A Critical Review of the Effects of Stock Returns and Market Timing on Capital Structure

Capital structure is regarded as the combination of debt and equity firms used to finance operations and investments.The choice of capital structure significantly impacts a company’s cost of capital,profitability,and risk profile.Among a series of factors that affect capital structure,this paper focuses on stock returns and market timing.In this review,an array of papers is analyzed to summarize what current research claims regarding the influence of stock returns and market timing on capital structure.This paper centers on the stock return and market timing theories and also discusses other theories like the trade-off theory,the pecking order theory,and the signaling theory.

The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital （IC） and Stock Market Performance： Empirical Evidence From Italy

Intellectual capital （IC） is an important source of value for companies. The competitive firm invests in new productive ideas through scientific and technological researches of the human factor and services. The traditional factors of＂old economy＂ based on physical assets have been replaced or at least reinforced, with the belief that the ＂new economy＂ takes its steps mainly through IC. The knowledge workers, at every organizational level, have the knowledge that allows the organization to be competitive and deal with the complexity of the environment by creating intellectual added value. In particular, the proposed analysis consists with an empirical way to show other financial indicators and market-to-book （MTB） value from the perspective of creating value for shareholders based on the dynamics of companies＇ performance, as value-added intellectual capital （VAICTM） is capable of expressing a direct relationship with the return on equity （ROE）. The traditional financial information cannot ensure the high efficiency of a stock market and the need for IC reporting to explain intangible asset contribution in company performance.

Internet big data and capital markets:a literature review

Background:Research in various academic disciplines has undergone tremendous changes in the era of big data.Everyone is talking about big data nowadays,but how exactly is it being applied in research on financial studies?Results:This study summarizes the sources of Internet big data for research related to capital markets and the analytical methods that have been used in the literature.In addition,it presents a review of the research findings based on Internet big data in the field of capital markets and proposes suggestions for future studies in which big data can be applied to examine issues related to capital markets.Conclusion:(1)Internet big data sources related to present capital market research can be categorized into forum-type data,microblog-type data and search class data.(2)As for research about investors’sentiments on the basis of Internet big data,the main methods of sentiment analysis include building an inventory of lexical categories,using dictionaries for analysis of lexical categories,and machine learning.(3)Many studies address whether Internet big data can predict capital markets.However,they reach no consistent conclusions,which could be due to limitations of sample and analysis method used.(4)Data collection technique and analysis methods require further improvements.

Does Market Timing Affect Capital Structure？： Evidence for Chinese Firms

This paper investigates the market timing hypothesis of capital structure using a sample of 1,077 Chinese firms for the period 1992 to 2007. We find that market timing plays a significant role in capital structure decisions. However, market timing effects are not persistent and disappear within three years. The results suggest the prominent role played by the government in timing of security issues.

REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CAPITAL MARKET OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA’S MAINLAND

Since China's reform and open door, the countries and regions of direct investment in China's mainland have been increasing. In 1995, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China was US$ 37.81 billion that was from more than 170 countries and regions. The regional structure of capital market of FDI in China has three characteristics: (1) The most of FDI was from the near countries or regions, Hong Kong Macao, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia provided 80.3% of the amount of FDI in 1995. (2) Only several countries and regions provided most of FDI in China. (3) According to the contributory rate, the main capital market of FDI in China could be divided into four classes, including the guiding market, subsidiary market, new and development market, opportunity market. Most of FDI in China was from the developing countries and regions, which had a negative effect on the size and technical level of foreign capital enterprises. The author puts forward the countermeasures to improve the regional structure of capital market: (1) to keep the guiding market stable, (2) to open up chiefly the subsidiary market, (3) to guide actively the new and developing market, (4) to try hard to start the opportunity market.

A study of the logical model of capital market complexity theories

Analyzes the shortcomings of the classic capital market theories based on EMH and discloses the complexity essence of the capital market. Considering the capital market a complicated, interactive and adaptable dynamic system, with complexity science as the method for researching the operation law of the capital market, this paper constructs a nonlinear logical model to analyze the applied realm, focal point and interrelationship of such theories as dissipative structure theory, chaos theory, fractal theory, synergetics theory, catastrophe theory and scale theory, and summarizes and discusses the achievements and problems of each theory. Based on the research, the paper foretells the developing direction of eomplexity science in a capital market.

An Empirical Assessment of the Impact of Nigerian all Share Index, Market Capitalization, and Number of Equities on Gross Domestic Product

A stock exchange is an exchange where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell shares of stock, bonds, and other securities. All listings are included in the Nigerian Stock Exchange All Shares index. In terms of market capitalization, the Nigerian Stock Exchange is the third largest stock exchange in Africa. Objectives: The paper assesses the impact of Nigerian Stock Market (all share index, market capitalization, and number of equities) on Gross domestic product (Economic Growth). Materials and Methods: Regression analysis and ordinary least square technique were employed. Result and Discussion: The series was stationary at 1%, 5%, and 10% α level;the residuals were normally distributed but not serially correlated at 5% α level. All Share Index, Market Capitalization and Total Number of listed Equities have a joint and individual significant effect on Economic Growth (Gross Domestic Product) with Total Number of listed Equities having a negative (opposite) linear relationship with the Gross Domestic Product. The Durbin-Watson statistics (R2 = 0.9910 = 1.3686) suggest that the model is not spurious and it is devoid of positive and negative autocorrelation (DW = 1.3686 > dl = 1.07 and DW = 1.5033 ?-?du = 2.17). Therefore, it can produce meaningful result when used for forecasting a positive relationship between gross domestic product, all share index and market capitalization with a 99.1% R-square value. Significant Positive connection between all share index, market capitalization, the number of equities and gross domestic product suggests that government policies and bills aimed towards rapid development of the capital market should be initiated.

The concept of capital before and after industrial revolution： Islamic versus market economy

The concept of capital and ownership of capital in market economy and Islamic economy is different. Also the role that capital is expected to play in the economy is different in two economic systems. One of the key elements in creation of the capital （capital formation） is interest rate. In Islam interest is strictly forbidden. This paper reviews the concept of capital and the process of capital formation both before and after industrial revelation. In that context it also looks at the function of interest rate during the time of Prophet Mohammed and the present time.

The Capital Market in the Process of Taking a New Road of Industrialization

The page expounds the new situation in the process of taking a new road of industrialization, analyses the function of the capital market, discusses the measures of perfecting the capital market system, accelerating the capital formation and promoting the development of industrialization.

The Role of Venture Capital in Supporting the Development Process of Innovative Start-Ups:Evidence From the Italian Market

This research paper investigates the role of Italian venture capital in supporting innovative start-ups in their early-stage process,which is usually focused on the creation of a new product or the development of a new service.The aim of the study is to observe and assess the key economic features of innovative start-ups funded at the beginning of the early-stage by venture capital funds and thereafter analyze the level of development of target companies at four years since the capital injection.The sample of deals created to describe this dynamic process is composed by investments realized between 1996 and 2012 and,in this way,according to the chosen methodology,it is representative of Italian venture capital role and contribution in the years from 1996 to 2016.The authors used for their empirical study a proprietary database,Venture Capital Monitor—VeMTM.Through the analysis of collected data,the paper describes the strategic importance of venture capital investments in early-stage opportunities both for target companies and the Italian socio-economic environment,and finds aggregate values of reference to quantitatively define the socio-economic outcome of this kind of operations.A final further contribution is provided by comparing the present results to the ones of two previous studies conducted by the authors.

Brexit Implications on Capital Market and International Financial Governance

This paper assumes as a focal point the concept that the ＂post-Brexit＂ may represent a change of era for European and global financial service and particularly for capital market sector. The change of era produces new ＂global systemic interrelation＂ in which financial globalization, governance and regulation will give place to new, largely unknown complexities. In general, the different interests and immediate priorities of euro and non-euro countries, coupled with a need for prompt and, at times, politically sensitive action, have had the result of a greater fragmentation or a differentiated integration in EU governance in the financial sector. On this assumption, we may say that the post-Brexit scenario is in some way preceded by a series of ＂fractures＂ in European governance. The direct effect of the post-Brexit era is that UK regulated financial entities will still need ＂passporting＂ across the EU single market： UK is going to vest the role of third party country, which will require an ＂equivalence regime＂ similar to the ＂substituted compliance＂ used in the same direction by US regulators. At the same time, while an equivalence regime may work in principle to deal cross-border issues at the global level, in the long term, it may be an instrument for a ＂battle of ideas＂ in the new political arena of global financial governance.

Testing the Semi-strong Form Efficiency of Islamic Capital Market With Response to Information Content of Dividend Announcement： A Study in Jakarta Islamic Index

The specific concepts of Islamic capital market are based on transparency, accountability, and no asymmetric information. A capital market is said to be efficient with respect to an information item if the prices of securities fully impound the return implication of that item. This study has two main objectives. Firstly, for testing the efficiency of Islamic capital market which focuses on Jakarta Islamic Index （JII）. Secondly, by this research finding the regulator can make a good solution to create the real Islamic capital market. This study concludes that the Islamic capital market is not efficient in information. This is proved by test, where the result for both mean adjusted model and market adjusted model shows not significant, which means that the stock price that occurred has not been able to reflect a strong relationship with the real conditions that exist within the company. The second conclusion is the magnitude of abnormal return suggests that the market still has asymmetric information that will cause the occurrence of abnormal return. This is very unfortunate because Islamic capital market should be efficient in reflecting information transparency that could create a fair price in accordance with the real condition of the company＇s stock issuance.

Manufacturing Capital Lingers in the Stock Market

Pressured by a slowdown in exports, cost increases and dwindling returns to manufacturing investments, China's manufacturing capital has begun to shift to the real-estate and stock markets. As a matter of fact, the stock market had already felt a shock a couple of years ago when top domestic manufacturers like Midea, Gree, TCL and LMZ started to invest their idle capital in the real-estate and stock markets. Investments of manufacturing capital in both the real estate and stock markets have increased fluid capital and pushed up the value of both markets. Booms in both markets have in turn guaranteed investment returns of manufacturing capital, which further increased the stock market valuations of manufacturing capital. Such a cycle has created interest chains between listed manufacturers, the stock market and the real-estate market. Along with the ups and downs of the stock and real-estate markets, manufacturing capital now faces a dilemma: to escape or to persist? Where should it escape? When can the markets be profitable again? Just like the classic Shakespearean question: to be or not to be, that is the question.

Expected Investment Premium in China Capital Market

Through a measurement of corporate investment plan,i.e.expected investment cash flow growth(EICFG),which combines historical equity issuance and factors that influence firm’s future investment,this paper studies the impact of investment expectation on firm’s cross-sectional return of stock in China capital market.I document the negative correlation between EICFG and future stock return in A-share market,and find out that stocks of firms with higher growth of investment cash flow performs significantly worse than those with lower growth of investment cash flow in one year.Our long-short EICFG portfolio generates a statistically and economically significant return which cannot be captured by leading factor models.I further disentangle the covariation between EICFG and expected stock return from rational and behavioral perspective.This paper also extends the research of investment premium to investment-based asset pricing model.

Analysis on the Pathway of Implementation of QDII and Chinese Enterprises Overseas Investment Risk from the Perspective of Capital Market Internationalization

In this paper, we conduct analysis on the pathway of implementation of QDII and Chinese enterprises overseas investment riskfrom the perspective of capital market internationalization. From the perspective of enterprise development, the multi-level capital market is thesource of vitality. China’s economy went into a state of dual economy, on the one hand there are a number of large and medium-sized stateownedenterprises, on the other hand are the thriving entrepreneurial companies while individual demand for capital market is different, differententerprises listed on the threshold. In the world economy, international direct investment is the most can refl ect one of the economic operationsof the concept of economic globalization, and has inseparable relation with international trade. Along with the economic globalization process isaccelerated, overall, the international foreign direct investment and international trade interaction, promote each other, are dramatically increasingand expanding. This paper integrates the research on the related issues to propose the new suggestions that will be innovative and necessary.

The Analysis of Chinese Basic Pension Funds into Capital Markets

That is a global issue to preserve and increase the value of pension funds, also has caused widespread concern of the governments around the world. China＇s basic pension funds are also facing the severe problem. In this background, The State Council issued ＂the Measures for the Administration of Investment in Basic Pension Insurance Funds＂, Basic Pension Funds into Capital Markers finally＂ have laws to go by ＂. To explore the basic pension funds into the market has a realistic social significance. Based on the SWOT analysis method, make a detailed analysis of the pension market from four aspects, put forward some views and hope that these opinions can provide reference for the sustainable development of China＇s basic pension fund system.

Discussion on the Formation and Trading Mechanism of Art Market Capital Price

Under the market economy system,art is a new investment channel.With the improvement of people's living standards,it has a new understanding of art investment.Based on this,this paper takes the price of art as the research object,and elaborates the price formation and transaction of the art capital market from the aspects of the intrinsic elements of art,the investment of art,the supply and demand of art market,people's boastful consumption and social education.The constraints imposed by the mechanism.

The supervision of the pension funds entering the capital market in china

The pension funds entering the capital market is the trend of the times, how to ensure the security of pension funds after entering the market, it is not only related to the interest of the individual but also affect the society＇s harmonious development. This article begins with the concept of pension funds into the market, the urgency and necessity of the pension funds into the market in our country and the actual situation of the pension regulators at present. According to analysis the problems existing in the pension market regulation, then putting forward countermeasures and measures, paving the way for pension funds entering the market in our country.