Decision-making Principles and Evaluation Frame of Harmonious Fiscal Policy

Harmonious fiscal policy is the Inner requirement for Constructing Harmonious society and is an important means of realiziug such society. The harmonious fiscal policy should realize the harmony of “two hands”, the harmony of values, the unity of short-term and long-term harmony the unity of parts and the whole harmony, the unity of internal and external efficacy harmony. To scientifically evaluate harmony of fiscal policy is the prerequisite to bring harmonious fiscal policy to its full play.

Practical Principles and Ways of Undergraduates’ ideological and moral education in university

The important target audiences of the college ideological and political education are the undergraduates. Anyone who works on the college ideological and political education has to learn the basic features of the development of the undergraduates’ moral qualities as well as the counseling principle, the optimism principle, the democratic principle and the encouraging principle. The college applied the means of traditional moral education to enhance undergraduates’ understanding of morality, gave topics on morality for undergraduates to increase their judgments on moral issues, praised the moral model undergraduates who served as a role model for the undergraduates, and offered the literary and artistic works for reading to trigger the emotional response of undergraduates. The undergraduates will have a better ideological understanding and seek new heights of self-cultivation during their moral practice.

Moral Generalism or Particularism？

Moral generalism and particularism are two positions in meta-ethics which have different views regarding the relation between moral thought and principles. By accepting this relationship, generalists emphasize the necessity of principles in decision making process, and claim that the rationality of moral thought depends on the provision of a suitable supply ofmoral principles. In contrast, particularists have rejected, or at least doubted, the existence of moral principles, and believe that the rationality of moral thought depends on recognizing special features of a case and relevant conditions. This is why, unlike generalists, they use case study method rather than syllogism in decision making process and moral judgment. Consequently, to support their view, particularists commonly resort to holism in the theory of reasons, while atomism is in support of generalism. To evaluate these two attitudes, this study surveys some arguments that particularists and generalists proposed to justify their view and criticize the rival＇s one, and also explains their positions concerning the epistemological and metaphysical role of moral principles and reasons. Finally, after evaluating their claims, the importance of both approaches in meta-ethics is stressed.

Adaptive Optimal Discrete-Time Output-Feedback Using an Internal Model Principle and Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In order to address the output feedback issue for linear discrete-time systems, this work suggests a brand-new adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) technique based on the internal model principle(IMP). The proposed method, termed as IMP-ADP, does not require complete state feedback-merely the measurement of input and output data. More specifically, based on the IMP, the output control problem can first be converted into a stabilization problem. We then design an observer to reproduce the full state of the system by measuring the inputs and outputs. Moreover, this technique includes both a policy iteration algorithm and a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal feedback gain without using a dynamic system model. It is important that with this concept one does not need to solve the regulator equation. Finally, this control method was tested on an inverter system of grid-connected LCLs to demonstrate that the proposed method provides the desired performance in terms of both tracking and disturbance rejection.

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN DEVELOPING POLICY FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION

This paper focuses on considering the influential factors and fundamental principles in developing policy for English language education (ELE), involving the rationale of making language policy, analysis of factors from different perspectives including political, economic factors, English language teaching (ELT) context, facilities available and curriculum development. Suggested principles are subsequently given to be considered mainly with reference to the Chinese context by offering four essential principles which touch upon eight intimately-related parts in the ELE domain.

Anti-Competitive Effects of Discriminatory Licensing for Standards-Essential Patents and Antitrust Policymaking

Antitrust examination of discriminatory patent licensing fees imposed by companies who own standards-essential patents(SEPs) is a difficult issue in antitrust law enforcement. After studying Huawei's litigation against IDC and China's anti-monopoly investigation of Qualcomm, this paper creates a vertical oligopolistic game theory model to demonstrate that discriminatory licensing fees imposed by firms with patent monopoly will lead to the collection of high licensing fees from downstream low-cost firms, weaken their competitive advantage, reduce their output and market share, impede their follow-up innovations, and generally harm the social welfare. Therefore, charging high discriminatory licensing fees constitutes an act that harms competition and should be prohibited by antitrust law. Antitrust examination of discriminatory licensing fees should make assessments primarily on the basis of the FRAND principle. Antitrust examination may adopt a triple-structure method to assess the reasonableness of licensing fees, but antitrust authorities should avoid directly prescribing the level of licensing fees and should safeguard the effectiveness of transaction mechanisms based on free negotiations among micro-level entities. Antitrust remedies should follow the principle of "intervening in the price formation mechanism rather than prescribing the level of licensing fees."

A Probe into the Moral Education in College English Teaching

College English is a general compulsory course which lasts longest in the period of higher education. It means that College English teachers are the ones who contact with their students most often and influence their students most deeply. Every teacher bears the responsibility of teaching and educating, and moral education should be integrated into College English teaching. College English teachers should have strong consciousness of professional ethics, explore the ideological content of teaching materials, design teaching procedures, and guide students to have ideological journeys of some familiar daily life or some influential social events with flexible teaching methodologies.

A Comparison of the Views of Heavenly Principles and Human Desire and the Theory of Personality Structure

This paper makes a comparative study of the theory of heavenly principles and human desires in the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties and the theory of personality structure in psychoanalytic theory.From the perspective of the construction of the subject,in the debate between the heavenly principle and the human desire,the person is built into the moral subject.The id,ego,and super-ego in the psychoanalytic theory constitute the unconscious structural subject.In the framework of these two theories,the“maintain the heavenly principles and eradicate human desires”and“the heavenly principles exist in desire”in the theory of heavenly principles and human desires express the unity of opposites between heavenly principles and human desire.The core of personality structure theory is the relationship of obedience and control among the id,ego,and super-ego.As far as the value orientation is concerned,the debate between the heavenly principle and the human desire provides a theoretical basis for the moral practice of Confucianism of“aim at absolute perfection”,while the free will of the id in the unconscious subject is the most essential ethical aspect of psychoanalysis.

‘Disciplining Oneself’and‘Disciplining Others’in Social Life:On the Contemporary Significance of Confucius’s Principle of Loyalty and Reciprocity

In a moral sense,there is an essential di erence between“disciplining oneself”and“disciplining others”in that the former means one setting rules for and giving orders to oneself in regard to one’s own conduct,which are unconditionally compulsory,while the latter is exible in the sense that one’s rules and orders for oneself are not compulsory to others and cannot prohibit others from doing something.In principle,Confucius’s sayings,“do not impose upon others that which you would not wish for yourself”and“establish others in seeking to establish yourself and promote others in s eeking to promote yourself”have epitomized the line of demarcation between them.His doctrine of“not imposing upon others that which you would not wish for yourself,”though based on self-preservation and self-interest,represents a standard of conduct of highly universal value.If the overwhelming majority of a society follows it as their standard of conduct,refraining from harming others in order to protect oneself from harm,then the whole society will endure little,if not no,strife and struggle.

Optimal Trade Credit Policy for Supplier under Asymmetric Information in the Supply Chain

Most papers about trade credit in supply chain studied retailer's inventory policy based on information shared.Few papers paid attention to supplier's trade credit policy under asymmetric information.So this paper tries to propose supplier's optimal trade credit policy to reveal retailer's private information.The aim is achieved by developing an incentive model with revelation principle.The retailer's private information can be found out through this trade credit policy.This contract is more general than the wholesale price contract.For the retailer's private information,the order quantity and ratio of delay in payment are distorted.Sensitivity analysis shows that the contract is influenced by sales ability and discount rate.Finally,the indirect mechanism with the same effect is proposed to make it easy to be put into practice.

论朱熹评述王安石的取向

朱熹对王安石的为学、为政、为人的评述较为全面深刻,分别侧重经学、变法、性格方面的内容,并指向义理、致治、品性角度的考量和评判。朱熹肯定王安石的才学,但又认为他的经学“不正”“不纯”,不明格物复礼,不别道德刑名,借“三经”阐发,勾兑“老释”,夹杂“申商”,带有外儒内法的色彩;朱熹赞同变法,“易乱为治”,同时强调适应时代需要,乘势而为,并肯定熙宁变法中青苗法、方田法等一些具体内容,但又不同意王安石以“新学”为理论基础,变法逐利,无视民生,导致民穷国弱,远离了治世;朱熹认为王安石为人执拗,基本上认同二程等对王安石性格的评判,但又能对王学、变法进行深究,寻找其偏执、固执的根源,是由重利轻义、重君轻民所致。朱熹这些方面的评价取向,以及与王安石在经学、变法、品性上的认知差异,应是朱、王思想或新学、理学分歧的重要表现。

经权之辨:儒家在法典化问题上的道德智慧

功利主义和义务论主张道德法典化,认为道德应该借助道德原则和道德规范为人们提供决策程序和行为指南,而美德伦理学则拒绝道德法典化,认为法典化忽视了人的品格因素。儒家的“执经用权”则为解决道德法典化问题提供了一种调和模式:“执经”就意味着通过道德原则来制定系统的道德规范,为人们提供行为指南;“用权”则强调道德规范的局限性,人们不能拘泥于道德规范,而是需要发挥人们的主动性,根据实际情况进行适当的变通,从而在道德法典化的同时为人们保存了自由的空间。“执经”意味着仁道原则的坚定性,这是对人性尊严的捍卫;“用权”强调了现实的复杂多样性,肯定了存在的现实性,两者的综合实现了特殊的个体存在与普遍人性的结合。

Impact assessment of river sand resource shortage under different policy scenarios in China

More than half of the annual global concrete materials were produced in China due to the rapid developing construction industry,which partly led to the shortage of river sand.However,mining rate exceeds the natural replenishment rate of river sand recently,resulting in depletion of natural river sand accumulation.The increasing demand of river sand influences lots of aspects including altered landforms,increasing carbon emissions,ecological deterioration,international trades and disputes.To face the river sand resource shortage in China and to propose possible coping strategies,the data of river sand for construction in China and other related data were collected,and it is suggested that effective policy measures should be taken right now to protect river sand and strictly manage sand mining.Professional solutions for river sand shortage can be summarized as“5Rs”principle,which includes reduce,recycle.reuse,replace and recover.System dynamic model is established to predict the trend of river sand shortage and it was predicted that the gap between river sand supply and demand will come up to 63%.The impact of three policy scenarios is tested in the model,and the gap can be reduced to 35%by single policy scenario,while the scenario with all policy measures is able to reduce the contradiction between supply and demand to 4%.Suggestions are proposed from the aspects of structural and material technology,policy measures and international alliances.Attention should be paid to the shortage of river resources,to realize the sustainable development of the construction industry and other related industries,and to promote the harmonious coexistence of human and nature.

中国式学校体育现代化中的“五育并举”

历经四个发展阶段,党的教育方针从德、智、体“三育全面发展”拓展成德、智、体、美、劳“五育并举”,这是中国教育在新时代面对人才培养的现实主题,是应对新征程中国教育的发展要求而进行的目标拓展和改革举措。研究发现,从中国式学校体育现代化的视角来看,“五育”中的体育是一个极具特殊性的教育和学科,它在功能上与德育、智育、美育及劳动教育有着深刻内在的结构性联系,因此它具有与其他“四育”可以深入融合共育的广泛可能性。鉴于推进“五育并举”过程中会遇到的结构性障碍与困难,分别提出了体育与其他“四育”并举并进的途径与方法,推进体育成为“五育并举”的主渠道、主战场和主力军。

应用伦理学中的原则伦理

在应用伦理学中原则主义展现了如何将伦理应用到具体实践的一条进路。不同于诉诸一种基于某一最高原理并拥有普遍适用性的道德系统的演绎论,也不同于依赖以感知判断为基础的类比性评价的决疑论,原则伦理者寻求处于抽象的道德理论与具体的道德实践之间的所谓中位原则,为人们应对伦理冲突提供价值基准与论证依据的规范性导向框架。如果说不伤害、有利、公正、自主性属于比较经典的伦理原则的话,那么人权、尊严、隐私、责任则属于新近出现的并得到广泛认可的伦理原则。应用伦理学中的中位原则具有不证自明的品格,其实质根基便是人类的道德直觉。这些原则之间处于协调的融贯关系,其内容在实践中需得到具体化的解释和依情境的灵活权重。

《教师法》修订背景下公立高校教师师德失范行为的识别与治理

当前高校教师师德失范行为屡屡发生,高校相应调查处理存在诸多争议,师德失范行为的认定存在识别标准、治理程序和评判依据模糊等问题。在厘清公立高校教师法律地位基础上,我国应遵循程序正义与比例原则,明确高校教师师德规范边界;建立和完善以调查与听证为核心的高校教师师德失范行为治理程序;基于主客观标准、初再犯情节以及后续行为三方面评估教师师德失范行为过错程度,合理确定教师师德失范行为惩戒等级。

长期建藏与对口援藏——新中国的西藏建设叙事考论

长期建藏是新时代党的治藏方略的重要原则之一,对口援藏是党的一贯政策。西藏和平解放至改革开放前,中央关心西藏、全国支援西藏的口号是“长期建藏、边疆为家”。改革开放至党的十八大前,对口援藏或援藏的叙事比较流行。看似简单的话语转换,反映了改革开放前后两个历史时期、两种经济体制下中央关于西藏建设的不同思考与政策变化。党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央,既坚持长期建藏又强调对口援藏,实现了两者辩证统一,共同推进西藏高质量发展。

劳动幸福观融入思政课教学的价值理路、基本原则与实施路径——以大学生“思想道德与法治”课程教学为例

劳动幸福观是对劳动价值的自我体认与情感认同,是劳动实践的动力之源与精神支撑,对培养当代大学生的劳动素养与形成正确的世界观、人生观、价值观具有基础性意义。劳动幸福观融入思政课教学,应坚持把握育人导向、遵循教育规律、体现时代特征、坚持因地制宜的原则;在实施路径上应形成以明确教学目标为先导、以优化教学内容为基础、以突出学生主体为根本、以改革教学评价为保障、以外化教学成果为支撑的系统化推进体系。

道德运气与道德评估

道德运气问题对我们的道德实践提出了一个挑战。一方面我们接受控制原则,根据这个原则,我们应当只对那些行为者可以控制的因素进行道德评估。另一方面,行为者不能控制的运气因素却总是影响着我们的道德评估。本文首先检验和批评对这一挑战的各种主要的回应,然后在此基础上提出用一种更准确的部分控制原则替代原来的完全控制原则。最后,我们展示这个新的原则可以被用来解答所有四种类型的道德运气问题。