Development of Morus alba Reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid with Elevated Mechanical and Thermal Properties

This research investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of Morus alba combined with polylactic acid in comparison with other natural fibers. The study uses three different fiber and PLA compositions - 20%, 30%, and 40% respectively - to produce composite materials. In addition, another composite with the same fiber volume is treated with a 4% NaOH solution to improve mechanical properties. The composites are processed by twin-screw extrusion, granulation, and injection molding. Tensile strength measurements of raw fibers and NaOH-treated fibers were carried out using a single-fiber tensile test with a gauge length of 40 mm. It was observed that the NaOH surface treatment increases the resistance against tensile loading and exhibited improved properties for raw fiber strands. The diameter of the fibers was measured using optical microscopy. During this research, flexural tests, impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and heat deflection temperature measurements (HDT) were conducted to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed composite samples. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of NaOH-treated Morus alba-reinforced polylactic acid outperform both virgin PLA samples and untreated Morus alba samples.

Research and Prospect of Mulberry (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry(Morus alba L.)is not only rich in nutrients,but also has medicinal value.As a drug and food,it is widely planted all over the country,with considerable yield and economic value.In recent years,it has attracted many scholars and been widely reported,and in-depth research has already been conducted.Through reviewing the literatures on mulberry,this paper summarized the chemical composition,pharmacological effects and quality evaluation of mulberry,providing some reference for the further development and utilization of mulberry.

Evaluation of the Liver Cancer Prevention of Anthocyanin Extracts from Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>L.) Variety PR-01

This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of anthocyanins extracts (MAEs) from mulberry variety PR-01 against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. It was found that 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs treatment significantly reduced the NDEA-induced hepatic nodules incidence and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence by 58.30% and 41.70% compared to the model group. Meanwhile, MAEs significantly restored the elevated the liver function enzymes, inhibited the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 levels, elevated the serum interleukin-10 and interferon-γ and increased hepatic glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1 enzyme activity. Moreover, 150 mg·kg-1 MAEs supplement enhanced glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities but reduced the malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content by 37.90% and 44.52%. Furthermore, MAEs pretreatment maintained nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase1 stimulation and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), indicating that MAEs exhibit effectively prevention effects against liver cancer via decreased lipid peroxidation, induced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and attenuating the inflammatory mediators COX-2 through NF-κB pathway. Thus, MAEs of mulberry variety PR-01 may be used as a good functional dietary supplement against liver cancer.

当年生桑树(Morus alba L.)果枝叶片特征与果实性状的相关性

为揭示叶果间的内在作用规律,以桑树(Morus alba L.)当年生果枝为研究对象,分析不同大小果枝上叶片特征和果实性状的差异及其二者间的相互关系。结果表明:随着果枝由小到大,果枝上的叶片数与总叶干重显著增加,而叶形指数却无显著变化;桑葚数与总桑葚干重也有显著增加,桑葚含水量无显著变化。桑葚数与叶片数、总叶干重、总叶面积及其平均桑葚干重显著正相关。研究结果证实了果实的性状与叶片特征之间存在极密切关系。当年生果枝上的桑葚数量多少取决于果枝上的叶片总数,平均桑葚的干重则与果枝上的平均叶面积显著相关。

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m-2和2422.4 mg·100 m-2,且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg-1和103.2 mg·kg-1降低至1790.0 mg·kg-1和85.94 mg·kg-1,同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P<0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg-1.因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P<0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside with antioxidation activity from the root bark of Morus alba L.

A new alkylene dihydrofuran glycoside（1） was isolated from the root bark ofMorus alba L.,along with moracin M-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）,and moracin M-6,3′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）.Compound 1 was identified as 2-methylene-3-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.In addition,the antioxidant activity of 1 was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） and 2,2′-azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS） assay.The IC_（50） values were 2.49 and 0.45 mg/mL,respectively.

A new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative from Morus alba L.

2-[3,5-Di-O-β-D-glucosyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]benzofuran-6-ol,a new prenylated arylbenzofuran derivative was isolated from Morus alba L.Its structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including MS,~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR,DEPT,~1H-~1HCOSY,HMQC and HMBC.

High Phenotypic Variation in Morus alba L. along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Indian Trans-Himalaya

Ten quantitative morphological characters were studied in 56 Morus alba L. trees representing three natural populations from the trans-Himalayan Ladakh region. The altitude of collection sites ranged from 2815 to 3177 m above the sea level(asl). Coefficient of variation(CV) showed high phenotypic variation in M. alba. Linear regression analysis revealed that leaf and fruit size decreases with an increase in altitude. High CV was observed for leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, internodal distance, number of nodes, bud length, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. Similarly, a high phenotypic plasticity index was observed for bud length, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, inter-nodal distance, number of nodes, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight. For every 100 m increase in altitude, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area decreased by 1 cm, 0.8 cm and 16.6 cm2, respectively. Analysis of covariance showed a predominant altitudinal effect on the morphological characters in comparison to the population effect. A small change in the altitude caused significant change in the plant morphological characteristics. The present investigation represents to our knowledge the first study addressing phenotypic variation in mulberryalong an altitudinal gradient.

Correlation between Different Morus alba L. Leaf Nodes and the Change in Leaf Size or Mass

This paper aimed to explore the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change and provide a theoretical basis for the development of scientific Morus alba L. cultivation technology. During 2016-2017,the correlation between Morus alba L. leaf node and its size or mass change was investigated and researched. Results showed that through the correlation coefficient analysis,there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as( leaf length ÷ leaf width) and petiole length,there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and some indicators such as leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass,and there was a weakly negative correlation between the leaf node and the other indicators; there was a highly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width) and( leaf length × leaf width),there was a significantly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass,and there was a weakly positive correlation between the leaf mass and some indicators such as petiole transverse diameter in thickness. In terms of significant level of difference,it was found that there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf nodes on the Morus alba L. shoots and some indicators such as leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width) and leaf mass; there was an extremely significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and some indicators such as Morus alba L. leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),petiole transverse diameter in width and petiole mass; there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the leaf mass and the other indicators. The regression analysis was performed on the leaf node and leaf length,leaf width,( leaf length + leaf width),( leaf length × leaf width),( leaf length ÷ leaf width),petiole length,petiole diameter in width,petiole diameter in thickness,petiole mass and leaf mass. Significance F values were0. 4864,0. 1995,0. 2888,0. 3004,0. 2350,0. 2407,0. 8925,0. 5227,0. 7022 and 0. 2000,respectively,that is,there was an extremely significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and petiole diameter in width,there was a significant difference between Morus alba L.leaf node and petiole mass,and there was no significant difference between Morus alba L. leaf node and the other indicators. The comparative analysis of quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation was performed on some indicators such as leaf length,and it was found that the R value between the leaf node and petiole diameter in width was in line with the logarithmic curve regression equation,and the other R values of quadratic curve regression equation was larger than the other R values of linear regression equation,indicating that different Morus alba L. leaf nodes,leaf length,leaf mass and other indicators were in line with the quadratic curve regression equation. It was concluded that by investigating the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots and regression equation,we could predict the leaf size,leaf mass and other indicators,and we could take the leaf node on the Morus alba L. shoots as a main factor affecting the Morus alba L. leaf size and mass.

Selection and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different origins for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia and Morus alba L.leaves

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria（LAB） strains from different origins and to select the best strains for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia（RB） and Morus alba L.（MB）leaves. The LAB strains were inoculated into the extracted liquid obtained from RB and MB leaves to evaluate the fermentation products. 11 LAB strains were selected for further experiments based on the highest products of lactic or acetic acid, including 1 strain of Weissella confusa, 2 of Lactobacillus reuteri and 8 of Lactobacillus plantarum.The API 50 CH fermentation experiment indicated that all of the selected 11 LAB strains utilised most of the carbohydrates. All the strains grew at temperatures between 10 and 45℃ and at a p H of 3.5 to 4.5; however, L. reuteri F7 and F8 tolerated a p H as low as 3.0. All 11 LAB strains showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coil, Salmonella sp. and Acetobacter pasteurianus; however, after excluding the effect of organic acids, only F7 and F8 still exhibited antibacterial activity. The present study indicated that the selected 11 LAB strains could be used to prepare silages of RB and MB leaves, especially L. reuteri F7 and F8.

Characteristics of <i>Morus alba</i>L. Cultured by In-Room Hydroponics

Morus alba L., (cv Ichinose) was cultivated by in-room hydroponics. The flavor and texture of leaves were markedly improved enough to be edible. When the contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polyphenols were measured in the hydroponic cultivar, DNJ increased in the leaf compared to the field grown M. alba. However, polyphenols, in contrast, decreased compared to the field cultivar. HPLC profiling revealed marked difference in leaf components between hydroponic and field cultivars indicating relative contents of lipophilic polyphenols were increased. The polyphenols contents, especially, lipophilic polyphenols in the root were remarkably high compared to So-Haku-Hi (Sang Bai Pi in Chinese). The anti-obesity effect of the hydroponically grown Morus was further studied in rats by feeding high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet with and without supplementation of dried leaf and root powders for 15 weeks. As the result, both the leaf and root from the hydroponic cultivar showed potential anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic functions through amelioration of insulin resistance. Differential effects of leaf and root powders indicated that besides DNJ, the lipophilic polyphenols may play a crucial role in the anti-diabetic function of hydroponically grown Morus alba L. The hydroponics will provide an alternate way to cultivate a novel resource of Morus for developing functional foods and medicines.

An In-Depth Examination of Phytochemicals and Medicinal Useson Morus alba

Morus alba,commonly known as white mulberry,is a plant renowned for its diverse range of bioactive compounds that confer numerous health benefits.This review explores the plant’s antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anticancer,cardiovascular,neuroprotective,hepatoprotective,and antimicrobial properties.The antioxidant effects,primarily attributed to flavonoids,phenolic acids,and terpenoids,help mitigate oxidative stress and protect against various diseases.The anti-inflammatory properties reduce chronic inflammation,while the anticancer compounds induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth.Morus alba’s cardiovascular benefits include improved endothelial function and lipid metabolism.Its neuroprotective effects protect the brain from oxidative damage and neuroinflammation,supporting cognitive function.The hepatoprotective activity enhances liver health and prevents damage from toxins.Additionally,the plant’s antimicrobial properties make it effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens.Overall,Morus alba holds significant potential as a natural therapeutic agent,with applications in both traditional and modern medicines.

Plants regenerated from mesophyll protoplasts of white mulberry

Morus alba(white mulberry) mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from leaves of 30-45 day old sterile shoots,with protoplast yields of 2.5 x 107 g-1/F.W. after purification. The protoplasts were cultured in a modified K8P liquid medium containing 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D(2,4- Dichlorophe-noxy acetic acid), 1 mg/L NAA(Naphthyl acetic acid) and 0.5 mg/L BA(6-benzylaminopurine). A low plating density (5 x 104/ml) proved to be favourable to the division of protoplast-derived cells. The first divisioll occurred 4 days after culture, and the division frequency reached 24% at 10 days. A number of cell colonies and microcalli formed in 6 weeks. The microcalli were transferred onto MSB medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA for further proliferation. Shoot formation was initiated when the calli of 3-4 mm in size were transferred onto MSB differentiation medium with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BA. The frequency of shoot formation was 35%. The shoots of 4-5 cm in height were excised from the callus and rooted on half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L BA. After transplantation into pots, the regenerated plants grew vigorously in the phytotron.

Mulberry fruit as an antioxidant component in muesli

The aim of the study was to develop the technology of muesli via analyzing the addition of white mulberry fruit. The first step involved the selection of ingredients from bioactive compounds. Next, the technology of production was developed. Then, the antioxidant activity of new muesli with potentially pro-health model systems was estimated. Muesli was characterized in terms of its basic nutritional value, and antioxidant potential. The ability to inactivate DPPH and ABTS radicals was estimated. In addition, the amount of fat in muesli was calculated. As part of this calculation, fatty acid composition and content of primary and secondary oxidation products were ascertained. The last stage of the project included sensory analysis of the resultant products. Our studies showed that the new product-muesli had high nutritional value, high antioxidant potential and a positive fatty acid composition. And sensory analysis showed that the product was attractive.

HPLC法同时测定桑白皮中5种成分

目的建立HPLC法同时测定桑白皮Morus alba L.中绿原酸、二氢桑色素、氧化白藜芦醇、桑辛素O、桑根酮C的含有量。方法桑白皮甲醇提取物的分析采用Dimonsiol C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.2%醋酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长340 nm。结果绿原酸、二氢桑色素、氧化白藜芦醇、桑辛素O、桑根酮C分别在3.25~104.00μg/mL(r=0.999 6)、4.81~154.00μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、5.38~172.00μg/mL(r=0.999 5)、1.88~60.00μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、11.19~358.00μg/mL(r=0.999 5)范围内线性关系良好。平均加样回收率分别为98.98%(RSD=1.70%)、100.73%(RSD=1.35%)、99.71%(RSD=1.64%)、100.07%(RSD=1.11%)、99.90%(RSD=2.16%)。结论该方法准确简便,重复性好,可用于桑白皮药材的质量控制。

采用LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪观察桑树生长变化及测算桑叶产量

利用LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪对田间生长桑树进行生长过程观察及桑叶产量测定，结果显示：桑树收获条桑后的2个月内，当叶面积指数（LAI）〈1．0时桑树的生长非常缓慢，当LAI〉1．0之后，桑树的生长速度大大加快，直至LAI达到最大值6．0，LAI值越大桑园透光率（DIFN）越小，但两者不呈简单的线性关系；随着桑树的生长，叶片的倾斜角度基本保持36°～45°，绝大多数集中在42°左右。于桑园LAI不同的3个时期测算的桑叶产量与实际产量相比，误差分别为-8．6％、-8．5％和＋1．5％，认为采用该分析仪测算桑叶产量具有方便、快速且无损桑树生长的特点。

不同产地桑椹药材HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:采用高效液相色谱法建立桑椹药材的HPLC指纹图谱,为其品质控制提供可靠依据。方法:采用HPLC-UV分析桑椹的指纹图谱。色谱柱:Agilent XDB C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.3%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速:0.5 mL/min,柱温:35℃,检测波长:290 nm。测定的10批桑椹指纹图谱,应用相似度分析对桑椹药材进行研究。结果:在高效液相指纹图谱中,确定了12个共有峰,经过相似度分析,10批药材中7批相似度较好,其中3批相似度偏低。结论:桑椹药材指纹图谱特征性及专属性强,可为药材的质量控制提供依据。

HPLC-ELSD法测定新疆药桑葚中可溶性糖的种类和含量

【目的】建立高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射(HPLC-ELSD)法测定新疆药桑葚中可溶性糖种类和含量的方法。【方法】采用HPLC-ELSD法,HPLC条件为:Waters-Carbohydrate Analysis色谱柱(3.9×300 mm),柱温为室温,流动相为乙睛-水(体积比为80∶20),流速为0.80 m L/min;ELSD参数:漂移管温度为50℃,氮气压力40 psi,增益值100。【结果】4种药桑葚中均含有果糖和葡萄糖,果糖和葡萄糖在线性范围0.10~0.80 mg/m L和0.20~1.60 mg/m L内线性关系良好,加标回收率分别是97.59%、99.13%。和田药桑(鲜果)、库车药桑(鲜果)、和田药桑(干果)、库车药桑(干果)果糖含量分别为106.24、91.41、229.23、188.77 mg/g,葡萄糖含量分别为80.66、72.25、225.93、183.48 mg/g。【结论】HPLC-ELSD法具有操作简便、准确、重复性好等优点,可快速准确测定桑果实中糖的类型及其含量。

核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)诱导的桑树差异表达基因及功能分析

桑椹菌核病是影响桑椹产量和品质的主要病害,核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)是一种新发现的疑似桑椹菌核病的病原真菌。以果桑品种大10为供试材料,利用数字基因表达谱技术,筛选核盘菌侵染相关的差异表达基因(DEGs)并分析其功能与代谢途径。在感染和未感染核盘菌的桑树幼果样品之间检测到了显著差异表达基因1 226个(上调表达基因1 088个,下调表达基因138个),其中包含33类172个抗性相关基因,35类112个转录因子基因。生物信息学分析发现,显著差异表达基因显著富集于4个细胞组分(胞外区、细胞壁、外部封装结构、质外体)、6种分子功能(抗氧化活性、酶催化活性、酶调节活性、核酸结合转录因子活性、营养物质代谢、翻译调控活性等)和6个代谢通路(亚油酸代谢、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢、植物-病原互作、苯丙氨酸代谢、芳香族氨基酸生物合成、糖类次生代谢产物生物合成)。选取可能与桑树对核盘菌感染应答相关的Fbox等5个基因作为目的基因,进行实时荧光定量PCR检测验证,检测数据与RNA-seq表达谱的分析结果基本一致。研究结果为阐释桑树应答核盘菌侵染的分子机制积累了基础数据。

不同产地桑叶药材UPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立不同产地桑叶UPLC指纹图谱。方法采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50.0 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长为358 nm,流速为0.6 ml/min,柱温40℃,进样体积1μl。结果建立了桑叶专属性的UPLC指纹图谱,确定了15个共有峰,不同产地桑叶样品具有较好的相似度。结论 UPLC指纹图谱方法重复性好,简便可靠,可用于桑叶的快速鉴别,可以为桑叶的质量控制和市场应用提供依据。