Spatial distribution modeling of temperature increase for the uplifted mountain terrains and its characteristics in Southwest China

Local temperature changes in mountain areas are significantly affected by the uplifted mountain terrains. Understanding how temperature increase with mountain terrains is an important component in accurately modeling the spatial distribution of temperature. The study, after minimizing the effect of elevation and latitude, quantitatively simulated the temperature increase in the uplifted mountain terrains, described the characteristics in the spatial distribution of warming areas with different magnitudes, and identified the correlated indices of mountain bodies for warming. Selecting Yunnan Province in southwest China as the study area, we simulated the warming field on a baseline surface at the average elevation of 2000 m and average latitude of 24.96°. The results indicated that the warming magnitudes in different local areas varied with the change in the spatial locations, and the warming process concentrated in the mountainous regions. Throughout the entire study area, the warming field presented a general pattern of three terraces from the regions of high mountains to middle mountains and then low mountains. The areasof high warming magnitude mainly surrounded large mountain bodies and were distributed on the upper part. The areas of low warming magnitude clustered in the valleys and basins of the middle mountain region, mostly on the lower part of the large mountain bodies and its branches. The areas with zero warming magnitude occurred in the low mountains and broad valleys, which were distributed largely on the lower parts of the middle mountains and in most of the valleys. Quantified sampling analysis demonstrated good positive correlation between the warming magnitudes in uplifted mountain terrains and the volume index of the mountain body, as well as elevation difference, with the coefficients corresponding to 0.82 and 0.91, respectively.

Study on the Influences of GWDO Parameterization Scheme and Terrain on a Rainstorm in Dabie Mountain

[Objective] The research aimed to study the influences of GWDO parameterization scheme and terrain on a rainstorm in Dabie Mountain.[Method] By using NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° analytical data,the conventional and unconventional ground observation data,WRFV3.1.1 version of non-hydrostatic balance meso-scale mode,a meso-scale shear line rainstorm process which happened in Dabie Mountain zone during 05:00-14:00 on June 21,2008 was carried out the diagnostic analysis and numerical test.In the control experiment,the gravity wave drag by orography(GWDO) parameterization scheme was added.The influences of GWDO parameterization scheme and terrain on the rainstorm process were discussed respectively by the sensitivity test.[Result] The orography dragging coefficient had the good improvement role on the rainstorm intensity or falling zone.The result had the very big difference when considering or non-considering the orography dragging coefficient.After the parameterization scheme was added,the rainstorm intensity or falling zone was better than that of non-addition.When there was no dragging coefficient,the shear line disturbance was strong,and the gravity wave activity was obvious.The precipitation was stronger in the zone where the gravity wave was obvious.The terrain in Dabie Mountain and the surrounding place also had the important effect on the shear line precipitation.When the terrain in Dabie Mountain was removed,the precipitation intensity on the shear line increased significantly,and the strengthening of rain belt in the west was the most obvious.When the terrain in the southeast of Dabie Mountain was removed,the precipitation in the east had the obvious increasing effect.The terrain wasn’t favorable for the rainstorm strengthening.The intensity variation of rain belt not only related to the terrain,but also related to the disturbance variation on the shear line.[Conclusion] The research provided the theory basis for the prediction and forecast of rainstorm.

New methods for calculating bare soil land surface temperature over mountainous terrain

Land surface temperature(LST) causes the phase change of water, links to the partitioning of surface water and energy budget, and becomes an important parameter to hydrology, meteorology, ecohydrology, and other researches in the high mountain cold regions. Unlike air temperature, which has common altitudinal lapse rates in the mountainous regions, the influence of terrain leads to complicated estimation for soil LST. This study presents two methods that use air temperature and solar position,to estimate bare LST with high temporal resolution over horizontal sites and mountainous terrain with a random slope azimuth. The data from three horizontal meteorological stations and fourteen LST observation fields with different aspects and slopes were used to test the proposed LST methods. The calculated and measured LST were compared in a range of statistical analysis, and the analysis showed that the average RMSE(root mean square error),MAD(mean absolute deviation), and R^2(correlation coefficient) for three horizontal sites were 5.09℃,3.66℃, 0.92, and 5.03℃, 3.52℃, 0.85 for the fourteen complex terrain sites. The proposed methods showed acceptable accuracy, provide a simple way to estimate LST, and will be helpful for simulating the water and energy cycles in alpine mountainous terrain.

电大山区地物环境中电波传播的电磁计算

在无人驾驶与无人机等新兴行业中,信号覆盖范围的要求较高,不仅仅在城市,在人迹罕至的山地、沙漠、森林中也需要无线信号的覆盖才能真正完成远程操控,这些地区更多需要考虑的是地势变化对电磁传播所带来的影响。计算电磁学中的一致性几何绕射理论方法是分析电大环境电磁问题的有效方法,使用计算电磁学的方法研究电磁波在山区地物环境中的传播规律。给出了一种建立不规则地形模型的新方法,可以通过数字高程的网格数据生成电磁算法可用的三次多项式曲面,使用多个立方曲面对不规则地形进行拼接,使用平均均方根误差验证模型数据的准确性。基于所得的地形数据,完成了并行的几何光学算法,并对区域电磁场的分布进行了仿真计算。选取了实际山区地物环境进行了实地测量,测量结果与仿真结果对比趋势一致,验证了该方法在非规则地形中电磁波传播分析中的有效性。考虑环境电磁计算的规模,建立了相应的并行策略,100核测试的并行效率可以保持在80%以上。

秦巴山片区生态敏感性评价及地形梯度特征

[目的]秦巴山片区不仅是我国重要的生态功能区,也是国家集中连片特困区,加强生态敏感性评价,揭示其地形梯度特征,对于山区生态红线划定和生态高地建设具有重要价值。[方法]借助GIS技术,以土地利用/覆被、气候、地形和土壤等数据为基础,综合采用线性加权求和法、熵权法、空间叠置法等,评价区域生态敏感性,并进行敏感性功能区划。[结果](1)2000-2018年秦巴山片区生态敏感性呈现波动性变化,2010年以后生态敏感性有所降低;(2)水平方向上呈现南高北低的格局,巴山山区县生态敏感性高于秦岭山区县;(3)垂直方向上,随着地形的增加,生态敏感性呈现“先增加后降低再增加”的态势;在海拔900 m附近最高;重度以上生态敏感性在地表切割深度75~200 m和坡度15°~25°分布面积最广;(4)基于生态敏感性评价结果,将秦巴山片区分为重点建设区、适度开发区、水土保持区、一般生态区和重要生态功能区,归纳各功能区土地利用和生态敏感性特征,并提出生态保护对策。[结论]未来要持续优化土地利用格局,加强坡度15°以上和中低地形位区域的山水林湖田草综合整治与生态修复。

山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法

山区交通工程建设经常面临狭窄地形条件下斜坡、弃渣、桥桩相互影响带来的安全挑战,需要综合评价由此产生的工程稳定问题。为了研究山区公路施工安全评价方法,依托某山区公路斜坡路段,在广泛调研狭窄地形路段工程建设特点的基础上,提出狭窄地形公路工程建设面临的共性安全问题,构建此类工程施工安全评价方法及控制标准体系,并在实际工程中应用、检验及完善该方法及指标体系。主要结果为:提出包括地基承载安全、改变地形边坡稳定性和结构安全的山区公路有限空间施工安全评价方法和安全控制标准体系。在山区公路有限空间工程建设中,需要控制弃渣填筑高度,控制加载造成的竖向应力小于承载力安全标准,实现地基承载安全;通过填筑体内部滑移、填筑体与斜坡地形接触面滑移、填筑体与自然地形深大滑移等潜在风险复核,实现边坡稳定性的全面控制;通过对桩基内力复核,控制堆载造成的结构内力小于结构承载安全标准。

景观功能视角下的西南山区农业景观格局演变研究——以重庆市石柱县为例

鉴于中国西南山区农业生态环境的脆弱性与敏感性,解析该地区农业景观时空演变特征对合理利用农业景观资源和保护生态环境具有重要的理论意义.以重庆市石柱县为例,采用景观利用图谱、地形位分布指数、景观转移矩阵等方法,从景观功能视角开展西南山区农业景观格局演变特征分析.研究表明:①农业景观呈现出“三增一减”的变化趋势,即生活型和拓展型农业景观面积呈增长态势,生态型农业景观面积呈波动变化趋势;生产型农业景观面积持续下降.农业景观变化主要表现为生产型向生态型、生活型、拓展型农业景观转化;生态型向生活型、生产型、拓展型农业景观转化.②石柱县生态型农业景观主要分布在高等级地形位,生产型农业景观逐渐向高程和坡度较高的地形位移动,生活型农业景观主要分布在低、中低等级地形位上,拓展型农业景观逐渐向较高地形位转移.③坡度、高程等是导致研究区农业景观格局演变的主要环境因素;而农业人口、农民人均纯收入、第一产业占比等是农业景观格局演变重要的人文驱动因素.

论“卷阿”形胜观的内涵与嬗递

最早记载于《诗经》的“卷阿”有着独特的“飘风自南”自然山水景观。在考辨“有卷者阿”历史源流的基础上分析其发轫、形成及“形胜”特征,认为“卷阿”形胜观历经“自然景观空间-建筑空间-精神空间”的发展过程,由物质空间升华到精神空间的文化意象。在皇权观念中,以高大广阔的建筑景观空间寓于“有卷者阿”形态,体现君王礼贤下士、君子纳才的宽广胸怀;对于贤臣来说,彰显其所追求修身治国之抱负和聿修厥德的情操。诠释“卷阿”山水格局并传承其文化内涵,构建蕴含人文精神的风景游赏地,形成物质与精神交融的山水景观空间,以达育人、化人的目的。

Spatial distribution of mountainous regions and classifications of economic development in China

China is a mountainous country with a great diversity of landform and geomorphology.This diversity underlines the need for regionalization and classification.This study defines the mountain terrains and regions with three criteria-elevation,relative height,and slope,and examines the extent of mountainous regions by using county as the basic administrative unit.According to the three parameters of economic base,resident income and development potential,we classified the economic development level in mountainous regions of China.The findings reveal that the extent of the mountainous region accounts for 74.9% of the China's Mainland's total area.The economic development of mountainous regions in China is classified into 4 main types and 23 subtypes.

P波入射下山体-隔震层-隧道的整体响应分析

采用高精度间接边界元方法(IBEM)开展了山体-隔震层-隧道的整体响应分析,研究了P波入射下柔性隔震层对高斯形山体内双线隧道地震动响应的减弱作用。在隔震层与围岩之间考虑了碎土的错动滑移,以模拟不完美交界面,并系统讨论了隔震层弹性模量、厚度、P波入射频率等因素对隧道地震动响应的影响。数值模拟结果表明:适当增加隔震层厚度可以显著降低隧道应力,有效提升隔震效果,应力降低幅度约达50%以上,且使得结构受力更为均匀;随着隔震层材料的弹性模量减小,隧道动应力数值明显减小,有效减少了其应力放大区的面积,从而有效避免因地震而导致的衬砌裂缝。

丘陵山地小型履带式动力底盘设计与试验

针对广西丘陵山地经济作物种植区非结构化的地形以及多种作物种类多的复杂生长环境,设计了一款具有高灵活性、可以适应丘陵山地地形的小型履带式动力底盘。以履带式底盘作为研究对象,建立履带式底盘机器人坡面行走模型,研究其在爬坡时的稳定性与通过性,并在此基础上提出履带式底盘设计方案与参数选取。基于ANSYS Workbench对机架进行受力分析,机架最大位移变形量为0.0948 mm,最大等效应力为35.611 MPa,满足强度使用要求。利用RecurDyn动力学仿真软件对履带式底盘进行虚拟建模,分析其在爬坡、转向过程中的质心与扭矩变化情况,验证了方案的可行性。田间试验结果表明,履带式底盘机器人在水泥平地直线行驶速度为6.11 km/h,最小转弯半径为403.0 mm,草地最大爬坡角度为38°,最大越障高度为170 mm,作业期间,履带式底盘运行平稳。本文设计的履带式底盘的各项参数能够满足整机设计的要求,具有良好的爬坡越障性能,作业指标达到了相关标准要求,研究成果可为丘陵山地履带式底盘的设计与研发提供参考。

起伏地表下建筑物顶端雷电回击电磁场特性模拟研究

采用时域有限差分(finite-difference time-domain,FDTD)法,分析研究起伏地表下建筑物顶端的雷电回击电磁场特征,给出了锥形山体上的建筑物对雷电回击电磁场的影响,并进一步对真实地形山顶建筑物的雷电回击电磁场的传播特性进行了仿真研究。结果表明:相比于平坦地表,锥形山体的角度和建筑物高度会对雷电回击电磁场产生影响。锥形山体角度越大,垂直电场和水平磁场的峰值越大,且垂直电场峰值呈线性增长,锥形山体引起的电场峰值与平坦地表的电场峰值比为4~8;山顶建筑物的高度越高,垂直电场波形的峰值越大,山顶建筑物高度引起的垂直电场峰值与山顶无建筑物时的垂直电场峰值的比值基本呈对数增长,高度小于100 m时,增幅为100%~150%;随着雷电回击通道与山体之间观测距离的增加,建筑物高度增加引起的垂直电场的峰值先增强再逐渐减弱。以青岛大涧山雷达塔为例的仿真结果表明,建筑物顶端的雷电回击垂直电场的峰值明显大于理想平坦地表的情况,且其峰值增大了3.8倍,但是对水平磁场影响非常小。

地形复杂山区桥梁总体设计要点分析

针对山区桥梁地形起伏剧烈、地质灾害频发、建设材料机械运输困难、施工方法受限等问题,总分析了山区桥梁的设计特点,并从线位选择、桥型确定、上下部结构选型等方面进行了阐述,为山区桥梁设计提供系统性的方法和思路。

Study on Possible Mechanism of Terrain Influence on Cold-flow Snowstorm

[Objective] The research aimed to study the possible mechanism of terrain effect on cold-flow snowstorm.[Method] By using the meso-scale numerical model(WRF),a cold-flow snowstorm weather process in Shandong Peninsula was carried out numerical simulation and terrain sensitivity contrast test.The possible reason of terrain effect on falling zone and strength of snowstorm was deeply analyzed from water vapor,thermodynamic field and so on.[Result] The mountain terrain in Shandong Peninsula had great influences on falling zone and strength of cold-flow snowstorm.The strength of snowstorm obviously increased,and the snowfall center obviously moved northward.The main reason was that terrain caused the low-level wind field convergence and vertical movement in the troposphere strengthened.Then,the spatial distribution of water vapor and snow water content in the cold-flow snowstorm process obviously changed.So,the whole snowstorm process was affected.[Conclusion] The mountain terrain in Shandong Peninsula was the important element which needed to be focused on considering in the forecast analysis of cold-flow snowstorm weather process.

高烈度山区不同地形下常规桥梁地震响应分析

高烈度地震山区高速公路桥梁受复杂地形条件限制常设在深沟河谷或陡坡半填半挖处,不同地形处桥梁的地震响应和损伤机理可能不一致。为研究地形因素和结构抗震体系对桥梁地震响应及损伤机理的影响,将山区地形总结为3类典型地形,基于有限元软件Midas Civil并依托在建项目分别建立各地形处采用延性抗震体系和减隔震体系的装配式预应力混凝土T梁桥有限元模型,利用地震动加速度记录对桥梁进行非线性动力时程分析。结果表明:1)高烈度震区桥梁地震响应受地形和抗震体系影响显著,桥梁抗震性能表现为“W”型地形>“槽”型地形>“V”型地形,减隔震体系>延性抗震体系;2)当联内平均墩高大于32 m时,桥梁采用减隔震体系可能失效,是否失效与相邻联的刚度有关,相邻联刚度越小,失效概率越大;3)设置横向高低墩可使墩底横桥向剪力减小、使顺桥向弯矩增大、使同一盖梁下矮墩更易遭受破坏。

π形山脉主山脊线风速加速效应研究

为研究真实地形的加速效应,提取真实地形的几何特征建立理想简化地形,提出一种π形山脉模型.采用CFD数值模拟研究顺子山脉风向下子山脉间距、长度及坡度对主山脊线加速效应的影响,结合地形特征比较π形山脉与三维余弦山脉的主山脊线加速比差异,在后者基础上获得π形山脉主山脊线特征点的风速加速比简化计算公式,并通过一处真实π形山脉加以验证.结果表明:π形山脉主山脊线中点的加速比受子山脉间距、长度影响较大,而山脊线交点的加速比受子山脉长度、坡度影响较大;与三维余弦山脉相比,π形山脉主山脊线加速比在山脊线端部相同,但整体偏小,尤其受子山脉遮挡的部分显著偏小,超过离地70 m高度后差异基本消失;通过与真实π形山脉的风场比较,发现简化地形和简化计算公式能较好反映真实地形主山脊线特征点的加速效应.

南方山区耕地林果化时空演变及影响机理

为厘清南方山区耕地林果化时空演变趋势,探究耕地林果化的驱动机理,该研究以福建省为研究对象,截选2000—2020年5个时间节点,利用地形梯度分级、空间自相关分析等方法分析耕地“林果化”的时空演变特征,并借助最优参数地理探测器模型揭示其驱动因素。研究表明:1)福建省耕地林果化规模呈现“平稳发展转向骤增”的变化趋势,2015—2020年增加显著。2)水平空间上,林果化程度由“东高西低”向“西高东低”转变,Moran’s I从0.396增加至0.672,林果化行为在空间上呈现明显的集聚特征。3)垂直地带上,耕地林果化呈现明显的地形梯度效应,主要发生在海拔0~1000 m、坡度0°~2°和10°~20°、地形位指数为0.1~0.8的阴坡和半阴坡区域。4)不同时期耕地林果化空间分异的主导因素不同,其中高程、距居民点距离、GDP始终是稳定的驱动因子;各影响因子交互后对林果化的解释程度均呈现增强。耕地林果化演变是自然禀赋、区位条件和经济政策共同作用下的复杂结果,地方政府推行林果化管控过程中应基于耕地本底条件及驱动机理的不同进行分区整治,今后耕地占补平衡有必要推动平原林果地和山坡耕地空间置换。

山地轨道电动运输机的设计与试验

为满足丘陵山地货物运输需求,研发了一种以锂电池为动力源,由无刷直流电机驱动的山地轨道电动运输机。通过对运输机爬坡的受力分析,从而对无刷直流电机与电池进行选型;设计和制作了运输机驱动机构、齿轮变速箱、制动系统、控制系统等关键部件,完成了运输机的样机试制及试验。所研制的运输机在爬坡角度为45°,装载质量为200kg时,其上坡速度为0.42 m/s。试验结果表明:该样机的运行速度、爬坡性能、安全性能均符合设计要求,可满足丘陵山地果园、茶园等复杂地形的运输作业需求。

高海拔区域复杂山地地形的风能资源评估

选择四川省凉山州某高海拔山地作为研究区域,采集并处理了该区域1个气象站1981~2015年的统计数据以及该区域内4个测风塔1年的实测数据,开展风能资源评估。研究发现,该区域局部地形复杂,海拔在3530~3950 m,面积约为40 km^(2),西南风影响较大,风能资源较丰富。通过频率分析发现该区域风向稳定,WSW方向风速和风能最大。计算该区域风功率密度为2级,属IEC II/III类风电场。另外,研究表明该区域50年一遇最大风速低于IEC标准值,但湍流指数达到IEC B类,风电机组疲劳载荷影响需要评估。该研究为高原山地复杂地形区域的风电场开发提供了科学的风能资源评估方法,也为该区域的风电场设计提出了建议。

川西南山区县域数字土壤制图研究

【目的】研究环境变量的筛选和土壤类型空间推理方法的选择,为有效提高县域数字土壤制图精度提供参考。【方法】以四川省盐源县为研究区,将气候要素、地形数据和遥感影像作为推理制图的辅助因子,利用野外采样点数据和环境协变量因子,采用决策树分类方法对环境特征进行重要性排序,特征筛选和组合优选,通过对比决策树分类、支持向量机和随机森林3种土壤分类方法的制图精度,探索基于土壤-环境关系理论提高具有立体气候特征的山区县域数字土壤制图精度的途径。【结果】(1)气候和地形特征在研究区土壤分类中起重要作用,采用单一气候因素作为土壤筛选分类的环境变量可获得土壤分类筛选精度为83.22%,依次增加地形和生物特征可分别使筛选精度提升至85.78%和89.43%;(2)与其他模型相比,随机森林模型制图效果更好,对比采样点数据的土壤分类总体精度为77.10%,Kappa系数为0.72;(3)气候因子以及地形因素对水热条件的影响是决定研究区土壤类型空间分布异质性的主要原因,年均气温、年积温、年降水量、相对湿度、高程、地形湿润度等环境特征因子与研究区主要土壤类型的空间分布关系密切。【结论】在具有立体气候特征的山区,基于随机森林方法使用气候、地形和遥感数据进行数字土壤分类制图有较好的效果。