A rapid assessment of MWRI-RM/FY3G brightness temperature

2023年4月发射的FY-3G上搭载17个频率的测雨微波成像仪(MWRI-RM),其业务定标的微波亮温(Tb)数据于2023年10月23日公开发布.本文比对了发布10天的MWRI-RM与全球降水测量(GPM)卫星上的微波成像仪(GMI)相匹配的Tb数据,并借助辐射传输模式进行双差分(DD)交叉定标分析,旨在快速评估新一代MWRI-RM观测数据质量.观测比较表明,MWR1-RM与GMI测量的Tb一致性很好,大多通道的平均偏差(MBE)和均方根误差(RMSE)均小于1K.两种传感器由于观测角度略有不同在水面产生约0.5 K差异.DD分析也展示出MWRI-RM的大多数通道性能与GMI相当接近,尤其是首次启用的高频166 GHz和183 GHz.

The deconvolution of lunar brightness temperature based on the maximum entropy method using Chang'e-2 microwave data

A passive and multi-channel microwave sounder onboard the Chang＇e-2 orbiter has successfully acquired microwave observations of the lunar surface and subsurface structure. Compared with the Chang＇e-1 orbiter, the Chang＇e-2 orbiter obtained more accurate and comprehensive microwave brightness temperature data, which are helpful for further research. Since there is a close relationship between mi- crowave brightness temperature data and some related properties of the lunar regolith, such as the thickness, temperature and dielectric constant, precise and high resolution brightness temperature data are necessary for such research. However, through the detection mechanism of the microwave sounder, the brightness temperature data ac- quired from the microwave sounder are weighted by the antenna radiation pattern, so the data are the convolution of the antenna radiation pattern with the lunar brightness temperature. In order to obtain the real lunar brightness temperature, a deconvolution method is needed. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem associated with per- forming deconvolution of the lunar brightness temperature. In this study, we introduce the maximum entropy method （MEM） to process the brightness temperature data and achieve excellent results. The paper mainly includes the following aspects： first, we introduce the principle of the MEM; second, through a series of simulations, the MEM has been verified as an efficient deconvolution method; and third, the MEM is used to process the Chang＇e-2 microwave data and the results are significant.

Verification and recalibration of HY-2A microwave radiometer brightness temperature

HY-2A is the first one of the Chinese HY-2 ocean satellite series carrying a microwave radiometer(RM)to measure sea surface temperature,sea surface wind speed,atmospheric water vapor,cloud liquid water content,and rain rate.We verified the RM level 1B brightness temperature(T B)to retrieve environmental parameters.In the verification,TB that simulated using the ocean-atmosphere radiative transfer model(RTM)was used as a reference.The total bias and total standard deviation(SD)of the RM level 1B TB,with reference to the RTM simulation,ranged-20.6-4.38 K and 0.7-2.93 K,respectively.We found that both the total bias and the total SD depend on the frequency and polarization,although the values for ascending and descending passes are different.In addition,substantial seasonal variation of the bias was found at all channels.The verification results indicate the RM has some problems regarding calibration,e.g.,correction of antenna spillover and antenna physical emission,especially for the 18.7-GHz channel.Based on error analyses,a statistical recalibration algorithm was designed and recalibration was performed for the RM level 1B TB.Validation of the recalibrated TB indicated that the quality of the recalibrated RM level 1B TB was improved significantly.The bias of the recalibrated T B at all channels was reduced to<0.4 K,seasonal variation was almost eradicated,and SD was diminished(i.e.,the SD of the 18.7-GHz channel was reduced by more than 0.5K).

Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Band Brightness Temperature over the Global Monsoon Regions

The upper-troposphere water vapor (UTWV) band brightness temperature (BT) dataset derived from the High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) channel 12 of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar satellites from 1979 to 1995 is used to analyze the seasonal and interannual variations for the global monsoon regions. Results show that (i) there are three major regions where the UTWV band BT varies significantly with season, i.e., South Asia, the western coastal South-North America tropical region and the low-latitude African region; (ii) UTWV band BT clearly reveals the water vapor temporal/spatial features as well as the atmospheric circulation structure over the low-latitude during the monsoon onset; and (iii) there is a remarkable relationship between the interannual variation of the UTWV band BT over the monsoon regions and the sea surface temperature anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific.

Utilizing a new soil effective temperature scheme and archived satellite microwave brightness temperature data to estimate surface soil moisture in the Nagqu region, Tibetan Plateau of China

Since the early 2000s, many satellite passive microwave brightness temperature （BT） archives, such as the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System （AMSR-E） BTs, have become the useful resources for assessing the changes in the surface and deep soil moistures over both arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we used a new soil effective temperature （T scheme and the archived AMSR-E BTs to estimate surface soil moisture （SM） over the Nagqu region in the central Tibetan Plateau, China. The surface and deep soil temperatures required for the calculation of regional-scale T were obtained from outputs of the Community Land Model version 4.5 （CLM4.5）. In situ SM measurements at the CEOP-CAMP/Tibet （Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau） experimental sites were used to validate the AMSR-E-based SM estimations at regional and single-site scales. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of monthly mean surface SM over the Nagqu region was obtained from 16 daytime AMSR-E BT observations in July 2004 over the Nagqu region. Results revealed that the AMSR-E-based surface SM estimations agreed well with the in situ-based surface SM measurements, with the root mean square error （RMSE） ranging from 0.042 to 0.066 m3/m3 and the coefficient of determination （R2） ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 during the nighttime and daytime. The regional surface soil water state map showed a clear spatial pattern related to the terrain. It indicated that the lower surface SM values occurred in the mountainous areas of the northern, mid-western and southeastern parts of Nagqu region, while the higher surface SM values appeared in the low elevation areas such as the Tongtian River Basin, Namco Lake and bog meadows in the central part of Nagqu region. Our analysis also showed that the new T^scheme does not require special fitting parameters or additional assumptions, which simplifies the data requirements for regional-scale applications. This scheme combined with the archived satellite passive microwave BT observations can be used to estimate the historical surface SM for hydrological process studies over the Tibetan Plateau regions.

Cross-calibration of brightness temperature obtained by FY-3B/MWRI using Aqua/AMSR-E data for snow depth retrieval in the Arctic

This study cross-calibrated the brightness temperatures observed in the Arctic by using the FY-3B/MWRI L1 and the Aqua/AMSR-E L2A.The monthly parameters of the cross-calibration were determined and evaluated using robust linear regression.The snow depth in case of seasonal ice was calculated by using parameters of the crosscalibration of data from the MWRI Tb.The correlation coefficients of the H/V polarization among all channels Tb of the two sensors were higher than 0.97.The parameters of the monthly cross-calibration were useful for the snow depth retrieval using the MWRI.Data from the MWRI Tb were cross-calibrated to the AMSR-E baseline.Biases in the data of the two sensors were optimized to approximately 0 K through the cross-calibration,the standard deviations decreased significantly in the range of 1.32 K to 2.57 K,and the correlation coefficients were as high as 99%.An analysis of the statistical distributions of the histograms before and after cross-calibration indicated that the FY-3B/MWRI Tb data had been well calibrated.Furthermore,the results of the cross-calibration were evaluated by data on the daily average Tb at 18.7 GHz,23.8 GHz,and 36.5 GHz(V polarization),and at 89 GHz(H/V polarization),and were applied to the snow depths retrieval in the Arctic.The parameters of monthly cross-calibration were found to be effective in terms of correcting the daily average Tb.The results of the snow depths were compared with those of the calibrated MWRI and AMSR-E products.Biases of 0.18 cm to 0.38 cm were observed in the monthly snow depths,with the standard deviations ranging from 4.19 cm to 4.80 cm.

Review on physical models of lunar brightness temperature

Brightness temperature is a main index to reflect the energy of microwave radiation of an object. Using lunar brightness temperature data, physical properties of lunar regolith, such as thickness, heat flow and dielectric permittivity, could be interpreted. There are two methods to study brightness temperature distribution of the moon: the first is used to measure lunar brightness temperature by radio observation or spaceborne microwave radiometers, and the second is used to simulate calculation by the physical model. On the basis of the measurements of lunar brightness temperature in the history, this study analyzed the main physical model of lunar brightness temperature, also including its theory and influence factors. The authors concluded that surface and subsurface temperatures of the moon, dielectric properties and layered structure of lunar regolith were the main factors affecting the global brightness temperature of the moon. These factors should be quantified in detail in the future research.

Improving microwave brightness temperature predictions based on Bayesian model averaging ensemble approach

The choices of the parameterizations for each component in a microwave emission model have significant effects on the quality of brightness temperature （Tb） sim- ulation. How to reduce the uncertainty in the Tb simulation is investigated by adopting a statistical post-processing procedure with the Bayesian model averaging （BMA） ensemble approach. The simulations by the community microwave emission model （CMEM） cou- pled with the community land model version 4.5 （CLM4.5） over China's Mainland are con- ducted by the 24 configurations from four vegetation opacity parameterizations （VOPs）, three soil dielectric constant parameterizations （SDCPs）, and two soil roughness param- eterizations （SRPs）. Compared with the simple arithmetical averaging （SAA） method, the BMA reconstructions have a higher spatial correlation coefficient （larger than 0.99） than the C-band satellite observations of the advanced microwave scanning radiometer on the Earth observing system （AMSR-E） at the vertical polarization. Moreover, the BMA product performs the best among the ensemble members for all vegetation classes, with a mean root-mean-square difference （RMSD） of 4 K and a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.64.

MODIS BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATA ASSIMILATION UNDER CLOUDY CONDITIONS Ⅱ: IMPACTS ON RAINSTORM FORECASTING

Satellite observations provide large amount of information of clouds and precipitation and play an important role in the forecast of heavy rainfall.However,we have not fully taken advantage of satellite observations in the data assimilation of numerical weather predictions,especially those in infrared channels. It is common to only assimilate radiances under clear-sky conditions since it is extremely difficult to simulate infrared transmittance in cloudy sky.On the basis of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System 3-dimensional variance(GRAPES-3DVar),cloud liquid water content, ice-water content and cloud cover are employed as governing variables in the assimilation system.This scheme can improve the simulation of infrared transmittance by a fast radiative transfer model for TOVS (RTTOV)and adjust the atmospheric and cloud parameters based on infrared radiance observations.In this paper,we investigate a heavy rainfall over Guangdong province on May 26,2007,which is right after the onset of a South China Sea monsoon.In this case,channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)for observing water vapor(Channel 27)and cloud top altitude(Channel 36)are selected for the assimilation.The process of heavy rainfall is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model.Our results show that the assimilated MODIS data can improve the distribution of water vapor and temperature in the first guess field and indirectly adjust the upper-level wind field.The tendency of adjustment agrees well with the satellite observations.The assimilation scheme has positive impacts on the short-range forecasting of rainstorm.

MODIS BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE DATA ASSIMILATION UNDER CLOUDY CONDITIONS: METHODS AND IDEAL TESTS

Clouds have important effects on the infrared radiances transmission in that the inclusion of cloud effects in data assimilation can not only improve the quality of the assimilated atmospheric parameters greatly, but also minimize the initial error of cloud parameters by adjusting part of the infrared radiances data. On the basis of the Grapes-3D-var (Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System), cloud liquid water, cloud ice water and cloud cover are added as the governing variables in the assimilation. Under the conditions of clear sky, partly cloudy cover and totally cloudy cover, the brightness temperature of 16 MODIS channels are assimilated respectively in ideal tests. Results show that when the simulated background brightness temperatures are lower than the observation, the analyzed field will increase the simulated brightness temperature by increasing its temperature and reducing its moisture, cloud liquid water, cloud ice water, and cloud cover. The simulated brightness temperature can be reduced if adjustment is made in the contrary direction. The adjustment of the temperature and specific humidity under the clear sky conditions conforms well to the design of MODIS channels, but it is weakened for levels under cloud layers. The ideal tests demonstrate that by simultaneously adding both cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters as governing variables during the assimilation of infrared radiances, both the cloud parameters and atmospheric parameters can be adjusted using the observed infrared radiances and conventional meteorological elements to make full use of the infrared observations.

Comparative Analysis of Microwave Brightness Temperature Data in Northeast China Using AMSR-E and MWRI Products

With such significant advantages as all-day observation, penetrability and all-weather coverage, passive mi-crowave remote sensing technique has been widely applied in the research of global environmental change. As the sat-ellite-based passive microwave remote sensor, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing Sys-tem (AMSR-E) loaded on NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration of USA) Aqua satellite has been popularly used in the field of microwave observation. The Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) loaded on the Chi-nese FengYun-3A (FY-3A) satellite is an AMSR-E-like conical scanning microwave sensor, but there are few reports about MWRI data. This paper firstly proposed an optimal spatial position matching algorithm from rough to exact for the position matching between AMSR-E and MWRI data, then taking Northeast China as an example, comparatively analyzed the microwave brightness temperature data derived from AMSR-E and MWRI. The results show that when the antenna footprints of the two sensors are filled with either full water, or full land, or mixed land and water with ap-proximate proportion, the errors of brightness temperature between AMSR-E and MWRI are usually in the range from -10 K to +10 K. In general, the residual values of brightness temperature between the two microwave sensors with the same spatial resolution are in the range of ±3 K. Because the spatial resolution of AMSR-E is three times as high as that of MWRI, the results indicate that the quality of MWRI data is better. The research can provide useful information for the MWRI data application and microwave unmixing method in the future.

AVERAGE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE OF ANTENNA APERTURE

This paper presented an idea for the average brightness temperature of lossless antenna aperture, gave its expression for matched and dismatched noise source. This expression showed that the average brightness temperature of antenna aperture related with three factors: the noise temperature of noise source, the reflection coefficient of noise source, and the aperture efficiency.

Microwave Brightness Temperature and Lunar Soil Dielectric Property Retrieve

Among many scientific objectives of lunar exploration, investigations on lunar soil become more and more attractive to the scientists duo to the existence of abundant 3He and ilmenite in the lunar soil and their possible utilization. Although the soil composition determination on the lunar surface is available by visible light spectrometer,γ/X-ray spectrometer etc, the evaluations on the total reserves of 3He and ilmenite in the lunar deep and on the thickness of the lunar soil are still impossible so far. In this paper, the authors first give a rough analysis of the microwave brightness temperature images of the lunar disc observed using the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope; then introduce our researches on the microwave dielectric properties of lunar soil simulators; finally, discuss some basic relations between the microwave brightness temperature and lunar soil properties.

Possible Thermal Brightness Temperature Anomalies Associated with the Yutian (China) M_S7.3 Earthquake on February 12,2014

In order to analyze the seismic brightness temperature anomalies associated with the Yutian earthquake which occurred at Yutian County, Xinjiang on February 12,2014, daily brightness temperature data was collected from the China Geostationary Meteorological Satellite FY-2E,for the period from May 1,2012 to April 30,2014 and the geographical extent of 30°- 45°N latitude and 70°- 95°E longitude. The continuous wavelet transform method was used to analyze the relative wavelet power spectrum( RWPS) of brightness temperature data for each pixel. And the RWPS time-spatial evolution within the analysis area was obtained. The results showed that the anomaly started to appear at the vicinity of epicentre since October 2013, and anomalous areas gradually enlarged and stretched towards to Altun fault zone and the eastern part of West Kunlun fault zone. Anomalies began to appear at fault zones at Middle Tianshan Mountains, Southern Tianshan Mountains and the western part of the West Kunlun Mountains area which is located at the western margin of Tarim basin,since November 2013. Then anomalous area further enlarged and gathered along fault zones,and eventually,anomalous belts were developed along fault zones around the Tarim basin. The anomaly area and amplitude reached their maximum in late December 2013 and early January 2014. With the impending earthquake,the anomaly area and amplitude dwindled. Anomalies at the vicinity of epicentre disappeared days before the occurrence of the main shock. However, the anomaly at Altun and Middle Tianshan areas still remained. After the main shock,the anomaly attenuated quickly and the whole anomaly disappeared in late February 2014.

粗糙海面星载微波视在亮温仿真模型

针对新型星载微波辐射计论证需求,通过研究平静和粗糙海面发射率模型,结合大气辐射模型,建立了典型波段的星载微波视在亮温数学模型,设计了视在亮温仿真模型总体方案,以及平静海面发射率、风速影响发射率、风向影响发射率和辐射传输仿真计算模块方案,开发了星载微波辐射计视在亮温仿真软件,实现了不同大气、海面风、传感器参数条件下的星载微波辐射计海面视在亮温仿真计算,验证了仿真模型的可行性,为星载微波辐射计星地一体化仿真论证提供了技术支撑。

一种色温及亮度可调的均匀光源研究

均匀光源对成像系统定标和校正而言至关重要,除光源的均匀性外,对亮度、色温等参数的精准调节也有重要意义。本文介绍了一种基于冷白与暖白LED混光的计算方法与装置。充分利用LED光源的可控性和冷暖白光LED的混光技术,通过调节冷暖白光LED的电流,采集光源输出的亮度与色温数据,建立电流与亮度、色温的对应关系。利用MATLAB的样条插值函数网格细化整个数据模型,最后以亮度、色温为目标值,反向求出相对应的冷暖白光LED的电流值。实验表明,在亮度±200 cd/m^(2)、色温±50 K的误差值设定下,混色光源亮度的起伏小于2%,相关色温偏差在±30 K以内,光源面亮度均匀度大于96%。

不同倾角斜面下滑中正庚烷的火焰特性研究

为了研究正庚烷火焰形态、火焰亮度和火焰温度在下滑过程中随时间的变化趋势,分别利用倾角为25°和40°的斜面装置开展了正庚烷在斜面下滑过程中的燃烧试验。结果表明,在两种斜面下,由于试验箱体内冷热气流因密度不同导致其惯性大小差异,使得箱体内部前后温度分布不均产生压差,在压差作用下火焰向试验箱体下滑方向倾斜;在竖直和水平两个方向加速度的综合影响下,火焰的长度缩短、倾角减小、高度降低,但亮度增强,并且斜面倾角的增加会加剧对其形态、亮度的影响,40°斜面下的火焰形态参数值分别比25°斜面的低6.21%、12.30%、6.72%,但火焰亮度比25°斜面下的高31.98%;此外,在下滑过程中正庚烷火焰因不稳定导致温度降低,40°和25°斜面下火焰温度分别降低了16.05%和22.22%。但40°斜面下的火焰温度比25°斜面下的高,这与竖直加速度减小造成的浮力效应减弱有关。

人与自然生命共同体的构建:《——而月色依然明亮》的后人文主义愿景

从古人对火星天象的观测与阐释、到当今火星探测器的高效运行,火星一直是人类社会对宇宙想象和探索的重要对象。《——而月色依然明亮》是美国作家雷·布拉德伯里知名科幻小说集《火星编年史》中的第七篇,以极高的前瞻性想象了人类殖民火星计划中对火星的第四次探访,批判了人类带给世界的破坏。本文立足后人文主义视角,通过分析《——而月色依然明亮》对人类中心主义的超越、对人与自然关系错位的反思,解读故事中体现的构建人与自然生命共同体的愿景。这一解读有助于促进我们反思人在世界中的地位,并为未来的太空探索提供伦理参考。

高温酸沉对大豆分离蛋白品质的影响

为了拓宽大豆分离蛋白的应用范围,降低大豆分离蛋白中大豆异黄酮的含量,考察了高温酸沉对大豆分离蛋白品质的影响。分析了不同酸沉温度下,大豆分离蛋白中主要大豆异黄酮类物质含量的变化,大豆乳清中粗蛋白质含量及固形物含量的变化,大豆分离蛋白水合蓝光白度的变化,以及大豆分离蛋白凝胶值的变化。结果表明:酸沉温度从70℃升高到85℃,大豆异黄酮总量降低了43.84%,其中大豆苷、染料木苷含量分别降低了88.76%、83.95%,黄豆黄苷降到了检出限以下,而大豆苷元、染料木素含量分别提高了72.51%和143.47%,黄豆黄素的含量变化不显著;随酸沉温度升高,大豆乳清中的粗蛋白质含量和固形物含量不断降低,与酸沉温度70℃时相比,酸沉温度85℃时粗蛋白质含量降低了25.12%,固形物含量降低了6.34%;随酸沉温度升高,大豆分离蛋白的水合蓝光白度不断增加且增速不断提高,与酸沉温度70℃时相比,酸沉温度85℃时水合蓝光白度增加了26.83%;随酸沉温度升高,大豆分离蛋白的凝胶值不断降低,与酸沉温度70℃时相比,酸沉温度85℃时凝胶值降低了57.02%。综上,高温酸沉可有效控制大豆分离蛋白中大豆异黄酮的含量,提高大豆分离蛋白的水合蓝光白度和回收率,对开发低异黄酮含量的婴幼儿产品有积极意义。

涂装工艺对铝合金亮面车轮力学性能的影响

为解决铝合金亮面车轮力学性能差,不满足奔驰、宝马、奥迪(简称BBA)等高端客户要求的问题,讨论了低温底粉+色漆+精车+KSL(锐角保护漆)+亮粉,低温底粉+色漆+精车+透明底漆/高膜厚亮漆(湿碰湿)2种改进工艺对亮面产品力学性能(屈服强度、抗拉强度、延伸率、布氏硬度)的影响,并对喷涂后铝合金试件的漆膜性能(膜厚、附着力、耐碎石冲击、CASS、丝状腐蚀、耐高湿、耐化学品)进行测试评估。结果表明:采用低温底粉+色漆+精车+透明底漆/高膜厚亮漆涂装工艺,所得产品力学性能优于现有亮面产品涂装工艺,且漆膜性能合格,可在高端客户亮面产品上小批量试用。