Development of a stable attenuated double-mutant of tobacco mosaic virus for cross-protection

Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum)and tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)are two major economic crops in China.Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV;genus Tobamovirus)is the most prevalent virus infecting both crops.Currently,some widely cultivated tobacco and tomato cultivars are susceptible to TMV and there is no effective strategy to control this virus.Cross-protection can be a safe and environmentally friendly strategy to prevent viral diseases.However,stable attenuated TMV mutants are scarce.In this study,we found that the substitutions in the replicase p126,arginine at position 196(R^(196))with aspartic acid(D),glutamic acid at position 614(E^(614))with glycine(G),serine at position 643(S^(643))with phenylalanine(F),or D at position 730(D^(730))with S,significantly reduced the virulence and replication of TMV.However,only the mutation of S^(643) to F reduced the RNA silencing suppression activity of TMV p126.A double-mutant TMV-E614G-S643F induced no visible symptom and was genetically stable through six successive passages in tobacco plants.Furthermore,our results showed that TMV-E614G-S643F double-mutant could provide effective protection against the wild-type TMV infection in tobacco and tomato plants.This study reports a promising mild mutant for cross-protection to control TMV in tobacco and tomato plants.

Turnip mosaic virus pathogenesis and host resistance mechanisms in Brassica

Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV)is a devastating potyvirus pathogen that infects a wide variety of both cultivated and wild Brassicaceae plants.We urgently need more information and understanding of TuMV pathogenesis and the host responses involved in disease development in cruciferous crops.TuMV displays great versatility in viral pathogenesis,especially in its replication and intercellular movement.Moreover,in the coevolutionary arms races between TuMV and its hosts,the virus has evolved to co-opt host factors to facilitate its infection and counter host defense responses.This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the viral factors that contribute to the TuMV infection cycle and the host resistance mechanism in Brassica.Finally,we propose some future research directions on TuMV pathogenesis and control strategies to design durable TuMV-resistant Brassica crops.

Clinical manifestations and the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 7 mosaicism:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of trisomy 7 mosaicism are diverse and nonspecific,so prenatal diagnosis is very difficult.CASE SUMMARY Two pregnant women with abnormal prenatal screening results were included.One was a 22-year-old woman(G1P0).At 31st week of gestation,ultrasound revealed that the posterior horn of the left lateral ventricle was 10 mm and the right renal pelvis had a separation of 7 mm.The other pregnant woman was 33 years old(G2P1L1A0),and her fetus was found to have a cardiac malformation at the 24th week of gestation.Copy number variation sequencing,whole-exome sequencing and karyotype analysis were carried out after amniocentesis,and both fetuses were diagnosed with trisomy 7 mosaicism.After parental counseling,one woman continued the pregnancy,and the other woman terminated the pregnancy.CONCLUSION In trisomy 7 mosaicism,the low proportion of trisomy does not lead to abortion,but can result in abnormal fetal development,which can be detected via ultrasound.Therefore,clinicians need to pay more attention to various aspects of fetal growth and development,combining with imaging,cellular,molecular genetics and other methods to perform comprehensive evaluations of fetuses to provide more reliable genetic counseling for pregnant women.

Floristic Diversity, Stand Structure and Plant Life Traits in the Forest-Savanna Mosaic at Ndjole (Centre Cameroon)

With the aim of assessing floristic diversity, stand structure and vegetation ecology, the present work was carried out in the savanna mosaic forest of the locality of Ndjole (Centre Cameroon). A total of 30 floristic plots of 40 m × 40 m (1600 m2) were delineated in the different ecosystems (forest, forest-savanna contact zone and the savanna). Within each plot, all individuals with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm at 1.30 m were taken into account. ANOVA was used to compare the means of the diversity indices of the different ecosystems, and the DUNCAN test at 5% significance level (XLSTAT 2016) to separate these means. A total of 85 species belonging to 67 genera and 33 families were recorded. That is, 68 species in semi-caducifolia forest, 45 in forest-savanna contact zone and 18 in savanna. Urticaceae, Combretaceae, Apocynaceae, Myristicaceae and Euphorbiaceae are the most diverse families in the forest. On the other hand, in contact zones, the Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Annonaceae and Moraceae families are the most diversified, while in the savannas, the Combretaceae, Fabaceae and Annonaceae families are the most diversified. Shannon’s diversity index values (1.7 to 2.37 bits) reflect low specific diversity;Piélou’s equitability (0.86 to 0.9) shows good distribution of individuals within species. The diametric structure of woody species shows an inverted “J” shape in all plant communities. This indicates a high regeneration potential characterized by a greater number of small trees than large trees. Mesophanerophytes and megaphanerophytes are dominant in forests and forest-savanna contact zones, and microphanerophytes in the savannas. Endozoochory is the main mode of diaspore dissemination. As regards the distribution of phytogeographical types, it shows the overall dominance of Guineo-Congolese species in all plant communities. Our study provides detailed data on forest-savanna floristic and plant life traits in the mosaic and recommends further studies on the impact of environmental parameter variations on the forest encroachment into savanna.

Reactions of Maruca Resistant Transgenic Cowpea to Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Virus

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. [Walp.]) in one of the main grain legumes contributing to food security and poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To control the highly damaging legume pod borer Maruca vitrata F., transgenic cowpea lines expressing the insecticidal Cry1Ab Bt protein were developed. In this study, we evaluated the impact of Cry1Ab transgene expression on the susceptibility of four cowpea lines (named IT97K-T, IT98K-T, Gourgou-T and Nafi-T) and their respective non-transgenic near isogenic lines (IT97K, IT98K, Gourgou and Nafi) to Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in greenhouse conditions. In a preliminary quality control test by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the presence of Cry1Ab protein in transgenic seed lots ranged from 59% to 72%, with no significant differences among the lines (χ2 = 3.26;p = 0.35). Upon virus inoculation, all cowpea lines exhibited mosaic symptoms with similar severity between 7- and 11-day post-inoculation. No significant differences were observed in symptom severity. Significant differences were found between cowpea lines for time of symptom onset, virus accumulation in plants and days to 50% flowering. However, while comparing pairs of transgenic lines and corresponding non-transgenic lines, virus accumulation showed not significant differences whatever the pair. Time of symptom onset and days to 50% flowering did not also differ significantly between pairs of cowpea lines except Nafi/Nafi-T in which transgenic Nafi-T showed earlier symptoms (7.4 ± 0.7 vs. 8.9 ± 0.8 days post-inoculation) and shorter flowering time (37.3 ± 0.6 vs. 42 ± 1.7 days after sowing). Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the effects of Cry1Ab gene mediated genetic modification on cowpea infection by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, with potential implications for environmental safety assessment.

General mapping of one-dimensional non-Hermitian mosaic models to non-mosaic counterparts:Mobility edges and Lyapunov exponents

We establish a general mapping from one-dimensional non-Hermitian mosaic models to their non-mosaic counterparts.This mapping can give rise to mobility edges and even Lyapunov exponents in the mosaic models if critical points of localization or Lyapunov exponents of localized states in the corresponding non-mosaic models have already been analytically solved.To demonstrate the validity of this mapping,we apply it to two non-Hermitian localization models:an Aubry-Andre-like model with nonreciprocal hopping and complex quasiperiodic potentials,and the Ganeshan-Pixley-Das Sarma model with nonreciprocal hopping.We successfully obtain the mobility edges and Lyapunov exponents in their mosaic models.This general mapping may catalyze further studies on mobility edges,Lyapunov exponents,and other significant quantities pertaining to localization in non-Hermitian mosaic models.

An image mosaic technique with non-overlapping regions based on microscopic vision in precision assembly

Microscopic vision has been widely applied in precision assembly.To achieve sufficiently high resolution in measurements for precision assembly when the sizes of the parts involved exceed the field of view of the vision system,an image mosaic technique must be used.In this paper,a method for constructing an image mosaic with non-overlapping areas with enhanced efficiency is proposed.First,an image mosaic model for the part is created using a geometric model of the measurement system installed on a X-Y-Z precision stages with high repeatability,and a path for image acquisition is established.Second,images are captured along the same path for a specified calibration plate,and an entire image is formed based on the given model.The measurement results obtained from the specified calibration plate are utilized to identify mosaic errors and apply compensation for the part requiring measurement.Experimental results show that the maximum error is less than 4μm for a camera with pixel equivalent 2.46μm,thereby demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed method.This image mosaic technique with non-overlapping regions can simplify image acquisition and reduce the workload involved in constructing an image mosaic.

GmTOC1b negatively regulates resistance to Soybean mosaic virus

Soybean(Glycine max)is a major oil and feed crop worldwide.Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is a globally occurring disease that severely reduces the yield and quality of soybean.Here,we characterized the role of the clock gene TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1b(GmTOC1b)in the resistance of soybean to SMV.Homozygous Gmtoc1b mutants exhibited increased tolerance to SMV strain SC3 due to the activation of programmed cell death triggered by a hypersensitive response.Transcriptome deep sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis suggested that GmTOC1b likely regulates the expression of target genes involved in the salicylic acid(SA)signaling pathway.GmTOC1b binds to the promoter of GmWRKY40,which encodes a protein that activates the expression of SA-mediated defense-related genes.Moreover,we revealed that the GmTOC1bH1 haplotype,which confers increased tolerance to SMV,was artificially selected in improved cultivars from the Northern and Huang-Huai regions of China.Our results therefore identify a previously unknown SMV resistance component that could be deployed in the molecular breeding of soybean to enhance SMV resistance.

The Clinical Outcomes of Mosaic Embryo Transfer in Preimplantation Genetic Testing Cycles

Purpose: We aimed to analyze the pregnancy outcomes and perinatal follow-up of mosaic embryo transfer in the preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles. Method: We retrospectively selected 27 mosaic embryo transfer cycles as the study group and 97 euploid embryo transfer cycles as the control group after propensity score matching, which were performed in the reproductive medicine center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, from March 2019 to September 2023. The biopsy cells from blastocyst were undertaken next generation sequencing (NGS). Results: No significant difference in pregnancy outcomes compared between the two groups. According to the size of aneuploid, fragment the level of mosaicism or blastocyst morphological gradings, there were no significant difference in mosaic embryo transfers. Conclusion: Mosaic embryo detected in the PGT cycle can lead to clinical pregnancy and live birth of healthy offspring, which can be considerate suitable for transfer.

Mosaicism of a novel variant in the ANKRD11 gene in a child with a mild KBG phenotype:A case report

BACKGROUND KBG syndrome is likely underdiagnosed because of mild and non-specific features in some affected patients especially before the upper permanent central incisors eruption at about the age of 7-8 years.Somatic mosaicisms are usually recognized in the parents only after a typically affected son is diagnosed with KBG syndrome.We describe for the first time the mosaicism of a novel variant in a child with a mild KBG phenotype.CASE SUMMARY Our patient presented at 24 mo of age with short stature,hand abnormalities,facial dysmorphism and mild developmental delay.Pituitary hypoplasia and central hypothyroidism were also detected.By next generation sequencing(NGS)analysis we found a novel deletion in the ANKRD11 gene(c.4880_4893del.),that can be classified as likely pathogenic for the syndrome,with the percentage of mutated allele of 36%.We considered this finding as causative of the mild and non-specific phenotype for KBG syndrome in our patient,as previously reported in adults.A heterozygous variant in HESX1 gene,classified as variant of uncertain significance,but suspected of causing pituitary hypoplasia and hormonal deficiency,was also found.The patient started levothyroxine and growth hormone treatment.CONCLUSION The increased use of NGS analysis may expand the phenotypic spectrum of KBG syndrome because it allows genetic diagnosis of somatic mosaicisms also in children.

基于敏捷卫星平台的星载SAR Mosaic模式研究

Mosaic模式是聚束和ScanSAR的混合模式,能同时实现高分辨率、大场景成像。提出了一种易实现的Mosaic模式,它的距离向波束切换通过电扫描完成,方位向波束扫描通过机械扫描实现。敏捷卫星能通过控制俯仰机动,方便地实现方位向机械扫描,适于实施这种Mosaic模式。针对这种Mosaic模式的特点,提出了一种新的系统设计方法。该方法从零斜视角位置开始,递推求解一系列关于Burst斜视角和驻留时间的非线性方程组,得到系统参数和时间分配方案。此外,还提出了一种基于等效展宽天线方向图的Mosaic模式性能参数近似计算方法,它能直观、便利地得到Mosaic模式各种性能参数。

Mosaic方法在非均匀下垫面上的适用性研究

在非均匀下垫面情况下,Mosaic方法是目前国际上广泛运用于模式中计算地表通量的方法。大量的研究表明,下垫面的非均匀分布会引发局地环流,非均匀分布的空间尺度较大时,所引起的环流甚至可以达到海陆风的强度。这种环流的存在直接影响到次网格地表通量的计算。次网格地表非均匀分布,尤其是大尺度模式中的次网格非均匀分布,必将影响地表通量的计算。本文针对次网格地表非均匀问题,设计了高分辨率的Mosaic试验和非均匀试验,开展了不同背景风情况下的一系列数值试验,以探讨这种影响的程度。结果表明,在土壤湿度空间分布不均匀的情况下,运用Mosaic方法计算得到的地表潜热通量偏小,背景风较小的时候偏差较大,背景风增强时偏差减小。

烟草耐黄瓜花叶病(Cucumber Mosaic Virus)育种研究

当今世界尚未发现烟草CMV抗源,据此,笔者经多年在烟草苗床和大田加压选择,育成三个高耐CMV品系:C151、C152和C212。在自然感染和田间接毒测定中,其抗性均占显著优势,平均病情指数比台湾育成的TT6、TT7低,室内接种鉴定对大陆各烟区CMV病毒株系的耐力远比TT6、TT7强,对各地CMV流行株系表现明显的抗性,达显著和极显著水平。尤其C212,其病情指数为28.88,是三品系中最低者,抗(耐)力居首位。TMV接毒鉴定,C151为过敏枯斑反应,是当前对CMV和TMV兼抗性能的较好桥梁品系。

基于方位向多通道的星载SAR Mosaic模式研究

Mosaic模式是聚束和Scan SAR的混合模式,能同时实现高分辨率和大场景成像。该文提出一种基于方位向多通道的Mosaic模式,将成像场景沿距离向和方位向划分为若干子成像块,各块采用滑动聚束模式独立成像后再进行2维拼接。利用短发射子孔径使系统扫描角显著减小,进而降低系统设计难度,同时也使各子成像块距离徙动量减小;方位向多通道接收能提高系统信噪比,利用空间采样降低脉冲重复频率,更有利于波位选择。

Bionic Mosaic Method of Panoramic Image Based on Compound Eye of Fly

To satisfy the requirements of real-time and high quality mosaics, a bionic compound eye visual system was designed by simulating the visual mechanism of a fly compound eye. Several CCD cameras were used in this system to imitate the small eyes of a compound eye. Based on the optical analysis of this system, a direct panoramic image mosaic algorithm was proposed. Several sub-images were collected by the bionic compound eye visual system, and then the system obtained the overlapping proportions of these sub-images and cut the overlap sections of the neighboring images. Thus, a panoramic image with a large field of view was directly mosaicked, which expanded the field and guaranteed the high resolution. The experimental results show that the time consumed by the direct mosaic algorithm is only 2.2% of that by the traditional image mosaic algorithm while guaranteeing mosaic quality. Furthermore, the proposed method effectively solved the problem of misalignment of the mosaic image and eliminated mosaic cracks as a result of the illumination factor and other factors. This method has better real-time properties compared to other methods.

MOSAIC SCADA在南水北调闸(泵)站监控系统中的应用

闸(泵)站监控系统担负着南水北调全线主要参控建筑物的生产运行任务,选择适合项目需求的大型SCADA监控平台和建设功能完善的监控系统就显得非常重要。从东线山东段闸(泵)站监控系统的需求出发,选择性能优良的MOSAIC SCADA作为监控平台软件,对闸(泵)站监控系统进行方案设计,并对监控系统采用的三层多级全冗余的方式进行说明。以MOSAIC SCADA为监控平台的系统能完全适应南水北调闸(泵)站监控业务,同时也为以后类似项目的建设提供成功的范例。

EMS系统Mosaic与Oracle间接口的设计与实现

利用Mosaic系统对企业能源管理系统实时数据进行采集和监控,并将能源量进行统计管理,把EMS内部或外部原本孤立的系统和数据流程化地整合在一起是企业解决信息孤岛的一种方法。介绍EMS系统Mosaic与Oracle通信关键技术,设计实时数据的接口方案和通信规约,利用API方式进行不同系统间相互通信,实现不同系统的集成,达到信息的共享。

一种基于视频的快速图像MOSAICS算法

在制作基于视频序列的图像Mosaics时,传统方法都需要将连续相邻帧(偏差小的图像)进行图像整合变换的优化求解。该方法运算量大,速度慢。文章提出一种分步优化求解该变换方法,即渐近复杂模型。它可对偏差较大帧进行自动求解,可大大加速图像Mosaics的制作速度,对快速实时建立图像Mosaics有重大意义。

含有五个反馈权值的二维细胞神经网络可实现Mosaic模式

研究一类含有五个反馈权值二维细胞神经网络系统,以系统的输出反馈权值及阈值为参数构成参数空间,引入几何方法,将此空间分解分块成有限个区域,当输出反馈权值及阈值在某一区域上时,给出系统具有M osaic解所有可能的输出函数M osaic模式的充要条件.

国际化版Mosaic 2.5的设计与实现

在ＷＷＷ上进行多种文字的信息交换对于使得ＷＷＷ真正国际化是至关重要的。现有的基于Ｘ－ＷＩＮＤＯＷ系统的ＷＷＷ浏览器大多只能处理ＩＳＯ８８５９－１字符集，有些能显示多种文字的浏览器，如ＮＥＴＳＣＡＰＥ２．０也缺乏对多种文字输入的支持。本文讨论了支持多种文字的ＷＷＷ浏览器所应解决的问题，并以我们开发的国际化版Ｍｏｓａｉｃ２．５为例。