RIS-Assisted Federated Learning in Multi-Cell Wireless Networks

Over-the-air computation(AirComp)based federated learning(FL)has been a promising technique for distilling artificial intelligence(AI)at the network edge.However,the performance of AirComp-based FL is decided by the device with the lowest channel gain due to the signal alignment property.More importantly,most existing work focuses on a single-cell scenario,where inter-cell interference is ignored.To overcome these shortages,a reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted AirComp-based FL system is proposed for multi-cell networks,where a RIS is used for enhancing the poor user signal caused by channel fading,especially for the device at the cell edge,and reducing inter-cell interference.The convergence of FL in the proposed system is first analyzed and the optimality gap for FL is derived.To minimize the optimality gap,we formulate a joint uplink and downlink optimization problem.The formulated problem is then divided into two separable nonconvex subproblems.Following the successive convex approximation(SCA)method,we first approximate the nonconvex term to a linear form,and then alternately optimize the beamforming vector and phase-shift matrix for each cell.Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of deploying a RIS in multi-cell networks and our proposed system significantly improves the performance of FL.

New Approach of Multi-Cell Stacked Cell Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic System

In this paper, a new inverter topology dedicated to isolated or grid-connected PV systems is proposed. This inverter is based on the structures of a stacked multi-cell converter (SMC) and an H-bridge. This new topology has allowed the voltage stresses of the converter to be distributed among several switching cells. Secondly, divide the input voltage into several fractions to reduce the number of power semiconductors to be switched. In this contribution, the general topology of this micro-inverter has been described and the simulation tests developed to validate its operation have been presented. Finally, we discussed the simulation results, the efficiency of this topology and the feasibility of its use in a grid-connected photovoltaic production system.

Evaluation of Linear Precoding Schemes for Cooperative Multi-Cell MU MIMO in Future Mobile Communication Systems

In Mobile Communication Systems, inter-cell interference becomes one of the challenges that degrade the system’s performance, especially in the region with massive mobile users. The linear precoding schemes were proposed to mitigate interferences between the base stations (inter-cell). These schemes are categorized into linear and non-linear;this study focused on linear precoding schemes, which are grounded into three types, namely Zero Forcing (ZF), Block Diagonalization (BD), and Signal Leakage Noise Ratio (SLNR). The study included the Cooperative Multi-cell Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) System, whereby each Base Station serves more than one mobile station and all Base Stations on the system are assisted by each other by shared the Channel State Information (CSI). Based on the Multi-Cell Multiuser MIMO system, each Base Station on the cell is intended to maximize the data transmission rate by its mobile users by increasing the Signal Interference to Noise Ratio after the interference has been mitigated due to the usefully of linear precoding schemes on the transmitter. Moreover, these schemes used different approaches to mitigate interference. This study mainly concentrates on evaluating the performance of these schemes through the channel distribution models such as Ray-leigh and Rician included in the presence of noise errors. The results show that the SLNR scheme outperforms ZF and BD schemes overall scenario. This implied that when the value of SNR increased the performance of SLNR increased by 21.4% and 45.7% for ZF and BD respectively.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Handover initiation performance of a new multi-cell cellular configuration with a developed base-station multi-beam antenna

A new multi-cell cellular configuration networks is provided for analysis of handover initiation probability, which is based on multi-beam base-station antenna splitting in the elevation-radiating plane. The sum of the received signal power in the mobile station, including both desired and interference signal power, has been introduced into the handover initiation algorithm. Along with the idea, we present three models of handover initiation algorithm with the shadowing process of Gaussian distribution. The formulation of handover initiation probability of those algorithms is also analyzed. The validity of the presented models has been checked through the comparison with simulation results. The results present the performance characteristics of handover initiation vary with cluster number and base-station antenna elevation angle.

Beam interference suppression in multi-cell millimeter wave communications

Due to the increase in the number of users, beam switching is used for suppressing interference, which leads to higher computational complexity in multi-cell millimeter wave communications. In order to resolve this problem, a beam interference model is introduced, and a lower complexity beam interference suppression algorithm based on user grouping is proposed. The proposed algorithm operates beam switching and mnlti-cell cooperative transmission for a part of the users when there exists beam interference due to high user density. In particular, considering the distinct interference suffered by each user, the proposed dual-threshold user grouping method can effectively solve the frequent switching problem at the base station caused by multi-cell cooperative transmission in multi-cell environments. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational complexity of beam switching and approach ideal system capacity, compared with conventional interference suppression algorithms that do not involve grouping of users.

Resource provisioning for computation and communication in multi-cell wireless networks

The convergence of computation and communication at network edges plays a significant role in coping with computation-intensive and delay-critical tasks.During the stage of network planning,the resource provisioning problem for edge nodes has to be investigated to provide prior information for future system configurations.This work focuses on how to quantify the computation capabilities of access points at network edges when provisioning resources of computation and communication in multi-cell wireless networks.The problem is formulated as a discrete and non-convex minimization problem,where practical constraints including delay requirements,the inter-cell interference,and resource allocation strategies are considered.An iterative algorithm is also developed based on decomposition theory and fractional programming to solve this problem.The analysis shows that the necessary computation capability needed for certain delay guarantee depends on resource allocation strategies for delay-critical tasks.For delay-tolerant tasks,it can be approximately estimated by a derived lower bound which ignores the scheduling strategy.The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using numerical results.

Free Vibration Analysis of RC Box-Girder Bridges Using FEM

The free vibration analysis of simply supported box-girder bridges is carried out using the finite element method.The fundamental frequency is determined in straight,skew,curved and skew-curved box-girder bridges.It is important to analyse the combined effect of skewness and curvature because skew-curved box-girder bridge behaviour cannot be predicted by simply adding the individual effects of skewness and curvature.At first,an existing model is considered to validate the present approach.A convergence study is carried out to decide the mesh size in the finite element method.An exhaustive parametric study is conducted to determine the fundamental frequency of box-girder bridges with varying skew angle,curve angle,span,span-depth ratio and cell number.The skew angle is varied from 0°to 60°,curve angle is varied from 0°to 60°,span is changed from 25 to 50 m,span-depth ratio is varied from 10 to 16,and single cell&double cell are used in the present study.A total of 420 bridge models are used for parametric study in the investigation.Mode shapes of the skew-curved bridge are also presented.The fundamental frequency of the skew-curved box-girder bridge is found to be more than the straight bridge,so,the skew-curved box-girder bridge is preferable.The present study may be useful in the design of box-girder bridges.

Simulation of Temperature Field in Original Segment of Concrete Box-Girder Bridge

Temperature field and its variation with time are necessary for analyzing the thermo-mechanical performance of mass concrete structures at their early ages. This paper carries out a temperature field simulation analysis for an original segment of a real box girder bridge with the finite element software ANSYS. Two representative exothermic rate models are used to describe the heat- releasing process caused by the cement hydration in concrete. The exothermic rate model that conforms to reality more closely is recognized by comparing the simulation results with the data gathered from the optical fiber temperature sensors pre-embedded in the original segment. The air temperature and wind velocity that constitute thermal boundary conditions are determined in the light of the local meteorological department and correlative research achievements of recent years. Moreover, the consideration for the steel formwork acting as a barrier to heat loss is also proved to be beneficial to improve the simulation effect.

Multi Multi-Cell Uplink Interference Management Cell Uplink Interference Management: A Distributed Power Control Method

This paper investigates a multi-cell uplink network,where the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)protocol is considered to mitigate the intra-cell interference.An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the user sup-porting ratio for the uplink multi-cell system by optimizing the transmit power.This paper adopts the user supporting ratio as the main performance metric.Our goal is to improve the user supporting ratio of each cell.Since the formulated optimization problem is non-convex,it cannot be solved by using traditional convex-based optimi-zation methods.Thus,a distributed method with low complexity and a small amount of multi-cell interaction is proposed.Numerical results show that a notable perfor-mance gain achieved by our proposed scheme compared with the traditional one is without inter-cell interaction.

新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁畸变效应

为研究新型波形钢腹板(CSW)组合箱梁的畸变效应,以板梁框架法和位移法为基础,建立单箱多室新型CSW组合箱梁的畸变控制微分方程和边界条件,得到畸变正应力解析解,并采用有限元法检验推导结果的正确性。应用推导结果对比分析新型CSW组合箱梁与传统CSW组合箱梁的畸变性能,以及截面高度、箱室宽度和钢底板厚度对新型CSW组合箱梁畸变效应的影响。结果表明:解析解计算得到的畸变正应力与有限元模型计算的结果吻合较好,畸变角的变化规律与有限元模型计算结果一致;与传统CSW组合箱梁相比,新型CSW组合箱梁的畸变翘曲刚度减小了38.89%,畸变框架刚度减小了71.84%,抗畸变能力减弱;随着截面高度和箱室宽度增加,新型CSW组合箱梁跨中畸变角和跨中畸变双力矩均逐渐增大,且箱室宽度的影响更为明显;随着钢底板厚度增加,新型CSW组合箱梁跨中畸变角逐渐减小,跨中畸变双力矩逐渐增大。

基于梁格法的单箱多室箱梁桥偏载系数研究

【目的】为了探究单箱多室宽桥面箱梁桥的偏载效应,明确相关影响因素对偏载系数的影响规律,以湖南省长沙市港子河大桥为例开展数值仿真与对比研究。【方法】基于商用有限元软件Midas Civil构建桥梁的有限元梁格法模型,研究单箱多室箱梁桥偏载效应,分析偏心距等影响因素对偏载系数的影响规律。【结果】研究表明,正应力偏载系数最大值为1.25,出现在跨中截面,剪应力偏载系数普遍在1.5左右,经验系数法对于类似宽桥面单箱多室箱梁桥偏载系数的估计严重偏低。活载偏心距对偏载系数有较大影响,且偏心距越大偏载系数越大,两者近似线性相关。【结论】梁格法能够较为准确地模拟单箱多室箱梁结构偏载效应,尤其是现代城市中宽桥面单箱多室箱梁桥,而经验系数法对类似桥梁并不适用,预测结果严重偏低,增大了箱梁桥开裂的风险。

Resource Allocation for Channel Estimation in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Multi-Cell Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a promising solution to deal with the blockage-sensitivity of millimeter wave band and reduce the high energy consumption caused by network densification. However, deploying large scale RISs may not bring expected performance gain due to significant channel estimation overhead and non-negligible reflected interference.In this paper,we derive the analytical expressions of the coverage probability, area spectrum efficiency(ASE)and energy efficiency (EE)of a downlink RIS-aided multi-cell network.In order to optimize the network performance, we investigate the conditions for the optimal number of training symbols of each antenna-to-antenna and antenna-to-element path (referred to as the optimal unit training overhead) in channel estimation.Our study shows that:1)RIS deployment is not“the more, the better”, only when blockage objects are dense should one deploy more RISs;2) the coverage probability is maximized when the unit training overhead is designed as large as possible;3)however,the ASE-and-EE-optimal unit training overhead exists. It is a monotonically increasing function of the frame length and a monotonically decreasing function of the average signal-to-noise-ratio (in the high signal-to-noise-ratio region). Additionally,the optimal unit training overhead is smaller when communication nodes deploy particularly few or many antennas.

基于静动载测试技术的连续多室箱梁力学性能研究

在静动载测试技术的试验荷载作用下,检验桥梁结构的承载能力是否能满足设计标准,评价桥梁结构的力学特性和工作性能等均至关重要。为获得某预应力混凝土连续多室箱梁桥的静动力性能,开展了某预应力混凝土连续多室箱梁桥的静动载测试技术试验研究。测试结果表明,主要测点实测应变值和挠度值均小于理论计算值,且卸载后预应力混凝土连续多室箱梁桥主要测点相对残余应变率和变形率均小于20%,表明结构处于弹性工作状态;通过动载试验可知预应力混凝土连续多室箱梁桥实测各阶频率均大于相应理论计算频率值,表明预应力混凝土连续多室箱梁桥实际整体刚度良好。静动载测试技术可为同类结构测试提供可靠测试技术方法,将会产生良好的经济效益与社会效益。

Classification of Human Protein in Multiple Cells Microscopy Images Using CNN

The subcellular localization of human proteins is vital for understanding the structure of human cells.Proteins play a significant role within human cells,as many different groups of proteins are located in a specific location to perform a particular function.Understanding these functions will help in discoveringmany diseases and developing their treatments.The importance of imaging analysis techniques,specifically in proteomics research,is becoming more prevalent.Despite recent advances in deep learning techniques for analyzing microscopy images,classification models have faced critical challenges in achieving high performance.Most protein subcellular images have a significant class imbalance.We use oversampling and under sampling techniques in this research to overcome this issue.We have used a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)model called GapNet-PL for the multi-label classification task on the Human Protein Atlas Classification(HPA)Dataset.Authors have found that the ParametricRectified LinearUnit(PreLU)activation function is better than the Scaled Exponential LinearUnit(SeLU)activation function in the GapNet-PL model in most classification metrics.The results showed that the GapNet-PL model with the PReLU activation function achieved an area under the ROC curve(AUC)equal to 0.896,an F1 score of 0.541,and a recall of 0.473.

Energy efficiency optimization for a RIS-assisted multi-cell communication system based on a practical RIS power consumption model

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is widely accepted as a potential technology to assist in communication between base stations(BSs)and users in edge areas.We study the energy efficiency of a RIS-assisted multi-cell communication system with a realistic RIS power consumption model.With the goal of maximizing the energy efficiency of the system,we optimize the transmit beamforming vectors at the BS and the RIS phase shift matrix by a proposed alternative optimization algorithm.First,the transmit beamforming vector is optimized by solving the transformed weighted minimum mean square error(WMMSE)problem.Subsequently,to solve the inconvenience incurred by the discrete relationship between the RIS reflecting unit power consumption and its discrete phase shift,we use a continuous function to approximate their relationship.With this approximation,we can use the majorization minimization(MM)technique to optimize the continuous RIS phase shifts,and then quantize the obtained phase shifts to discrete ones.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy efficiency of the system is effectively optimized by the proposed algorithm.

单箱四室波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥承剪分析

为明确单箱多室波形钢腹板组合箱梁桥的剪力传递路径,以某单箱四室波形钢腹板组合箱梁斜拉桥为背景,采用有限元法建立全桥模型,针对其58m连续跨选取5个控制截面,分析自重和偏心荷载作用下各控制截面混凝土顶底板和各钢腹板的承剪比。结果表明:剪力由混凝土顶底板和波形钢腹板共同承担,承剪比与结构的边界、作用的荷载、截面位置有密切关系;自重作用下各钢腹板承剪比对称,截面剪力的方向影响钢腹板的承剪比例,中腹板承剪比最小;偏载直接作用的钢腹板承剪比高于其余钢腹板的承剪比;横隔板对混凝土顶底板和钢腹板的承剪比影响不大,仅对横隔板区域的钢腹板承剪比产生一定影响。

悬臂施工期波形钢腹板斜拉桥腹板剪力分配规律研究

为了解单箱多室波形钢腹板组合梁斜拉桥悬臂施工期腹板剪力分配规律及传递路径,以某单箱五室波形钢腹板组合梁斜拉桥为研究对象,采用有限元法建立悬臂施工阶段实体有限元模型,分析施工阶段应力叠加作用下各腹板的剪应力分布和剪力分配比例。结果表明:各腹板剪力分配比例与施工工况密切相关,当前节段斜拉索张拉时,剪力主要由中腹板承担;后续节段施工时各腹板剪力承担比例趋于一致。斜拉索作用下4道边腹板剪应力值相差不大,而中腹板剪应力值与有无钢导梁相关;横隔板的设置可明显改善各腹板剪力的不均匀分配现象。最大悬臂状态斜拉索及自重共同作用下,无钢导梁区中腹板承担剪力占比大于边腹板,因此单箱多室波形钢腹板组合梁斜拉桥腹板施工期受力关键控制腹板为无钢导梁区中腹板。

波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥整体稳定性分析

为了解波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥新型组合结构桥梁的整体稳定特性,以跨径(58+118+188+108)m的某波形钢腹板矮塔斜拉桥为背景,根据波形钢腹板箱梁的力学行为特点,利用MIDAS Civil软件建立该桥杆系单元模型,对比ANSYS软件建立的空间块体板壳组合单元模型的计算结果,验证了杆系单元模型的有效性,在此基础上采用杆系模型计算全桥的整体稳定性。计算结果表明:恒载是桥梁重要的失稳因素,引起的第1阶失稳模态为面内主墩屈曲失稳;风荷载单独作用引起的第1阶失稳模态主要是面内对称弯曲失稳和面内反对称弯曲失稳,稳定系数较大;桥梁的弹性稳定系数最小值为19.79;桥梁结构整体失稳模态接近于高墩连续刚构桥的失稳模态;考虑几何非线性后稳定系数最小值为19.4,桥梁结构稳定性满足桥梁设计规范要求,该桥在运营阶段不会发生失稳破坏。

波形钢腹板部分斜拉桥施工阶段剪力滞效应分析

以某悬臂施工的波形钢腹板部分斜拉桥为研究背景,分别建立空间杆系和实体有限元模型,对施工过程进行精确模拟。选取3个控制断面,对单箱多室组合箱梁在不同施工阶段的剪力滞效应进行分析,得出控制断面在施工过程中的剪力滞效应变化规律。研究结果表明:随着施工阶段由短悬臂状态向最大悬臂状态不断推进,控制截面顶板、底板剪力滞系数逐渐增大,在最大悬臂状态达到峰值,全桥合龙及二期恒载作用后,剪力滞系数开始减小且下降幅度较大;3个控制截面中,靠近零号块的截面剪力滞效应变化趋势更显著;实测值与有限元计算值基本吻合,验证了模型分析的准确性。