Characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under various grassland types along a transect in a mountain-basin system in Xinjiang, China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil total nitrogen （STN） in arid regions are important components of global C and the N cycles, and their response to climate change will have important implications for both ecosystem processes and global climate feedbacks. Grassland ecosystems of Funyun County in the southern foot of the Altay Mountains are characterized by complex topography, suggesting large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC and STN. However, there has been little investigation of SOC and STN on grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of SOC and STN in different grassland types in a mountain-basin system at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains, north of the Junggar Basin in China, and explored their potential influencing factors and relationships with meteorological factors and soil properties. We found that the concentrations and storages of SOC and STN varied significantly with grassland type, and showed a decreasing trend along a decreasing elevation gradient in alpine meadow, mountain meadow, temperate typical steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate steppe desert. In addition, the SOC and STN concentrations decreased with depth, except in the temperate desert steppe. According to Pearson＇s correlation values and redundancy analysis, the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture content and soil available N concentration were significantly positively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. In contrast, the mean annual temperature, pH, and soil bulk density were significantly and negatively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. The mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature were the primary factors related to the SOC and STN concentrations. The distributions of the SOC and STN concentrations were highly regulated by the elevation-induced differences in meteorological factors. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature together explained 97.85% and 98.38% of the overall variations in the SOC and STN concentrations, respectively, at soil depth of 0-40 cm, with precipitation making the greatest contribution. Our results provide a basis for estimating and predicting SOC and STN concentrations in grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure.

Confirmation and Preliminary Study of Aluminous A-Type Granites in the Wuyi Mountain Area, Eastern Jiangxi Province, China

Widespread in the Wuyi Mountain area of eastern Jiangxi are petrochemically peraluminous granites and they are characterized as being high in silica (SiO\-2>75%) and highly alkaline (ALK=6.9%-7.5%) with K\-2O>Na\-2O and rather high ratios of FeO\+T/MgO (11.3-17.9). The rocks have low contents of CaO, MgO, TiO\-2 and P\-2O\-5 . The granites are enriched in REE (ΣREE=210.3-496.8 μg/g) with remarkable negative Eu anomalies, but depleted in Eu, Ba, Sr, V, Co, and Ni, with 10000×Ga/Al ratios, varying from 6.1 to 9.8. It is clear that these granites are obviously different from the I\| and S\|type granites, but are quite similar to those typical A\|type granites such as aluminous A\|type granites in the coastal areas of Fujian Province.

Geo-heritage Landscape Types and Value Evaluation in Funiu Mountain World Geopark

To explore a practical and sustainable development path for Funiu Mountain World Geopark, the authors classified geo-heritage landscapes into 4 main categories, 12 categories and 20 sub-categories, according to Technical Specifications for Compiling Planning of National Geopark and other research results. Comparative significance of its typical geological heritages in domestic and international geoscience research was analyzed; scientific value of the geological remains was evaluated together with aesthetic value, science popularization and education value, and tourism development value.

Structural patterns of land types and optimal allocation of land use in Qinling Mountains

The case study based on Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province of China, in virtue of the information from TM image, classifies the land types and analyzes their spatial and temporal differential law, and puts forward three structural patterns of land types in mountainous areas, namely, spatial, quantitative and qualitative structures of mountainous land types. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the analysis of structural patterns can disclose the heterogeneity and orderliness of combination of land types, which can lay the theoretic foundation for comprehensively recognizing ecological characteristics and succession law of structure and function of land types. After the all-around comparative analysis, an optimal allocation of land use in Qinling Mountains has been put forward according to the principle of sustainable development and landscape ecology, which can lay the scientific foundation in practice for the structural adjustment and distribution optimization from the macro level to micro level.

Nitrous oxide emissions from three temperate forest types in the Qinling Mountains,China

To understand soil N2O fluxes from temperate forests in a climate-sensitive transitional zone,N2O emissions from three temperate forest types(Pinus tabulaeformis,PTT;Pinus armandii,PAT;and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,QAT)were monitored using the static closed-chamber method from June 2013 to May 2015 in the Huoditang Forest region of the Qinling Mountains,China.The results showed that these three forest types acted as N2O sources,releasing a mean combined level of 1.35±0.56 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1,ranging from0.98±0.37 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in PAT to 1.67±0.41 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in QAT.N2O emission fluctuated seasonally,with highest levels during the summer for all three forest types.N2O flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm or in the water-filled pore space,where the correlation was stronger for temperature than for the water-filled pore space.N2O flux was positively correlated with available soil nitrogen in QAT and PAT.Our results indicate that N2O flux is mainly controlled by soil temperature in the temperate forest in the Qinling Mountains.

The Landscape Space Types of Xiqiao Mountain in Ming and Qing Dynasties

By combining with the local chronicles,poems,travel notes and image data and combing the landscape space types of Xiqiao Mountain Scenic Spot,the typical space was summarized as follows:the space of Neo Confucianism education advocating nature,the space of landscape sightseeing with spaciousness and profundity alternation and the space of religious sacrifice with the unity of heaven and man.A preliminary study on the landscape spatial characteristics of Xiqiao Mountain enriches the research on the landscape characteristics of south of the five ridges scenic spot.

Planning and Design of Sightseeing Agricultural Park Characterized by Mountainous Landscape

After illustration of research and development process of sightseeing agricultural park,the paper had classified sightseeing agricultural park into sightseeing agricultural park,education agricultural park and agricultural garden in terms of development content;into renovation type and newly-built type in accordance with development mode;and into plain type and mountainous type in the light of terrain.From the perspectives of terrain,vegetation,hydrology and ecology,characteristics of landscape resources in mountainous sightseeing agricultural park were analyzed.It proposed principles for planning and design of mountainous sightseeing agricultural park,which were respecting and protecting nature,linking landscape units and coordinating spatial structure,systematicness and protecting inheritance of traditional culture.On this basis,it had illustrated landscape designing theories on architecture and landscape furniture,traffic road,plant greening and water supply and sewerage works.

带有不同Hardy项的椭圆方程组的Mountain-Pass解

研究了一类带有不同Hardy项和线性扰动项的临界椭圆方程组,解决了由不同Hardy项带来的困难,分析了相关最佳Sobolev常数达到函数的渐近性质.首次利用变分方法成功地证明了这类奇异椭圆方程组Mountain-Pass解的存在性.

Sustainable land-use patterns for arid lands: A case study in the northern slope areas of the Tianshan Mountains

Sustainable land use patterns are ecological and economic prerequisites of regional sustainable development. This is especially true for arid lands, where the environment is wholly fragile thanks to extremely limited precipitation, and where human activities have greatly transformed natural desert system by clearing natural vegetation, expanding oases and even building dams on inland rivers. However, the current studies on land use patterns are still characterized by field investigations and case studies, with almost no solid scientific basis. This paper holds that land types and their combination patterns are the principal basis for designing sustainable land use patterns, and that GIS and RS-based large-scale land type mapping and the study of their spatial combination structures should be coordinated with the demand of social development. The existing environmental problems induced by irrational land use mostly result from their deviation from the natural properties of land types. Taking the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains （NSTM） as an example and considering land type patterns as the basis of land use patterns, this paper improves the vertical oa- sis-and-mid-mountain two-belts development model and the sustainable mountain land use model for arid lands put forward in recent years; and in terms of oases patterns, it outlines oasis development models, including intensive land use pattern in alluvial-diluvial fans, moderate agricultural development pattern in alluvial plains, and ecological land use pattern in river-end oases.

The Estimation of Soil Trace Elements Distribution and Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Relation to Trace Elements Status of Sheep in Huangcheng Area of Qilian Mountain Grassland,China

The purpose of the present study was to survey contents of trace elements of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the surface layer （0-20 cm） in the soil, pasture and serum of sheep in Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. Also the soil-plantanimal continuum was analyzed. Soil （n=300）, pasture （n=60）, and blood serum samples from sheep （n=480） were collected from Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. The contents of trace element in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. The soil trace elements density distribution shows a ladder-like pattern distribution. Equations developed in the present study for prediction of Fe （R2=0.943） and Zn （R2=0.882） had significant R2 values.

A Fractal Method of Estimating Soil Structure Changes Under Different Vegetations on Ziwuling Mountains of the Loess Plateau,China

Fractal method is a new method to estimate soil structure. It has been shown to be a useful tool in studies related to physical properties of soil as well as erosion and other hydrological processes. Fractal dimension was used to study the soil structure in soil at different stages of vegetative succession on the Ziwuling Mountains. The land use and vegetation types included cultivated land, abandoned land, grassland, two types of shrub land, and three types of forests. The grassland, shrub land, and forested areas represented a continuum in vegetative succession that had occurred naturally, as the land was abandoned in 1862. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from ten vegetation types from depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm on the Ziwuling Mountains, at a site with an elevation of about 1 500 m. Particle size distribution was determined by the pipette method and aggregate size distribution was determined by wet sieving. The results were used to calculate the particle and aggregate fractal dimension. The results showed that particle and aggregate fractal dimensions varied between vegetation types. There was a positive correlation between the particle fractal dimension and the weight of particles with diameter 〈 0.001 mm, but no relationship between particle fractal dimension and the other particle size classes. Particle fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared to cropland and there was no consistent relationship between fractal dimension and vegetation type. Aggregate fractal dimension was positively correlated with the weight of 〉 0.25 mm aggregates. Aggregate fractal dimension was lower in vegetated soils compared with cropland. In contrast to particle fractal dimension, aggregate fractal dimension described changes in soil structure associated with vegetative succession. The results of this study indicate that aggregate fractal dimension is more effective in describing soil structure and function compared with particle fractal dimension.

MULTIPLICITY RESULTS FOR FOURTH ORDER ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS OF KIRCHHOFF-TYPE

In this paper, we concern with the following fourth order elliptic equations of Kirchhoff type {Δ^2u-（a＋bfR^3｜↓△u｜^2dx）△u＋V（x）u=f（x,u）,x∈R^3, u∈H^2（R3）,where a, b 〉 0 are constants and the primitive of the nonlinearity f is of superlinear growth near infinity in u and is also allowed to be sign-changing. By using variational methods, we establish the existence and multiplicity of solutions. Our conditions weaken the Ambrosetti- Rabinowitz type condition.

Site classification of the eastern forest region of Daxing'an Mountains

Based on the plot data from the investigation and the theory of forest ecology and ecological system,the site classification of the eastern forest region of Daxing’an Mountains was made by mean of mathematical method. The main factors were slope, thickness of soil layer, slope position and slope aspect. Grades of slope were used as the division standard for site type group. The slope aspect, slope position and thickness of soil layer were used as the division standards for site type. Altogether 7 site type groups and 15 main site types were determined the region. It provided reliable fundamental basis for the reasonable management and planting design in the area.

贺兰山西坡不同植被类型土壤理化性质和酶活性特征

【目的】探讨贺兰山西坡不同植被类型土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性的影响,为干旱区森林生态系统土壤酶活性变化、养分循环模式和调节机制研究提供参考依据。【方法】以贺兰山西坡土壤为研究对象,按照海拔梯度依次选择荒漠草原(海拔1349 m)、灰榆Ulmus glaucescens林(1905 m)、蒙古扁桃Amygdalus mongolica灌丛(2134 m)、油松Pinus tabuliformis林(2150 m)、青海云杉Picea crassifolia-山杨Populus davidiana混交林(2160 m)、青海云杉林(2635 m)和亚高山草甸(2664 m)等7种典型植被类型。每个植被类型设置3个重复样地,通过野外调查取样与室内分析相结合的方法,对土壤理化性质(含水率、容重、pH、有机碳、铵态氮、全氮、全磷、有效磷)和酶活性(β-葡糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、α-葡糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶)进行测定,利用方差分析和冗余分析探明不同植被类型土壤酶活性质量分数差异,并分析其影响要素。【结果】0~10和10~20 cm土层土壤含水率、有机碳质量分数随海拔上升整体呈现上升趋势;而土壤容重随海拔上升在0~10与10~20 cm土层整体呈现下降趋势;土壤全磷、全氮、铵态氮和有效磷质量分数以及pH在0~10和10~20 cm土层中随海拔上升无显著变化规律;在不同海拔植被带0~10 cm土层土壤各酶活性高于10~20 cm土层;土壤纤维二糖水解酶与β-葡糖苷酶随海拔升高在0~10 cm土层呈上升趋势,淀粉酶活性随海拔升高在0~10 cm土层呈先升高后降低再升高趋势,而α-葡糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶和蔗糖酶活性在不同植被带不同土层之间均变化幅度较小且差异不显著;在0~10与10~20 cm土层,土壤有机碳、全磷、铵态氮、含水率是土壤酶活性的主要影响因素。【结论】海拔梯度变化引起贺兰山西坡土壤理化性质显著变化,进而调控森林土壤酶活性沿海拔及土层分布的变化,其中土壤有机碳、pH及含水率是土壤酶活性的主要影响因素,能较好地解释土壤酶活性的海拔梯度差异。

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Granitic Gneisses from the Southeastern Dabie Mountains

The granitic gneisses from the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrain of the southeastern Dabie Mountains encompass two types: monzonitic granitic gneiss and alkali-feldspar granitic gneiss, which are characterized by rich alkalis, poor CaO, high FeO/MgO, particularly high Ba, Rb, Th, Ta, REE (except Eu), Ga, Nb and Zn, and low Sr, Eu, Cr, Co and Ni. The gneisses, particularly the alkali-feldspar granitic gneiss, have typical chemical characteristics of A-type granites. They resulted from partial melting of crustal materials existing in the rift zone along the northern margin of the South China block during the Neoproterozoic. These gneisses might not have undergone UHP metamorphism during the late Triassic, but were involved into UHP rocks by the tectonic mixing process and kept the exhumation message of the UHP rocks from the middle and upper crust.

Yangshan Gold Deposit:The Largest Carlin and Carlin-like Type Gold Deposit in China

Gold Headquarter of the CAPF has discovered the Yangshan super large-scale gold deposit in Gansu Province, which is a great breakthrough of gold exploration and prospecting in Western Qinling Mountains of China. The gold resources of this deposit achieved 308 tons with increasing potentials. Preliminary geological investigations indicate that the Yangshan gold deposit is located in the intra-continental collision orogenic belt; and the deposit was formed during the continent-continent collision orogenic processes. The geological characteristics of the deposit are similar to that of the typical Carlin-type gold deposits, while differences still exist. The ore-forming background is notably different from the Carlin gold deposit province in the United States; and the ore-forming fluids are similar with that of the orogenic-type gold deposit. Accordingly, the Yangshan gold deposit is a transitional type between the Carlin-type and the orogenic type gold deposits. At present, the Yangshan gold deposit is the largest Carlin and Carlin-like type gold deposit that is ever discovered in China. Researches on metallogeny, metallogenic model and ore-enrichment regularities of the Yangshan gold deposit are crucial to meet the pressing needs of the current geological investigation and ore exploration of the deposit.

RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF MOUNTAIN SOILS IN SOUTHEAST QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU

The southeast Qinghaicozang (Tibetan) Plateau is a physcal mpon ofvery complicated eco-envirorunent with optimum hydrothermal conditions. Thisregon conains not ouly vast expanse of alpine soils but also abounds in mosttypes of Chinese forest soils. The distributon and tallization of soils presents avery evident horizontal-vertical zonality. At present, panial soil resources arebeing damaged and the mountain ecology also tends to be instable. So rationalcuttin and forest conservation, barren mountain afferestation, retuming thecultivated land on stop slopes to forest, controlled graking, and soil ameliorationconstitute importan means for rational use of soil resources and improvement andstabilization of mountain ecology in tyis region

PROGRESS IN THE STUDY ON MOUNTAINOUS VERTICAL ZONATION IN CHINA

There are many mountains in China. About 33% of the terrestrial parts of the country are mountainous region. Himalayan movement establishes the layout of the mountains in general. Circulation of Eastern Asian monsoon settles the horizontal structure of physical zonation. They lay the groundwork of the mountainous vertical zonation. The authors think there are 18 principal types that belong to the system of monsoonary zonal spectra and the system of mainland zonal spectra according to the features of the base of the mountainous vertical zonation. The paper discusses the regular pattern of the mountainous vertical zonation and provides a lot of forward problems of the mountainous vertical zonation that is very significant.

Comparison of the Typical Metallogenic Systems in the North Slope of the Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains and its Geologic Implications

The Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains, an important part of the Central orogenic belt, is one of the most important metallogenic belts in China and contains lots of orogenic-type and VMS-type （Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide type） metallogenic systems. The Dahe and Shuidongling VMS-type Cu-Zn deposits, located in the Erlangping Group in Tongbai and East Qinling Mountains, respectively, show similar geological and geochemical features. The Huoshenmiao Formation in the East Qinling region and the Liushanyan Formation in the Tongbai region are spilite-keratophyre sequences occurring in the western and eastern sides of the Nanyang Basin, respectively, and are interpreted to be equivalent to each other. The orogenic-type Au-Ag deposits can be subdivided into two styles; namely, fault- or structure-controlled （e.g. Yindonggou） and stratabound （e.g. Poshan）. The Poshan and Yindongpo orogenic-type Au-Ag deposits, whose ore bodies are strictly hosted in carbonaceous strata in the Tongbai Mountains, show obvious stratabound characteristics. Their ore-fluids are enriched in K^＋ and SO^2-4 and are regarded as K^＋-SO^2-4 types. The Pb-isotope ratios of sulfides of the ores are extremely uniform and significantly different from those of the tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Qinling orogens except for the ore-hosting strata of the Waitoushan Formation. The Yindonggou and Xuyaogou orogenic Au-Ag deposits in the East Qinling Mountains, whose ore bodies are hosted in the faults cutting the hosting strata or granite body, show fault-controlled characteristics. Their ore-fluids belong to the Na^＋-Cl^- type. The Pb-isotope ratios of sulfides of ores are similar to those of the northern Qinling orogenic belt. The Waitoushan Formation, dominated by carbonaceous sericite-rich schists and only occurring in Tongbai region, should be detached from the Erlangping Group, which occurs both in the western and eastern sides of the Nanyang Basin. Future ore exploration in the Tongbai-East Qinling Mountains should focus on fault-controlled Au-Ag lodes.

太行山区阜平县温泉水化学特征及成因分析

河北省阜平县位于太行山腹地,温泉出露于变质岩地层和变质核杂岩构造区,开展温泉水化学及成因分析,对于变质岩区隆起山地型地热资源的勘查开发具有一定的指导意义。本文基于阜平县自然地理及区域地热地质背景,采用野外调查及采样测试等手段,综合运用水化学及稳定同位素等方法明确了温泉水化学特征和主要离子物质来源,初步推测了温泉的补给来源、深部热源等。阜平县温泉水质总体呈弱碱性,变质岩区温泉水化学类型为SO_(4)^(-)Na型,碳酸盐岩区为HCO_(3)^(-)Ca·Mg型,水化学演化以风化溶解作用为主导,阳离子交换作用为辅。温泉流体中的SO4^(2+)、Na^(+)主要来自硫化物和硅酸盐溶解,HCO_(3)^(2-)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)主要来自碳酸盐溶解。研究区温泉的补给水源为大气降水,并具有轻微的18O漂移现象,补给高程为1500~2600m,推测补给区位于研究区西北部变质岩区和东北部的碳酸盐岩区;研究区温泉样品均达石英理论平衡溶解线,估算热储温度56.46~133.71℃,循环深度2213.0~8092.3m;研究区温泉热源主要来自深部幔枝构造、低速高导层及构造热,韧性剪切带和深大断裂作为传热通道,地表热显示主要受控于断裂构造。研究区地热资源属于深循环可再生能源,热储温度达中高温标准,可进一步开展深部地热资源的勘查开发工作,促进当地经济绿色可持续发展,助力阜平县乡村建设。