Surface wave inversion with unknown number of soil layers based on a hybrid learning procedure of deep learning and genetic algorithm

Surface wave inversion is a key step in the application of surface waves to soil velocity profiling.Currently,a common practice for the process of inversion is that the number of soil layers is assumed to be known before using heuristic search algorithms to compute the shear wave velocity profile or the number of soil layers is considered as an optimization variable.However,an improper selection of the number of layers may lead to an incorrect shear wave velocity profile.In this study,a deep learning and genetic algorithm hybrid learning procedure is proposed to perform the surface wave inversion without the need to assume the number of soil layers.First,a deep neural network is adapted to learn from a large number of synthetic dispersion curves for inferring the layer number.Then,the shear-wave velocity profile is determined by a genetic algorithm with the known layer number.By applying this procedure to both simulated and real-world cases,the results indicate that the proposed method is reliable and efficient for surface wave inversion.

Noise Reduction Technique Applied to the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

This paper shows the presence of noises and technique to reduce these noises during the surface wave analysis. The frequency-dependent properties of Rayleigh-type surface waves can be used for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Interference by coherent source-generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear-wave velocities determined through inversion of the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves. Among these interferences by non-planar, non-fundamental mode Rayleigh waves （noise） are body waves, scattered and non-source-generated surface waves, and highermode surface waves. For the reduction of noise, the filtering technique is implemented in this paper for the multichannel analysis of surface wave method （MASW）. With the de-noising technique during the MASW method, more robust and reliable outcome is achieved. The significance of this paper is to obtain pre-awareness about noises during surface wave analysis and take better outcomes with denoising performance in near surface soil investigations.

Frequency Time Analysis (FTAN) and Moment Tensor Inversion Solutions from Short Period Surface Waves in Cameroon (Central Africa)

Short period surface waves generated by a local earthquake recorded by broadband seismometers at distances of about 186 to 778 km from the earthquake’s epicenter located in Cameroon (Central Africa) were processed for group velocity maps and dispersion waveforms using the frequency time analysis (FTAN) method. The resulting group velocity fundamental modes of the extracted Rayleigh and Love waves were used for a joint amplitude spectral and P polarity inversion using moment tensor inversion. The corresponding group velocity dispersion curves, the residual as a function of depth, the amplitude spectra and the moment tensor solutions of the regions from the epicenter to the different stations up to a depth of about 10 km were obtained.

Application of the time-frequency polarization analysis to study the complexity of surface wave propagation

new technique called the timefrequency polarization analysis was introduced in this paper. The technique combined the traditional surface wave analysis techniques (moving window and multifilter) with the singular value decomposition method to measure the incidence azimuth of surface waves with different wavelengths. It was applied to study the propagation paths of surface waves across the different blocks of Chinese continent and different zones of QinghaiXizang (Tibet) plateau. The results show that the method can make full use of the differences in frequency compositions and arrival times of different surface wave modes, and give better polarization analysis results. The analysis by actual data shows that the lateral heterogeneity of the lithospheric structure influences the propagation paths of surface waves severely. Deviations of the paths across the QinghaiXizang plateau from great circle paths are great. Deviations of the surface waves across the different zones in QinghaiXizang plateau are different.

Imaging shallow structure with active-source surface wave signal recorded by distributed acoustic sensing arrays

Distributed acoustic sensing(DAS) is one recently developed seismic acquisition technique that is based on fiber-optic sensing. DAS provides dense spatial spacing that is useful to image shallow structure with surface waves.To test the feasibility of DAS in shallow structure imaging,the PoroTomo team conducted a DAS experiment with the vibroseis truck T-Rex in Brady’s Hot Springs, Nevada, USA.The Rayleigh waves excited by the vertical mode of the vibroseis truck were analyzed with the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW) method. Phase velocities between5 and 20 Hz were successfully extracted for one segment of cable and were employed to build a shear-wave velocity model for the top 50 meters. The dispersion curves obtained with DAS agree well with the ones extracted from co-located geophones data and from the passive source Noise Correlation Functions(NCF). Comparing to the co-located geophone array, the higher sensor density that DAS arrays provides help reducing aliasing in dispersion analysis, and separating different surface wave modes. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantage of DAS in imaging shallow structure with surface waves.

Dynamic modeling of wave driven unmanned surface vehicle in longitudinal profile based on D-H approach

Wave driven unmanned surface vehicle(WUSV) is a new concept ocean robot drived by wave energy and solar energy,and it is very suitable for the vast ocean observations with incomparable endurance.Its dynamic modeling is very important because it is the theoretical foundation for further study in the WUSV motion control and efficiency analysis.In this work,the multibody system of WUSV was described based on D-H approach.Then,the driving principle was analyzed and the dynamic model of WUSV in longitudinal profile is established by Lagrangian mechanics.Finally,the motion simulation of WUSV and comparative analysis are completed by setting different inputs of sea state.Simulation results show that the WUSV dynamic model can correctly reflect the WUSV longitudinal motion process,and the results are consistent with the wave theory.

Surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands measured with high frequency surface wave radar

Based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of 11 d vector ocean currents obtained from two high frequency sur- face wave radars located at Zhujiajian Island and Shengshan Island, the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the open sea area to the east of the Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province, China are studied. The following conclusions are drawn from the analysis： the tidal current pattern in the open sea area to the east of Zhoushan Islands is primarily regular semidiurnal, which is significantly affected by the shallow water constituents. The directions of the major axes of tidal current ellipses of M2 lie approx- imately in the NW-SE direction. With the increasing of distance away from the coast, the directions of the tidal current ellipses gradually shift toward the E-W direction. The tidal currents are mainly reversing cur- rents. The spatial distribution of probable maximum current velocities decreases gradually from northeast to southwest which is basically in accordance with the spatial distribution of measured maximum current velocities. The residual currents near the coast are larger than those far away from the coast. The directions of the residual currents are basically north by east, and the angle to the due north increases gradually with the increasing distance away from the coast. The topography shows a certain impact on the spatial distri- bution of shallow water constituents, the rotation of tidal currents, the probable maximum currents and the residual currents.

Studying surface structure in desert areas using multiple kinds of surface wave data

浅表面波浪方法主要在非荒芜的区域在环境、工程的地球物理为表面速度结构的调查被使用。为 Takelamagan 荒芜的区域的特殊地质的特征，我们使用处理多信道的浅表面波浪的方法记录在荒芜的区域决定近的表面速度结构的表面波浪(MASW ) 的多信道的分析。我们也处理，分析，并且比较在从在区域的油探索射击集合提取的许多踪迹记录的表面波浪。我们证明 MASW 方法能决定在荒芜的区域和许多踪迹记录的详细浅速度结构能被用来变得详细深地质的结构。二不同数据集的联合能获得准确速度结构上面在调查区域的 60 m 深度。

CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS FOR STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION IN TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

According to generalized characteristic theory, a characteristic analysis for stress wave propagation in transversely isotropic fluid-saturated porous media was performed. The characteristic differential equations and compatibility relations along bicharacteristics were deduced and the analytical expressions for wave surfaces were obtained. The characteristic and shapes of the velocity surfaces and wave surfaces in the transversely isotropic fluid-saturated porous media were discussed in detail. The results also show that the characteristic equations for stress waves in pure solids are particular cases of the characteristic equations for fluid-saturated porous media.

A group velocity of seismic love surface wave and lithosphere structure in Antarctic Peninsula

This paper is based on the surface wave seismogram of South Sandwich Island earthquake(Ms=6.4) recorded by Antarctic General Bernardo O'Higgins Station. We computed a group velocity dispersion of Love surface wave and obtained lithosphere structure by using the method of the matchedfilter frequencytime analysis and grid dispersion inversion. Our result shows that crust structure below Antarctic Peninsula may be divided into three layers and their thickness are respectively 5 km,8 km and 10 km. Upper mantle velocity is 5.32 km/s and gradually changes into 5.11 4.9 km/s below 53 km.The mininum velocity is 4.8 km/s. It can be referred that Antarctic mantle is also of layered structure.

TSAnalysis软件在辽宁地区面波频散提取中的应用

介绍了在辽宁地区使用基于图像分析的双台相速度频散曲线提取方法进行相速度频散提取的工作,并选取了TSAnalysis软件操作实例详细展示提取过程。通过质量控制和筛选,获得了15~120s周期范围内的1100条独立双台路径相速度频散资料。

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Surface Tidal Currents in the Southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar(HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M2 is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M2 tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity(PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity(MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.

Parametric study on contact sensors for MASW measurement-based interfacial debonding detection for SCCS

Steel-concrete composite structures(SCCS)have been widely used as primary load-bearing components in large-scale civil infrastructures.As the basis of the co-working ability of steel plate and concrete,the bonding status plays an essential role in guaranteeing the structural performance of SCCS.Accordingly,efficient non-destructive testing(NDT)on interfacial debondings in SCCS has become a prominent research area.Multi-channel analysis of surface waves(MASW)has been validated as an effective NDT technique for interfacial debonding detection for SCCS.However,the feasibility of MASW must be validated using experimental measurements.This study establishes a high-frequency data synchronous acquisition system with 32 channels to perform comparative verification experiments in depth.First,the current sensing approaches for high-frequency vibration and stress waves are summarized.Secondly,three types of contact sensors,namely,piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate(PZT)patches,accelerometers,and ultrasonic transducers,are selected for MASW measurement.Then,the selection and optimization of the force hammer head are performed.Comparative experiments are carried out for the optimal selection of ultrasonic transducers,PZT patches,and accelerometers for MASW measurement.In addition,the influence of different pasting methods on the output signal of the sensor array is discussed.Experimental results indicate that optimized PZT patches,acceleration sensors,and ultrasonic transducers can provide efficient data acquisition for MASW-based non-destructive experiments.The research findings in this study lay a solid foundation for analyzing the recognition accuracy of contact MASW measurement using different sensor arrays.

孔洞增长层裂模型的改进及其在模拟不同加载波形层裂实验结果方面的应用

冲击波在靶板自由面反射导致靶板材料内部产生动态拉伸层裂损伤是材料的典型损伤破坏形式之一,材料的初始微结构、冲击加载的强度和应变率、温度等因素直接影响材料内部的损伤演化过程。靶板自由面速度曲线变化间接反映材料内部损伤的演化过程,在层裂损伤物理模型研究方面,目前采用适宜的层裂损伤模型较好地模拟不同冲击加载波形下靶板自由面速度曲线的相关文献很少,主要借助实验手段探讨加载波形与自由面速度曲线变化以及层裂损伤演化过程之间的关联。对于孔洞增长层裂损伤模型,通过解析加载应变率与层裂强度以及损伤模型初始损伤参数之间的相互关系,给出了模型初始损伤参数的计算方法,有效地将损伤模型初始损伤参数与加载应变率关联在一起。该计算方法不仅可以较好地模拟方波、三角波以及泰勒波冲击加载铝材料层裂实验的自由面速度曲线,同时,计算得到的层裂强度和层裂片厚度也与实验结果符合。此外,还进一步分析了靶板内部不同位置的初始损伤、层裂强度的分布与应变率之间的关联,以及其对自由面速度曲线的影响。

Finite difference time domain analysis of two-dimensional surface acoustic wave piezoelectric phononic crystals at radio frequency

The finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method is proposed for analyzing the surface acoustic wave （SAW） propagation in two-dimensional （2D） piezoelectric phononic crystals （PCs） at radio frequency （RF）, and also experiments are established to demonstrate its analysis result of the PCs＇ band gaps. The FDTD method takes the piezoelectric effect of PCs into account, in which periodic boundary conditions are used to decrease memory/time consumption and the perfectly matched layer boundary conditions are adopted as the SAW absorbers to attenuate artificial reflections. Two SAW delay lines are established with/without piezoelectric PCs located between interdigital transducers. By removing several echoes with window gating function in time domain, delay lines transmission function is achieved. The PCs＇ transmission functions and band gaps are obtained by comparing them in these two delay lines. When Aluminum/128°YX-LiNbO3 is adopted as scatter and substrate material, the PCs＇ band gap is calculated by this FDTD method and COMSOL respectively. Results show that computational results of FDTD agree well with experimental results and are better than that of COMSOL.

A variational principle analysis of surface acoustic waves propagating under periodic metal grating with finite thickness

A theoretical method is presented,which analyzes properties of surface acoustic waves propagating on metallic gratings with finite thickness by combining finite element method with variational principle on surface acoustic waves propagating on periodic metal gratings. Based on D.P.Chen and Haus theory,a finite element method is used to investigate the effects of metallic gratings upon the propagation of surface acoustic waves.The coupling-of-modes parameters contributed by mechanical loading are expressed by the matrix derived from the finite element method.Consequently D.P.Chen and Haus theory can also be applied to analyze the properties of surface acoustic waves propagating on metallic gratings with finite thickness and arbitrary shape.Finally,the characteristics of surface acoustic waves propagating under gold and aluminum or silver gratings on a few piezoelectric crystals are studied.Numerical results of the coupling-of-modes parameters of the surface acoustic waves are obtained.

基于Galerkin截断的薄膜-床面耦合振动响应分析

将废塑料薄膜进行分选回收是目前最为高效节能的塑料垃圾处理方式,废旧塑料薄膜及床面的振动会直接影响分选的效率。提出了将薄膜模型和床面模型结合建立薄膜-床面耦合系统动力学模型的方法。并通过受力分析,利用Galerkin截断将床面的变形表达为模态函数的线性组合,建立了薄膜-床面非线性耦合振动微分方程。研究了不同截断阶数对薄膜-床面耦合非线性振动动态响应的影响,确定了保证薄膜-床面耦合系统振动收敛性的Galerkin截断阶数。通过床面位移响应对此方法进行了验证和对比,结果表明Galerkin截断法适用于求解耦合系统振动分析,且计算速度较快。

桂花色素的超声辅助提取工艺及其抑菌效应分析

桂花色素是一种性能优良的天然色素,在食品加工工业中具有广阔的应用前景。试验以浦城桂花为原料,通过单因素试验考察了桂花品种、乙醇浓度、超声功率、超声时间、液料比对桂花色素得率的影响,进一步进行响应面试验优化其提取工艺。同时通过牛津杯法验证提取的桂花色素对7种菌株(4株细菌,2株丝状真菌,1株酵母菌)的抑菌效应。试验结果表明,超声辅助法提取桂花色素的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度60%、液料比25∶1(mL/g)、超声功率200 W、超声时间30 min,在此条件下,桂花色素的得率最高,达到61.56%。此外,抑菌试验证实桂花色素对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、藤黄微球菌、酿酒酵母具有显著的抑制作用,而对桔青霉和米曲霉的抑制效应相对较弱。

基于高频雷达回波谱多特征融合的浪高反演算法

高频地波雷达海洋回波谱的Bragg峰和二次谐波峰中,均蕴含着浪高信息,因此发展出了基于Bragg峰功率(Power of Bragg Peak,PB)、二次谐波峰与Bragg功率比(Power Ratio of Second Harmonic Peak to Bragg Peak,RSB)、双频Bragg峰功率比(Power Ratio of Dual Frequency Bragg Peak,RDB)等浪高反演算法。然而,三种算法均无法实现不同海况、不同距离下浪高的精确反演。本文研究发现,PB算法适用于低海况,RSB算法在近距离高海况下表现良好,而RDB算法适用于远距离测量,即三种算法高性能测量区间存在强互补性。在此基础上,本文提出了一种基于多特征(PB、RSB和RDB)融合的浪高反演算法,其中采用反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络作为特征融合器。实验表明:本文算法在测量精度、波高适应范围、距离适应范围上均优于现有波高反演算法。