Variations of extreme temperature in the Mount Qomolangma region in China during 1971-2020

According to observational daily temperature data from the meteorological stations during 1971-2020,the variations of the extreme temperature event in the Mount Qomolangma(also known as Mount Everest) region in China have been analyzed using statistical methods.The extreme temperature indices recommended by the World Meteorological Organization are selected to describe the extreme temperature event.The RClimDEX 1.0 software is used to calculate the extreme temperature indices.There are no tropical nights,and just three summer days at the last 50 years.The frost days are the main extreme temperature events all year round.The temperature in the north slope is more extreme than that in the south slope of the Mount Qomolangma.There is remarkable decadal variation for the extreme temperature indices except diurnal temperature range.There are the warm extremes increasing,however,the cold extremes decreasing with the decadal lapse,which is more remarkable into the 21^(th) century.The tendencies for the extreme temperature indices in the north slope are consistent with those in the south slope.There are statistically significant trends for most extreme temperature indices during the study period.It shows that the warm extremes would be more prominent in the future with the global continued warming.The abrupt changes of the extreme temperature index have occurred mainly in the 20^(th) century especially from the mid to late 1980s and 1990s.The periodic changes in the south slope do not synchronize those in the north slope for the most extreme temperature indices.It is different for most extreme temperature indices between the south and north slope,which has demonstrated that the regional or local changes are not neglectable for extreme temperature research.The results of this study are also the consistent response of extreme temperature event to the global warming.

Analysis on the Changing Characteristics of Meteorological Elements in Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze the changing characteristics of meteorological elements in Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve.[Method] Based on the ground observation data of Nyalam and Tingri station in Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve,temperature,ground temperature,evaporation,precipitation and snow depth were analyzed.[Result] Annual average temperature of Nyalam and Tingri tended to increase since the 1960s,especially Tingri station.Annual mean ground temperature also increased since observational data was available in 1986,and was more prominent in Nyalam station,with growth rate of 0.9 ℃/10 a during recent 25 years.Average temperature in cold and warm season showed an increasing trend,but average temperature in cold season rose more fastly than that of warm season.There was a regional difference in annual average precipitation and evaporation.That is,annual average precipitation and evaporation of Tingri station enhanced since the early 1980s,but those of Nyalam station decreased slightly since the late 1980s.Annual snow depth in the two stations showed decreasing trend,but the variation of snow depth in Nyalam station was greater,that is,the snow depth increased from the 1960s to the late 1980s,while decreased since the 1990s.[Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the protection of ecological environment in Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve in future.

Several Thoughts on the Green Development of the Economic Circle around Mount Qomolangma

The Economic Circle around Mount Qomolangma is an economic spatial structure with Mount Qomolangma in the center of a circle with echelon extensions. There exist various effects and laws like the peaks of pyramid effect, the cultural source effect, the ecological butterfly effect, the law of value gradient distribution, and the inverse law of diminishing marginal utility. The Himalayas are the "Shenque"(which is believed to be the most secret and crucial acupoint for humans) of the Earth, and the "brain" of human beings. We must make the protection of the Himalayas a common task for all humans and establish the theory that the area around Mount Qomolangma should be regarded as the model and base of green development. The ten countries around Mount Qomolangma should build a partnership for green development and take a green lowcarbon path for sustainable development.

Water quality and light absorption attributes of glacial lakes in Mount Qomolangma region

As they are products of glacier movement, the water body composition and water quality attributes of glacial lakes have distinct characteristics compared with inland lakes. Although satellite remote sensing provides an effective approach to monitor water quality, lack of in-situ measurement data on the status and environment surrounding glacial lakes presents a major constraint in relating satellite data to water quality indicators. This study presents findings of a preliminary investigation into water quality attributes of 3 glacial lakes in the Mount Qomolangma region. Suspended particulate matter （SPM）, light absorption attributes of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles （NAP）, and colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） were measured. The suspended substance concentration varies markedly from 0-320 mg/L. This is considered to reflect differing stages of lake development. l-he chlorophyll concentra- tion is much lower than that found for inland lakes, as landscapes that surround these high altitude lakes have almost no vegetation growth. The phytoplankton and CDOM concentration depend on long-term stability of lake slopes. Given the lack of exogenous and endogenous inputs in the Qomolangma region, CDOM in glacial lakes is significantly lower than in inland lakes. These preliminary findings could support efforts to appraise estimates of water quality parameters using remotely sensed images.

Atmospheric Pb levels over Mount Qomolangma region

The Pb spectral concentration of atmospheric aerosol samples observed over Mount Qomolangma site （28° 11＇33＂N, 86°49＇S9＂E, 4950m ASL） in 2002 was 13.3 ng/m^3, about 4.5 times higher than that in 2000. The Pb spectral distribution showed three peaks, located at 〈0.25 μm, 0.5-1 μm, and 4-8 μm in diameters. The peaks for 〈0.25 μm and 0.25-0.5 μm may be due to long-distant transport, while that for 4-8 μm probably results from local floating dust. The atmospheric Pb concentration over Mount Momolangma was lower than that of South Pole, most of the urban areas, and desert areas in the northern hemisphere. The enrichment factors for fine and coarse particles of atmospheric Pb in 2002 over Mount Qomolangma were 413.2 and 62,6, respectively, in support of the slight atmospheric pollution with Pb over the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau.

Predicting Potential Distribution of Tibetan Spruce (Picea smithiana) in Qomolangma (Mount Everest) National Nature Preserve Using Maximum Entropy Niche-based Model

Tibetan spruce (Picea smithiana) is an endemic species of the Himalayas,and it distributes only in a re-stricted area with very low number.To address the lack of detailed distributional information,we used maximum en-tropy (Maxent) niche-based model to predict the species' potential distribution from limited occurrence-only records.The location data of P.smithiana,relative bioclimatic variables,vegetation data,digital elevation model (DEM),and the derived data were analyzed in Maxent.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the prediction accuracy.The Maxent jackknife test was performed to quantify the training gains from data layers and the response of P.smithiana distribution to four typical environmental variables was analyzed.Results show that the model performs well at the regional scale.There is a potential for continued expansion of P.smithiana population numbers and distribution in China.P.smithiana potentially distributes in the lower reaches of Gyirong Zangbo and Poiqu rivers in Gyirong and Nyalam counties in Qomolangma (Mount Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP),China.The species prefers warm temperate climate in mountain area and mainly distributes in needle-leaved evergreen closed to open forest and mixed forest along the river valley at relatively low altitudes of about 2000-3000 m.Model simulations suggest that distribution patterns of rare species with few species numbers can be well predicted by Max-ent.

2020年珠峰高程测量与确定流程解析

着重解析2020年珠峰高程测量数据处理流程。首先详细介绍用于计算珠峰峰顶海拔高的2个重要数值的计算过程,然后给出中尼联合发布的基于国际高程参考系统(international height reference system,IHRS)的珠峰高程成果(8 848.86 m),最后总结本次珠峰高程测量成果特点,阐述其精度与可靠性。

珠峰高程测量峰顶重力测量仪的选型及改进

主要阐述了珠穆朗玛峰峰顶重力测量重力仪的选型、改进和野外试验。根据珠峰重力测量的环境条件和技术要求制定了仪器选型和参数指标要求,对备选相对重力仪的对应指标参数进行分析,决定采用Z2020相对重力仪。针对Z2020相对重力仪的具体参数和硬件实际情况,结合珠峰地区恶劣的自然环境,对其计数器传动系统、光学照明系统、测程调节系统、传动系统进行了改进,并进行了低温测试、野外性能试验。实验结果表明,改进后的Z2020相对重力仪满足峰顶重力测量的技术要求。珠穆朗玛峰峰顶重力测量实施结果表明:改进后的Z2020相对重力仪操作方便,性能稳定,成果可靠,提高了在珠穆朗玛峰峰顶重力测量实际环境中的适应性,确保了任务的技术要求和工程实现。

珠峰地区近50年极端降水变化特征分析

基于聂拉木和定日国家气象观测站逐日降水资料,选用世界气象组织推荐的11个极端降水指数,利用多种统计方法分析了1971~2020年珠穆朗玛峰(以下简称珠峰)地区极端降水指数的变化特征。结果表明:珠峰地区全年以中雨日数为主,持续干期远大于持续湿期且北坡更为突出,但珠峰南坡多数极端降水指数年均值和变幅均大于北坡。珠峰地区极端降水指数表现出以减小为主要特征的不显著变化趋势且北坡更明显。珠峰地区极端降水指数突变主要发生在20世纪80年代和90年代。珠峰地区极端降水指数周期差异大,相关性越高的极端降水指数其周期更接近甚至相同。年总降水量除与持续干期呈不显著负相关外,与其它极端降水指数均呈正相关关系,且绝大多数都通过了99%水平的显著性检验,而持续干期则与大多数极端降水指数为不显著负相关关系。

体育、科学与帝国——英国珠峰探险书写中的“空气”之争(1921—1953)

20世纪上半叶的“珠峰探险”是英帝国历史上耗时最长且最具野心的系列探险活动。由历年珠峰探险队员接力创作的《珠峰搏斗记》《珠峰:未尽的探险》《珠峰之巅》和《攀登珠峰》等作品围绕“空气”之争隐匿着一条帝国叙事的副线。其争论表面是攀登珠峰使用人工氧气瓶是否违背体育伦理的观念分歧,实质是两种力量的深度博弈:一方面是出身英国中产阶级精英群体的阿尔卑斯登山家所坚守的体育伦理,另一方面是探险科学家进行“极端生理学”实验背后广泛持久的帝国知识生产。从拒绝使用“英国空气”到普遍使用人工氧气装置攀登珠峰,争论双方均被帝国意识形态所规训,道德选择为帝国意志所左右。英国珠峰探险书写深刻再现了体育、科学和帝国之间的紧密纠缠,是审视英帝国争夺亚洲腹地权力图景的经典文本。

珠穆朗玛峰地区大气气溶胶元素成分的监测及分析

对珠穆朗玛峰地区大气气溶胶化学元素成分进行了观测和分析。初步分析结果表明 ,珠峰地区大气气溶胶以Al、Ca、Si、K、Fe等地壳元素为主 ,地壳元素占总元素浓度的 82 %以上。S、Pb等与人类活动影响有关的污染元素含量很低。元素S浓度为 91.64ng·m-3,元素Pb浓度仅为 2 .93ng·m-3,接近于格陵兰地区的浓度。从气溶胶富集因子来看 ,来自地壳成分元素的富集因子要小于北京地区。而As、Pb等与人类活动有关的气溶胶元素的富集因子也比北京地区低得多。研究表明 ,人类活动对珠峰地区的影响很小。

珠峰地区大气边界层结构及近地层能量交换分析

利用2005年中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间的无线电高空探测资料和超声风温仪观测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区边界层高度、风速、风向和比湿的日变化以及两个海拔高度不同的观测站（珠峰站和曲宗站）的近地层能量交换特征,得到珠穆朗玛峰地区5月份边界层高度日变化比较明显,因冰川风的存在影响了大气边界层,边界层高度最高为3888 m;白天珠穆朗玛峰地区低层都存在逆湿现象.因珠峰站和曲宗站海拔高度、下垫面状况不同,能量交换特征也不同：4～5月份白天珠峰站感热大于潜热,而曲宗站潜热大于感热;珠峰站土壤热通量转为正、负值的时间早于曲宗站.

NCEP/NCAR再分析资料在珠穆朗玛峰—念青唐古拉山脉气象研究中的可信性

由于珠穆朗玛峰-念青唐古拉山脉极高山区特殊的自然环境,这一带的气象观测资料极其匮乏。2003年在青藏高原南部念青唐古拉山脉(30o24'44.3"N,90o34'13.1"E,5850ma.s.l.)建立了自动气象站;2005年在珠穆朗玛峰北坡垭口(28o01'0.95"N,86o57'48.4"E,6523ma.s.l.)建立了自动气象站。利用这两自动气象站的观测资料与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行对比,检验NCEP/NCAR再分析数据在喜马拉雅山脉—青藏高原南部一带的可行性。研究结果表明,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料能够较好地反映气压和气温的天气尺度的变化。但是,再分析的气压和气温值系统性低于相应观测值,而且,某种程度上,低估了实际的变化幅度;再分析天气事件,在珠穆朗玛峰地区,超前于实际观测一日发生,而在念青唐古拉地区,基本上是与观测事件同一日发生。由于受相似大气环流的影响,珠峰和念青两者之间的观测资料、再分析资料都高度相关。

珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区鸟类区系及其垂直分布特征

珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区拥有世界第一峰珠穆朗玛峰，地跨古北界和东洋界。但一直以来由于缺乏详细调查而未能掌握其区系特点，影响了对珠峰生物资源的深入认识。2010年10月―2012年10月（126 d），采用样线法在保护区全境范围内对鸟类进行了7次系统实地调查，将原有记录从227种增加至390种。区系组成中，东洋界物种数多于古北界，分别为172和113种。南北坡区系差异明显，北坡以古北种为多，共55种，占北坡物种数的71.4%；南坡以东洋种为多，共168种，占南坡物种数的56.8%。在南坡，随海拔的升高，东洋种不断减少，而古北种先增加，在4 000 m后开始减少；两者在海拔3 100~4 000 m时数量相当。据此认为珠峰地区东洋界和古北界的分界线在南坡，且位于海拔3 100~4 000 m，而不同区系物种在垂直方向上的适应是有差异的。

珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523m辐射平衡观测结果分析

利用2005年5月1日至7月22日在东绒布冰川海拔6 523 m的若普拉垭口架设的自动气象站获得的各辐射参数资料,分析了该地区总辐射、地面反射辐射、地面长波辐射、天空长波辐射的日平均变化和平均日变化,并计算了反射率和辐射平衡.结果表明:1)短波辐射的平均日变化都随着太阳高度角的增大而加强,并且总辐射和地面反射辐射的日平均变化有很好的相关性,观测期间二者的月平均值都在5月份最大.由于垭口新降雪较多,雪面的反射率也很高;2)天空长波辐射的平均日变化比地面长波辐射变化滞后2 h,且其日平均变化幅度比地面长波辐射的变化幅度大;3)净辐射的平均日变化随着太阳高度角的变化而变化,下午14:00时净辐射最大,其日平均变化在观测期间整体上有增大趋势.

珠穆朗玛峰北坡山谷太阳辐射和大气的特征与分析

2006年5月27日～6月30日HEST2006大气科学实验对珠峰北坡山谷的辐射（总辐射、净辐射）和温、湿度、风等进行了综合观测。沿珠峰北坡山谷布设了3个观测站，3个测站的辐射、温度、风都表现出明显的日变化规律，它们在08：00或09：00（地方时，下同）达到极大值。3个测站总辐射和净辐射的日变化都比较一致。从日变化最大值出现的时间来看，各站的辐射通量早于气温，气温早于风速。3个测站中任意2站之间辐射（总辐射、净辐射）最大值之比与温度和风速最大值之比均比较接近。因辐射状况、地形结构、大气温度等不同，远离珠峰区域的风一天之内多次改变风向，靠近珠峰区域则24h都为南风。珠峰北坡山谷不同区域风向风速变化存在明显时差，南风强于北风，且持续时间长。研究表明，辐射能量对于珠峰北坡大气运动具有重要的驱动作用，是控制和改变其大气运动方式最基本、最重要的因子。净辐射在不同区域风向转变或风速变化过程中起着决定性的作用。

珠峰地区雨季对流层大气的特征分析

利用2007年7月中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰综合观测站的边界层塔、无线电探空和风温廓线仪观测资料，分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区雨季低层大气风温湿等特征。珠峰地区雨季近地层风速、风向、温度等有明显的日变化。近地层风的日变化有两个很明显的阶段，00：00～14：30受谷风的影响而刮偏北风，14：30～24：00受冰川风的影响以偏南风为主。白天的冰川风比夜间的谷风要强些。中午13：30在600m以下存在强水平风速垂直切变，这可能是珠峰地区发生降雨的重要原因之一。低空急流在夏季比较常见。对流层平均降温率为0．685K／100m。低层大气的相对湿度一般有两个峰值高度，最大值在4000m以下，第二峰值高度不固定，到16000m以后相对湿度超不过10％。各层大气的风速风向差别较大。

2020珠峰测量与高程确定

为实现中国和尼泊尔共同宣布珠峰高程,我国于2019—2020年开展了珠峰高程测量工作,并于2020年5月27日完成峰顶测量。首次在珠峰北侧区域实施航空重力测量、开展峰顶地面重力测量,首次联合航空和地面重力等数据确定了基于国际高程参考系统(international height reference system,IHRS)的珠峰区域重力似大地水准面模型和峰顶大地水准面差距。此次珠峰测量,各种先进测量装备尤其是国产测量仪器全面担纲,通过多种技术手段相互验证和严密检核计算,确保了珠峰高程测量成果的精度和可靠性。最后,中尼双方合作开展数据处理,共同确定珠峰峰顶雪面正高(海拔高)为8848.86 m。

珠穆朗玛峰地区雪冰中重金属浓度与季节变化

对2005年9月采自珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523 m的东绒布冰川积累区一批雪坑样品中重金属Ba,Co,Cu,Zn和Pb的浓度利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行了测试,重金属浓度范围分别为(pg/ml);Ba2～227、Co2.8～15.7、Cu 10～120、Zn29～4948、Pb14～142。并利用气体稳定同位素质谱仪MAT-252对样品稳定氧同位素比率(!18O)进行了测试,雪坑样品对应的时间为2004年夏到2005年秋,"18O和重金属元素的浓度都存在着季节变化特征。在夏季风期间#18O值和重金属元素的浓度都很低,而在非夏季风期间$18O值和重金属元素浓度升高,反映了不同的水汽来源对重金属浓度季节变化的影响及其环境意义。Co,Cu,Pb,Zn的地壳富集系数(EFc)分别为:3.6、27、33、180,表明该地区Pb,Cu,Zn已经受到了人类活动的污染,其中Zn受到的污染最大。

珠峰绒布河谷近地面层气象要素及湍流通量变化

利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料，分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征，讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征。结果表明：在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下，珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著，并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流，冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用。