Astronomical influence of the development of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore Lacustrine basins:A case study of the ZhuⅠDepression's Enping Formation located in the northern South China Sea

The development of the Paleogene coal seams in China's offshore basin areas generally had the characteristics of coal measures with large thicknesses,large numbers of coal seams,thin single coal seams,poor stability,scattered vertical distribution,and a wide distribution range.This study selected the Enping Formation of the ZhuⅠDepression in the northern section of the South China Sea as an example to determine the macro-control factors of the development of the Paleogene coal seam groups.An analysis was carried out on the influencing effects and patterns of the astronomical cycles related to the development of the thin coal seam groups in the region.A floating astronomical time scale of the Enping Formation was established,and the sedimentary time limit of the Enping Formation was determined to be approximately 6.15 Ma±.In addition,the cyclostratigraphy analysis results of the natural gamma-ray data of Well XJ in the Enping Formation of the Xijiang Sag revealed that the development of the thin coal seams had probably been affected by short eccentricity and precession factors.The formation process of coal seams was determined to have been affected by high seasonal contrast,precipitation,and insolation.During the periods with high values of short eccentricity,the seasonal contrasts tended to be high.During those periods,fluctuations in the precession controls resulted in periodic volume changes in precipitation and insolation of the region,resulting in the development of thin coal seams.It was also found that the periods with low precession were the most conducive to coal seam development.On that basis,combined with such factors as sedimentary environmental conditions conducive to the development of thin coal seam groups,this study established a theoretical model of the comprehensive influences of short eccentricity and precession on the development and distribution of Paleogene thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins.The patterns of the Paleogene astronomical periods and paleoclimate evolution,along with the control factors which impacted the development of thin coal seam groups in offshore lacustrine basins,were revealed.

Ground fissure development regularity and formation mechanism of shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform in Jiaozi coal mine: a case study

A comprehensive study was undertaken at Jiaozi coal mine to investigate the development regularity of ground fissures in shallow buried coal seam mining with Karst landform,shedding light on the development type,geographical distribution,dynamic development process,and failure mechanism of these ground fissures by employing field monitoring,numerical simulation,and theoretical analysis.The findings demonstrate that ground fissure development has an obvious feature of subregion,and its geographical distribution is significantly affected by topography.Tensile type,open type,and stepped type are three different categories of ground fissure.Ground fissures emerge dynamically as the panel advances,and they typically develop with a distance of less than periodic weighting step distance in advance of panel advancing position.Ground fissures present the dynamic development feature,temporary fissure has the ability of self-healing.The dynamic development process of ground fissure with closed-distance coal seam repeated mining is expounded,and the development scale is a dynamic development stage of“closure→expansion→stabilized”on the basis of the original development scale.From the perspective of topsoil deformation,the computation model considering two points movement vectors towards two directions of the gob and the ground surface is established,the development criterion considering the critical deformation value of topsoil is obtained.The mechanical model of hinged structure of inclined body is proposed to clarify the ground fissure development,and the interaction between slope activity and ground fissure development is expounded.These research results fulfill the gap of ground fissures about development regularity and formation mechanism,and can contribute to ground fissure prevention and treatment with Karst landform.

Analysis of stability of coal pillars with multi-coal seam strip mining

Strip mining is one of the efficient measures to control surface subsidence and mining damage. However, the researches on the laws of the geological mining factors to upper and lower pillar's stability are still deficient in multi-coal seam strip mining at present. Based on the three dimension fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (short for FLAC3D) numerical simulation software, the laws of the stress increasing coefficient on the coal pillar and its stability were systematically studied for different depths, different mining widths, different interlayer spacings, different mining thicknesses, different properties of interstratified rock and the spacial relations of the upper and lower pillars in vertical alignment in multi-coal seam strip mining. The function relation between the stress increasing coefficient of upper and lower pillars with the mining depth, mining widths, interlayer spacing, mining thickness, property of interstratified rock and the spatial relationship were obtained.

Relationship between joint development in rock and coal seams in the southeastern margin of the Ordos basin

To predict joint development characteristics of coal seams, joint characteristics of rock seams from 88field stations were observed and comparisons were made between joint characteristics of coal and rock seams at 10 coal outcrops. Additionally, detailed joint measurements of underground coal seams were taken at two coal mines. This study investigated the effects of seam thickness, lithology, and structure on joint development and established the relationship between joint development of coal and rock seams, which allowed predictions of predominant joint densities for the No.5 coal seam in the southeastern margin of the Ordos basin. The results show that outcrop and underground coal seams exhibit the same joint systems as rock seams. The joints are mainly upright. Predominant joints strike 55° on average, followed by joints striking 320°. The joint density of the coal seam is 18.7–22.5 times that of the sandstone seam at the same thickness. The predominant joint density of the No.5 coal seam, controlled by the structure, is 4–20 joints per meter. Joint densities exhibit high values at intersecting areas of faults and folds and decrease values in structurally stable areas. The permeability increases exponentially with increasing density of the predominant joints.

Law of surface movement for multi-coal seam strip mining

It is an important part of green mining to control the disasters of coal mining which have caused irreversible damages to buildings and ecological environment. Strip mining is one of the efficient measures to control surface subsidence and mining damage. However, the research on the laws of the surface subsidence are still deficient in multi-coal seam strip mining at present. Based on the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua(short for FLAC3D) numerical simulation software, the laws of the surface subsidence and horizontal movement were systematically studied for different depths, different mining widths, different distances between seams, different mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the special relations of the upper pillar and the lower pillar in the vertical direction in multi-seam strip mining. The function relation between the maximum subsidence and the maximum horizontal movement with the depth, the mining width, the seam distance, mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the partial offset are summarized respectively. Finally the formula integrating the surface maximum subsidence value and the maximum horizontal movement was deduced. The results can be used for reference theory and measure in forecasting the surface displacement in multi-coal seam strip mining.

煤炭原位开发地质保障

“双碳”目标下,面对“缺油、少气、相对富煤”的资源禀赋特征,煤炭在一段时期内仍占据中国的主体能源地位,但煤炭的低碳、清洁开发转型势在必行。地下原位热解、气化、干馏、制氢等方式有望成为未来煤炭开发的重要抓手。当前对煤炭原位开发已有较多探索,但地质选址和开发过程的地质安全性、可靠性和环保性仍是制约其规模化和商业化的科学难题。因此,煤炭原位开发地质保障的理论和技术研究亟待深入。秉持“安全、经济、环保、可持续”原则,从煤炭资源禀赋特征和地质条件出发,分析了煤炭原位开发研究现状;基于煤炭开发全生命周期的科学理念,提出了“煤炭原位开发地质保障”的科学内涵;在查明采前地质条件的基础上,从物理机制角度揭示深部原位开发过程中围岩地质体响应特征和损害规律,阐明原位开发中岩体工程地质力学行为,构建原位开发地质条件动态评价模型,形成原位开发减损保障策略和方法,提出原位开发空间的再利用途径,并以煤炭地下气化和地下热解2种开发模式为例阐述了原位开发阶段性,明确了原位开发区设计的地质条件要素,强调开发过程中实时动态监测和评价围岩地质体响应保证开发区密封性与安全性,实现地质条件时空演化的评价及地质风险可控性,此外注重协同开发深部热能与共伴生资源,实现残余资源利用和地下空间再利用。煤炭原位地质保障研究体现了资源赋存条件、地质环境约束、原位开发技术、地质风险防控、资源协同开发等层面的要求,突出了原位扰动条件下的地质条件变化,强调开发扰动与地质体结构的整体研究,理解原位开发时空效应范畴的多相场耦合损伤机制,从多圈层角度揭示原位开发扰动效应下地质风险模式,破解资源开发与地质环境制约之间矛盾,对于推动未来煤炭低碳开发,实现煤炭工业高质量发展具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。

富水沟谷区浅埋煤层导水裂隙演化特征

富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。为了揭示沟谷区浅埋煤层在回采扰动作用下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以朱家峁煤矿1305-2工作面过沟谷区回采阶段为工程背景,采用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数值模拟与现场效果验证的方法,建立了覆岩裂隙−渗流场概念模型,开展了覆岩结构发育与微震能量演化研究,分析了覆岩变形与塑性破坏分布特征,提出了针对沟谷区下浅埋煤层导水裂隙防治措施,并应用于现场工程实践。结果表明:开采扰动下裂隙−渗流场模型呈“梯台”结构,并依次划分为初渗区域、稳渗区域、紊渗区域3个区域;将所研究矿井的工况数据代入模型结构,计算出各个渗透区域范围,并根据计算结果对矿井的稳渗区域采取注浆措施。工作面回采至沟谷区段,覆岩裂隙域形态呈现“拱形-梯形-复合梯形”的扩展演化特征,裂隙纵向发育高度达到163 m,并与沟谷区地表贯通。随工作面推进,地表裂隙依次经历“滑移-挤压-撕裂”过程;沟谷区域位移云图呈现出滞后开采“高位梯形”破断形态,在沟底处下沉位移最大,达3.47 m。针对开采导致的裂隙大范围扩展贯通,提出在地面进行采动裂缝注浆处理,在工作面上覆岩层进行注浆封堵,实现过沟谷区开采“井上−井下”联合防治,保证安全开采。该研究结果可为浅埋煤层的过沟谷区开采、采动裂隙防治及富水区“保水采煤”提供新的科学依据。

大倾角煤层智能化监测监控装备研发与应用

通过对大倾角工作面的功能配置、监测办法、工艺匹配等问题分析,以采煤机记忆截割、液压支架跟机自动化和可视化远程监控为基础,以智能控制软件为核心,实现了在地面或巷道集控中心对综采设备的智能监测与集中控制,确保工作面截煤、推溜、移架、运输、除尘等智能化运行以及工作面连续、安全、高效开采。通过对支架功能精准监测,配合智能化开采工艺手段,实现了大倾角综采自动程序操作,跟机率达到80%以上。

倾斜煤层煤层气与煤炭地下气化协调开发技术构想

煤层气(CBM)开发与煤炭地下气化(UCG)是我国煤基天然气生产的重要来源,新疆前陆冲断带倾斜煤层发育区煤与煤层气资源丰富。为深入剖析倾斜煤层CBM与UCG协调开发可行性,系统剖析了现有CBM与UCG关键技术及其对CBM−UCG协调开发的借鉴意义,分析了倾斜煤层CBM与UCG协调开发优势、技术路径、面临的主要问题和未来研究方向,得到以下认识:①“CBM开发疏干效应”“UCG热作用解吸效应”“UCG采动卸压效应”下CBM−UCG协调开发可形成相互促进的良性循环;②提出了直井+顺煤层倾向井“先抽后烧”、顺煤层倾向井组合“边抽边烧”、定向L型CBM井+顺煤层倾向UCG井“边烧边抽”、下部煤层布置沿倾向UCG井+上部煤层布置定向L型CBM井“先抽后烧再抽”、复杂井型“井工厂式”布置等协调开发技术路径;③CBM与UCG协调开发面临地质选区评价理论基础研究薄弱、缝网条件下UCG热作用扩展范围不清、倾斜煤层UCG过程岩层移动卸压范围不明等理论问题;同时面临CBM−UCG协调开发“井工厂式”钻井技术、CBM井与UCG井协调开发生产制度、CBM与UCG协调开发地质动态测控、CBM井密封性与耐高温性保护等工程问题;④要强化倾斜煤层CBM与UCG协调开发地质选址评价研究、开发动态理论研究、工程协调技术先导性试验研究,确保协调开发安全、有序、可控、高效。

近距离煤层重复采动覆岩破坏规律及“两带”发育高度分析

为研究近距离煤层重复采动下覆岩破坏规律与“两带”发育高度,预防工作面开采过程中由导水漏风通道引起的工作面顶板漏水、采空区自燃等各种安全事故,以鄂尔多斯市某煤矿为工程背景,采用井下窥视法和数值模拟对近距离煤层开采后覆岩破坏规律以及“两带”发育高度进行分析,揭示了规律形成的原因。研究结果表明:在近距离煤层重复采动影响下,“两带”发育高度远超过上煤层开采,下煤层推进80 m时裂隙带最大发育高度为88 m,与地表贯通形成导水漏风通道;初次采动与重复采动时的裂采比分别为19.33、29.33;裂隙带的发育呈台阶式上升,阶段间的变化表现为激跳形式;覆岩的破坏表现为“拱形→帽形→马鞍形→外O内蝶形”;数值模拟及拟合公式所预测的“两带”发育高度与实测值之间误差率为1%左右,验证了预测的准确性,可为相似工作面的开采以及相似工程提供借鉴。

覆岩应力-漏风综合影响下浅埋煤层群下煤层开采巷道布置研究

针对浅埋近距离煤层群上部遗留煤柱影响下的下部工作面巷道合理布置位置确定问题,以活鸡兔井为例,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟研究了遗留煤柱底板应力分布与上、下煤层开采采空区裂隙发育特征。结果表明:12号煤层开采过后,22号煤层水平距上覆煤柱20 m内为垂向应力与主应力差增高区,22号煤层水平应力在区段煤柱内侧较低;下煤层巷道布置采用外错式与重叠式时,巷道两侧围岩主应力差较大,且外错式与重叠式布置方式下22号煤层工作面开采时夹层与上部老空区覆岩二次运移剧烈,采空区两侧斜向裂缝带发育与贯通较好;采用内错式,巷道两侧围岩主应力差随与煤柱距离增大先降低、后升高,在距煤柱25~35 m处主应力差达到最低,且该布置方式下上部采空区覆岩沉降均衡,裂缝带闭合性较好,极大阻止了地表与层间贯通漏风通道的发育。

缓倾斜煤层群开采辅助运输系统改造及开拓优化设计

针对缓倾斜煤层群开发过程中由于辅助提升及运输系统复杂引起的一系列问题,提出以无轨化辅助运输系统为改造目标,以新建缓坡斜井为改造方式,对沙吉海一号矿井进行辅助提升及运输系统改造。结合井筒布置情况,对矿井进行开拓优化设计,采用缓坡斜井兼做采区辅助运输上山的方式开发煤层群,减少采区个数,延长各采区服务年限,有利于缓解矿井采掘接续紧张的局面。对于新疆地区煤层群开发,沙吉海一号矿井开拓优化思路有一定的借鉴意义。

厚倾斜煤层采煤机的研发

针对厚倾斜煤层的开采需要,对现有大采高采煤机牵引力、制动性能、摇臂润滑、液压系统和电气控制系统方面进行技术改进,开发了一款适用型采煤机。通过地面试验台架大倾角适应性试验和井下工业性试验,验证了该采煤机可满足厚倾斜煤层工作面的安全采煤,为煤矿提供了有力装备支撑。

安山煤矿浅埋煤层覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度实测研究

为了研究庙哈孤矿区浅埋煤层开采导水覆岩裂隙带发育规律,以安山煤矿133103工作面为研究背景,采用理论分析与现场实测相结合的手段对3-1煤层开采后覆岩裂隙发育规律进行研究。结果表明,133103工作面垮落带高度10.69~15.88 m,垮采比为4.86~5.73,导水裂隙带发育范围52.33~62.52 m,裂采比为23.8~28.4。研究成果为庙哈孤矿区类似条件下工作面开采顶板水灾害防治提供参考。

近距离薄煤层群首采层卸压瓦斯协同抽采技术研究

为有效解决近距离薄煤层群开采首采层上、下邻近层大量卸压瓦斯涌入的治理问题,以某煤矿为研究对象,采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法,研究近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯运移规律,并根据富集特征确定卸压瓦斯抽采钻孔的空间位置。研究结果表明:首采层开采覆岩导气裂隙带最大发育高为10.3~23.2 m。设计超大直径顺层预抽钻孔高0.8 m,宽2.08 m;顶板定向长钻孔终孔最优抽采位置为垂直距离开采层顶板15.0~23.0 m,水平距离回风侧20.5~27.5 m;2条埋管抽采最佳错距为距底板高1.1,1.7 m,深入采空区11.3,20.8 m。优化后的布置参数应用于现场实践,试验工作面回采期间上隅角瓦斯体积分数保持在0.7%以下。研究结果能够实现近距离薄煤层群开采条件下卸压瓦斯高效抽采,保证矿井安全高效生产。

多煤层开采顶板导水裂隙带发育高度模拟分析研究

针对由顶板覆岩破坏而导致的矿井水害问题,以A煤矿一、二水平工作面为工程背景,采用力学理论分析与数值模拟等方法,分析了该煤矿多煤层开采条件下导水裂隙带发育高度特征,探讨了9号煤层回采不同距离时覆岩运移特征。结果表明:在4+5号及8号煤层回采结束后的重复采动过程中,9号煤层导水裂隙带与8号煤层贯通;9号煤层斜长200 m,工作面割煤回采引起导水裂隙带发育高度约为144.95 m,对8号煤层导水裂隙带发育高度影响不明显,对4+5号煤层导水裂隙带发育高度造成一定影响。对复杂开采条件下顶板导水裂隙带发育高度的研究,对指导矿井安全生产,防治矿井水害有着重要的现实意义。

基于Seam Carving和深度学习的车标识别系统研究与实现

车标识别作为智能交通的重要组成部分,对于有效识别存在号牌污染的违法车辆具有重要的补充作用,广泛应用于肇事车辆信息确认、复杂路况下的车辆布控、车辆监管等领域,工程价值较大。基于上述背景,提出了一种基于Seam Carving和深度学习的的一般车标特征提取算法,可以利用提取的有限车标核心特征点快速构建车标二维逼真模型,具有自主性高、人工干预少、适应性好等优势。在VS2012环境下开发了验证环境并对算法进行了实际验证,结果表明本文所提算法可以在较短的时间内有效重建车标二维逼真模型,准确率和稳定性较高,车标纹理性等符合视觉特征。

薄厚优劣煤层的配采方案设计与效益分析

针对大阳煤矿井田内3号煤层优质资源已濒临枯竭,在全部开采完结再进行新的煤层资源开发,难以保证矿井的正常接续和生产衔接,影响矿井的后续经营与可持续发展等问题,对大阳煤矿3号、15号可采煤层进行了研究分析,提出了“中厚-厚煤层、高-低硫分、高-低热量”的配采方案。通过线性规划理论,使用二元一次方程组的联合求解方式计算得出最佳配采比例,确定了3、15号煤层2:1的配采方案。方案确定后,利用井下原有生产系统,新建一处西回风立井开采,并对运输设备进行了选择,实现了高热量、低硫分的配煤生产,具有更优的经济价值,在保证矿井1.80 Mt/a稳定生产的同时,延长了矿井服务年限。

新疆大倾角多煤组煤矿区煤层气开发利用进展与前景

煤层气是非常规天然气的重要组成部分,新疆作为我国十四个特大型煤炭产业基地之一,煤层气资源储量丰富,约占全国煤层气资源总量的26%。为分析归纳新疆特殊的大倾角多煤组煤矿区煤层气资源特征,总结了“十三五”以来,新疆煤矿区煤层气开发利用在理论、技术及装备方面取得的突破性研究进展,并对未来新疆煤矿区煤层气开发利用潜力和应用前景作出长远的展望。结果表明:新疆煤矿区资源具有“倾角大、煤层多、煤阶低、含气高”的特征。取得的突破性研究进展主要包括:提出了基于“三孔四区五量”的大倾角多煤组煤矿区时空协同煤与煤层气协调开发模式;阐明了大倾角采动地面井变形模式及高危位置确定方法,提出了“避、抗、让、疏、护”五字理念的地面井设计技术;研发了大倾角碎软煤层下向递进式抽采钻孔成套技术与装备;构建了新疆高寒地区煤层气利用蓄热氧化供暖技术;上述研究成果在现场试验中成功应用,提升了新疆煤矿区煤层气开发利用的整体水平。然而,规模化的煤层气开发利用产业尚未大面积形成。因此,亟需总结推广典型的大倾角多煤组煤矿区三区联动煤层气开发模式;加强多煤组煤矿区的地面井均匀超前预抽;研发井下煤层气高效抽采技术及装备;基于非对称采动卸压作用实现靶向精准抽采煤层气;拓展适用于高寒地区的全浓度范围煤层气利用技术;重点加快推进国家级“新疆准噶尔盆地南缘煤层气产业化基地”建设,实现新疆丰富煤层气资源的规模有效开发利用。

近距离煤层群协调开采支架工作阻力计算方法与系统

近距离煤层群协调开采模式下,由于煤层间的开采扰动影响,各煤层开采顶板结构特征不尽相同,因此各煤层开采支架工作阻力的计算方法也存在差异。为针对性地为各煤层开采支架额定工作阻力确定提供思路,综合应用理论分析、系统开发及现场实测方法,对各煤层开采支架工作阻力的计算方法进行了研究。主要成果有:①建立了煤层开采顶板砌体梁式、散体给定式及散体给定−砌体梁式平衡结构模型。砌体梁式平衡结构适用于未受开采扰动影响或受到的开采扰动影响较小的煤层开采;散体给定载荷平衡结构适用于煤层顶板岩层为单一岩层,且受到上部煤层开采影响的煤层开采;散体给定载荷−砌体梁式平衡结构适用于顶板岩层为多层岩层,且层间存在厚度较大,岩性较硬的岩层,同时受到上煤层开采影响岩层仍能保持连续性与完整性的煤层开采;②开发了适用于开滦集团“近距离煤层群开采覆岩破断及支架载荷评价系统”,提出了各煤层支架额定工作阻力的建议选择结果。通过各煤层开采支架压力实测,采用支架额定工作阻力经验选择结果后,各煤层开采支架载荷利用率普遍偏低,支架载荷富余量偏大。而采用各煤层支架额定工作阻力的建议选择结果后,各煤层开采支架载荷利用率明显提高。