conditions derived from the same in situ MMS measurements upstream or downstream of the MP.The global MHD simulations provide a three-dimensional image of the magnetosphere at the time when the MMS2 crosses the MP.The Vlasov model provides a one-dimensional local view of the MP derived from first principles of kinetic theory.The MMS2 experimental data also serve as a reference for comparing and validating the numerical simulations and modeling.We found that the MP transition layer formed in global MHD simulations was generally localized closer to the Earth(roughly by one Earth radius)from the position of the real MP observed by the MMS.We also found that the global MHD simulations overestimated the thickness of the MP transition by one order of magnitude for three analyzed variables:magnetic field,density,and tangential speed.The MP thickness derived from the local Vlasov equilibrium was consistent with observations for all three of these variables.The overestimation of density in the Vlasov equilibrium was reduced compared with the global MHD solutions.We discuss our results in the context of future SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)campaigns for observing the Earth’s MP.

Ballistic response of skin simulant against fragment simulating projectiles

The response of biological phantoms against high velocity impact is actively sought for applications in defense,space,soft robotics and sensing.Towards this end,we study the ballistic response of silicone based skin simulant against fragment impact.Using a pneumatic gas gun setup,six chisel-nosed and three regular shaped(sphere,cylinder,and cube)fragments were impacted on the skin simulant.The resulting skin simulant response was studied in terms of ballistic limit velocities,energy densities,failure pattern,and the mechanics of interaction.The results indicate that the shape of the fragment affects the ballistic limit velocities.The ballistic limit velocities,energy densities of the chisel-nosed fragment simulating projectiles were relatively insensitive to the size(mass),except for the smallest(0.16 g)and largest(2.79 g)chisel-nosed fragment.For the same size(1 g),ballistic limit velocities and failure are dependent on the shape of the fragment.The skin simulant failed by combined plugging and elastic hole enlargement.Failure in the spherical fragment was dominated by the elastic hole enlargement,whereas plugging failure was dominant in all other fragments.The spherical,cylindrical,and chisel-nosed fragments created circular cavities,and the cubical fragment created a square cavity.In the case of the spherical fragment,slipping of the fragment within the skin simulant was seen.Cubical fragments created lateral cracks emanating from the corners of the square cavity.Interestingly,for all the fragments,the maximum deformation corresponding to the perforation was lower than the non-perforation indicating rate dependent,stress driven failure.The maximum deformation was also dependent on the shape of the fragment.Overall,these results provide unique insights into the mechanical response of a soft simulant against ballistic impact.Results have utility in the calibration and validation of computational models,design of personal protective equipment,and antipersonnel systems.

Hybrid-Vlasov simulation of soft X-ray emissions at the Earth’s dayside magnetospheric boundaries

Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause,the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)and Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)missions aim to obtain soft Xray images of near-Earth space thanks to their Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)instruments.While earlier modeling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission,the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma.To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft Xray images,we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model.The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field.We first produce global X-ray images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations,providing meridional and equatorial views.We then analyze regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirrormode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events(FTEs)at the magnetopause.Our results suggest that,although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of the SMILE and LEXI imagers,mirror-mode structures and FTEs can cumulatively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images.For instance,a local increase by 30%in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12%enhancement in the line-of-sight-and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region.Likewise,a proton density increase by 14%in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%.These are likely conservative estimates,given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind.These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale,transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.

Evaluation of Performance of Polar WRF Model in Simulating Precipitation over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Considering the complex topographic forcing and large cryosphere concentration,the present study utilized the polar-optimized WRF model(Polar WRF)to conduct downscaling simulations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(TP)and its surrounding regions.Multi-group experiments with the 10 km horizontal resolution are used to evaluate the modeling of precipitation.Firstly,on the basis of the model ground surface properties upgrade and the optimized Noah-MP,the“better-performing”configuration suite for modeling precipitation is comprehensively examined.Various model parameters such as nudging options,five cumulus parameterization schemes,two planetary boundary layer schemes,and six microphysics schemes are investigated to further refine the Polar WRF configuration.Moreover,the precipitation simulation for a full calendar year is compared with multiple reanalyses and observations.The simulations demonstrate that the Polar WRF model successfully captures the general features of precipitation over this region and is sensitive to model parameters.Based on the results,it is recommended to use grid nudging with q intensity coefficient of 0.0002,the multi-scale kain-fritsch cumulus parameterization,the Yonsei University boundary layer scheme,and the Morrison 2-mom microphysics with reduced default droplet concentration value of 100 cm-3.Overall,the model performance is better than the ERA-interim and TRMM 3b42.It is comparable to,and in some cases slightly better than,the CRA-Land,especially in the prediction for the western part of the plateau where in situ observations are limited,and the cryosphere-atmosphere interaction is more pronounced.

基于PreScan/CarSim/Simulink/ROS的路径跟随控制仿真

路径跟随可控制AGV沿着参考轨迹行驶,提高行驶过程中的可行性和稳定性,是智能驾驶核心技术之一。文章主要研究使用Prescan、Carsim、Simulink和ROS系统搭建AGV路径跟随控制模型,运用基于几何模型的Stanley算法来实现路径跟随的联合仿真测试。最后使用树莓派搭建硬件在环的仿真模型,联合仿真验证了Stanley算法的可行性,该方法可快速验证和部署基于ROS系统的路径跟随控制方法,为后续研究奠定技术基础。

Method of simulating hybrid STT-MTJ/CMOS circuits based on MATLAB/Simulink

The spin-transfer-torque(STT)magnetic tunneling junction(MTJ)device is one of the prominent candidates for spintronic logic circuit and neuromorphic computing.Therefore,building a simulation framework of hybrid STT-MTJ/CMOS(complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor)circuits is of great value for designing a new kind of computing paradigm based on the spintronic devices.In this work,we develop a simulation framework of hybrid STT-MTJ/CMOS circuits based on MATLAB/Simulink,which is mainly composed of a physics-based STT-MTJ model,a controlled resistor,and a current sensor.In the proposed framework,the STT-MTJ model,based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewsk(LLGS)equation,is implemented using the MATLAB script.The proposed simulation framework is modularized design,with the advantage of simple-to-use and easy-to-expand.To prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework,the STT-MTJ model is benchmarked with experimental results.Furthermore,the pre-charge sense amplifier(PCSA)circuit consisting of two STT-MTJ devices is validated and the electrical coupling of two spin-torque oscillators is simulated.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our simulation framework.