Informational Structure of the Living Systems: From Philosophy to Informational Modeling

In this paper,there are discussed the informational functions of the living structures,analyzing the properties of the simplest eukaryotic cell as an example of a structural unit of the living unicellular and multicellular systems.The initiation of this analysis starts from an older example of an imaginary mechanism,particularly that described by the Maxwell’s demon experiment,which along the history of the information development concepts accompanied the philosophic vision on the structuration of matter and of the living entities,showing that these are actually the result of the intervention of information on the matter available substrate.Particularly,it is shown that the deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)structure is appropriate to store a large quantity of structural information,allowing the transfer of this information by transcription and translation mechanisms to proteins,which act as(re)structuration/transmission informational agents,or the generation of a new cellular daughter structure by a replication process.On the basis of the theory of information in communication channels,applicable also in biological systems,it was discussed the followed line for the evaluation of the quantity of structural information in various cells,demonstrating the evolution of organism complexity by the increase of the structural information quantity from unicellular(bacterium)to human cell.Applying a natural strategy of entropy lowering mainly by heat elimination,folding protein structuration and compartmentalization on the evolutionary scale,the living structures act as dynamic entities assuring their self-organizational structure by a permanent change of matter,energy and information with the environment in an efficient way,following a negative entropic process by internal structuration,similarly with Maxwell’s demon work.It is shown that to assure such a communication with external and internal intracellular structure,it was necessary the development of an own info-operational system of communication and decision,in which the operational“Yes/No”decisional binary(Bit)unit is essential.These revolutionary results show that the cell unit complies with the similar informational functions like the multicellular structure of the human body,organized in seven-type informational components,allowing the informational modeling of the activity of the living biologic structures and the opening of a shortcutting way to mimic the biologic functions in artificial cells.

Coverless Information Hiding Based on the Molecular Structure Images of Material

The traditional information hiding methods embed the secret information by modifying the carrier,which will inevitably leave traces of modification on the carrier.In this way,it is hard to resist the detection of steganalysis algorithm.To address this problem,the concept of coverless information hiding was proposed.Coverless information hiding can effectively resist steganalysis algorithm,since it uses unmodified natural stego-carriers to represent and convey confidential information.However,the state-of-the-arts method has a low hidden capacity,which makes it less appealing.Because the pixel values of different regions of the molecular structure images of material(MSIM)are usually different,this paper proposes a novel coverless information hiding method based on MSIM,which utilizes the average value of sub-image’s pixels to represent the secret information,according to the mapping between pixel value intervals and secret information.In addition,we employ a pseudo-random label sequence that is used to determine the position of sub-images to improve the security of the method.And the histogram of the Bag of words model(BOW)is used to determine the number of subimages in the image that convey secret information.Moreover,to improve the retrieval efficiency,we built a multi-level inverted index structure.Furthermore,the proposed method can also be used for other natural images.Compared with the state-of-the-arts,experimental results and analysis manifest that our method has better performance in anti-steganalysis,security and capacity.

Investigation of system structure and information processing mechanism for cognitive skywave over-the-horizon radar

Based on the cognitive radar concept and the basic connotation of cognitive skywave over-the-horizon radar（SWOTHR）, the system structure and information processingmechanism about cognitive SWOTHR are researched. Amongthem, the hybrid network system architecture which is thedistributed configuration combining with the centralized cognition and its soft/hardware framework with the sense-detectionintegration are proposed, and the information processing framebased on the lens principle and its information processing flowwith receive-transmit joint adaption are designed, which buildand parse the work law for cognition and its self feedback adjustment with the lens focus model and five stages informationprocessing sequence. After that, the system simulation andthe performance analysis and comparison are provided, whichinitially proves the rationality and advantages of the proposedideas. Finally, four important development ideas of futureSWOTHR toward ＂high frequency intelligence information processing system＂ are discussed, which are scene information fusion, dynamic reconfigurable system, hierarchical and modulardesign, and sustainable development. Then the conclusion thatthe cognitive SWOTHR can cause the performance improvement is gotten.

Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.

An Efficient Information Hiding Scheme Based on Closest Paired Tree Structure Vector Quantization

Information hiding schemes based on vector quantization （VQ） usually require lengthy VQ encoding and decoding processes. In this paper, we propose an efficient information hiding method based on closest paired tree structure vector quantization （CPTSVQ）. The simulation result shows that the execution time of the proposed scheme is much shorter than that attained by previous approaches.

Spectrum spatial structure characteristic analysis of remote sensing alteration information and interference factors

Based on the statistical characteristics of remote sensing data, the spatial geometric structure characteristics of spectral data and distribution of background, interference and alteration information in characteristic space were researched through the analysis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional scatter diagrams. The results indicate that the hyper-space of remote sensing multi-data aggregation belongs to low-dimensional geometric structure, i.e. hyperplane form, and anomalous point groups including alteration information usually dissociate out of hyperplane. Scatter diagrams of remote sensing data band are mainly presented as two distribution forms of single-ellipse and dual-ellipse. Clarifying the relations of three objects of background, disturbance and alteration information in remote sensing images provides an important technical thought and guidance for accurately detecting and extracting remote sensing alteration information.

Evolution and Development of the Information Concept in Biological Systems: From Empirical Description to Informational Modeling of the Living Structures

With the purpose to smooth the way of a correct understanding of information concepts and their evolution,in this paper,is discussed the evolution and development of the concept of information in biological systems,showing that this concept was intuitively perceived even since ancient times by our predecessors,and described according to their language level of that times,but the crystallization of the real meaning of information is an achievement of our nowadays,by successive contribution of various scientific branches and personalities of the scientific community of the world,leading to a modern description/modeling of reality,in which information plays a fundamental role.It is shown that our reality can be understood as a contribution of matter/energy/information and represented/discussed as the model of the Universal Triangle of Reality(UTR),where various previous models can be suggestively inserted,as a function of their basic concern.The modern concepts on information starting from a theoretic experiment which would infringe the thermodynamics laws and reaching the theory of information and modern philosophic concepts on the world structuration allow us to show that information is a fundamental component of the material world and of the biological structures,in correlation with the structuration/destructuration processes of matter,involving absorption/release of information.Based on these concepts,is discussed the functionality of the biologic structures and is presented the informational model of the human body and living structures,as a general model of info-organization on the entire biological scale,showing that a rudimentary proto-consciousness should be operative even at the low-scale biological systems,because they work on the same principles,like the most developed bio-systems.The operability of biologic structures as informational devices is also pointed out.

Information Structure in Textual Analysis from the Perspective of Theme-Rheme Pattern——A Sample of an Application Letter

This essay aims to find out how information is organized in a given text based on analysis of clause complexes and theme and rheme structure in terms of experiential,interpersonal and textual themes.

Information in the Universal Triangle of Reality for Non-living/Living Structures:From Philosophy to Neuro/Life Sciences

With the purpose to understand better the role of information not only in communication systems,but actually in our environmental reality,this paper presented the model of Universal Triangle of Reality,composed by Matter,Energy and Information,as fundamental constitutive components of this reality.Arguments coming from the field of physics,both at the cosmic and microparticles scale are presented,showing undoubtable conclusions that information is a fundamental component of reality in our material world.At the cosmic level,where the unusual high concentration of mass in the black holes constitutes a special state of matter,suitable for analysis of their special properties,the problem of the conservation principle of information is discussed.At the quantum level,the special unusual characteristics derived from the non-localization principle are also highlighted,together with information-involved problems and solutions.The Universal Triangle of Reality in the living systems reveals the high role of the involved information,both as the informational common organization on the entire evolution scale,and as the info-dynamics processes inside of own structure and resulted from interaction with the environment.The relevant advances in the approaching and understanding of the functionality of the living systems from informational point of view are highlighted,showing the high contribution of information concepts in understanding/solving of various older/recent problems in philosophy,neuroscience/neurology/psychiatry,neuro-physics/neuropsychology/behavior sciences,geriatrics/gerontology,biology and life sciences.

Information Technology and Paradigm Shifting in Organizational Structure and Strategy

This paper examines the impacts of information technology (IT) on LDCs' competitive conditions, especially the impacts on intra-organization's linkage and technology capability formation via innovation, as the rising of the new paradigms of system integration. And some strategic implications are made.

Information Geometric Structures for the Thermodynamic Manifold

In view of information geometry,the state space S of thermodynamic parameters is investigated.First a Riemannian metric for S is defined and then the α-geometric structures of S is given.Some of results obtained by other authors are extended.

Impact of Online Community Structure on Information Propagation:Empirical Analysis and Modeling

Online social networking sites ( OSNS) ,as a popular social media platform,have been developed massively for business and research purposes. In this paper,it investigated the impact of community structure in online social network on information propagation. A SI (Susceptible-Infected) model based on community structure was proposed. In the SI model,the heterogeneity of user's active time was taken into account. From the results,it was found that the number of links among communities determines the fraction of infected nodes. With the increase of the number of groups G,however,the fraction of infected nodes remains approximately constant. The simulation results will be of great significance: the information will last relatively short for group networks which have either a small or a large number of groups. The results can be useful for optimizing or controlling information,such as propagating rumors in online social networks.

Feature-based and objectoriented product information model for welding structure

Product information model for welding structure plays an important role for the integration of welding CAD/CAPP/CAM. However, existing CAD modeling systems are not capable of providing enough information for subsequent manufacturing activities such as CAPP and CAM. A new design approach using feature technique and object oriented programming method is put forward in this paper in order to create the product information model of welding structure. With this approach, the product information model is able to effectively support computer aided welding process planning, fixturing, assembling, path planning of welding robot and other manufacturing activities. The feature classification and representing scheme of welding structure are discussed. A prototype system is developed based on feature and object oriented programming. Its structure and functions are given in detail.

The Essence and Structure of Information Competency of an Interpreter in the System of Continuing Education

The paper highlights the problem of training of interpreters in the system of continuing education in Russia. The theoretical analysis of the essence and structure of the information competency of an interpreter in continuing education as subjects is proposed. The research techniques were document analysis, interviews, participant observation, work process analysis, and focus groups. This paper presents a brief overview of the information competency of an interpreter. The importance of the information competency in the structure of professional competency of an interpreter is acknowledged by the majority of modern experts. But there still exists the problem of determining the set of skills which present the information competency of an interpreter. This paper introduces the author＇s view on the problem of defining the essence and structure of the information competency of an interpreter.

Information-Body Relation and Information as a Solution of the Consciousness Problem in the Biological Structures

This paper approaches two main philosophical questions concerning the biological structures,from unicellular to multicellular organisms:one of them(i),referred to the information-body relation,as an extension of the mind-body relation at human,and another one(ii),to the consciousness problem,concerning the existence and nature of consciousness(if any),at the inferior organisms on the complexity scale,as this concept is known at humans.As philosophy benefits of the privilege to use data/concepts from other sciences to obtain philosophical conclusions,there were included detailed descriptions of some key biologic mechanisms,analyzed from informational perspective,necessary just to support/demonstrate/reinforce the informational nature/substrate of the mentioned relations.The analysis of the close relation between information and body,related to the structuration and functional properties of the biological organisms,from cells to multicellular structures,shows that all of them are able to“embody/disembody”information during/by structuration/destructuration processes of matter,in particular that of DNA/RNA/proteins,their functions appearing as a result of their informational capabilities to internally manage the inter-connection with environment,primarily due to their permanent dependence on the food resources and adaptation/survival needs.The experimental and theoretical studies,revealing/documenting on one hand the automatic management of maintenance metabolic processes,the reproduction,and growth/development,and on the other hand the adaptive decision-making/sentient processes as a responsive reaction to the environmental cues,show/support the consistency of the informational model of the human body and living structures on the entire biological scale,providing support to the informational solution of the stated problems(i)and(ii).A distinct attention is paid to plants,which are organisms without nervous system,but which show/manifest also informational capabilities to detect/react to information and to modulate their behavior accordingly.The question if the living organisms possess a pseudo/proto-consciousness level as a consequence of the informational activity of their body,distinct from human,but active in any biological structure under certain conditions is furthermore discussed,and a reliable definition of rudimentary pseudo/proto-consciousness level is given/described and compared with other empirical/theoretical concepts.

Earnings information quality, debt maturity structure and investment efficiency

This paper studies the effect of earnings information quality and debt maturity structure and their interaction on investment efficiency. The results show that companies with higher earnings information have higher investment efficiency, and the quality of earnings information has increased investment efficiency by reducing the lack of investment and suppressing overinvestment. The companies with higher short-term debt ratio show higher investment efficiency. The results show that there is a certain substitution effect between the effect of earnings information quality and the maturity strueture of debt on the efficiency of investment.

Information in the Structure of Reality:the Scientific Worldview and the Fundamental Question of Philosophy

We offer a new understanding of the scientific world and the contents of the basic question of philosophy,which is based on an analysis of the phenomenon of the specific information in the various components of the structure of reality.It is shown that,in addition to material objects,processes,and events,in the real world are also intangible objects,processes and conditions that are in its information content.So the basic question of philosophy is proposed to treat the relationship as a tangible and intangible component of reality.More succinctly it can be formulated as the ratio of matter and information.This allows you to point to some new challenges studying the phenomenon of information in various components of the structure of reality.

Structural Complexity Analysis of Information Systems Based on Petri Nets

Aim To present a quantitative method for structural complexity analysis and evaluation of information systems. Methods Based on Petri net modeling and analysis techniques and with the aid of mathematical tools in general net theory(GNT), a quantitative method for structure description and analysis of information systems was introduced. Results The structural complexity index and two related factors, i.e. element complexity factor and connection complexity factor were defined, and the relations between them and the parameters of the Petri net based model of the system were derived. Application example was presented. Conclusion The proposed method provides a theoretical basis for quantitative analysis and evaluation of the structural complexity and can be applied in the general planning and design processes of the information systems.

Structural damage detection method based on information fusion technique

Multi-source information fusion （MSIF） is imported into structural damage diagnosis methods to improve the validity of damage detection. After the introduction of the basic theory, the function model, classifications and mathematical methods of MSIF, a structural damage detection method based on MSIF is presented, which is to fuse two or more damage character vectors from different structural damage diagnosis methods on the character-level. In an experiment of concrete plates, modal information is measured and analyzed. The structural damage detection method based on MSIF is taken to localize cracks of concrete plates and it is proved to be effective. Results of damage detection by the method based on MSIF are compared with those from the modal strain energy method and the flexibility method. Damage, which can hardly be detected by using the single damage identification method, can be diagnosed by the damage detection method based on the character-level MSIF technique. Meanwhile multi-location damage can be identified by the method based on MSIF. This method is sensitive to structural damage and different mathematical methods for MSIF have different preconditions and applicabilities for diversified structures. How to choose mathematical methods for MSIF should be discussed in detail in health monitoring systems of actual structures.

A fast decoupled ISAR high-resolution imaging method using structural sparse information under low SNR

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image can be represented and reconstructed by sparse recovery (SR) approaches. However, the existing SR algorithms, which are used for ISAR imaging, have suffered from high computational cost and poor imaging quality under a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) condition. This paper proposes a fast decoupled ISAR imaging method by exploiting the inherent structural sparse information of the targets. Firstly, the ISAR imaging problem is decoupled into two sub-problems. One is range direction imaging and the other is azimuth direction focusing. Secondly, an efficient two-stage SR method is proposed to obtain higher resolution range profiles by using jointly sparse information. Finally, the residual linear Bregman iteration via fast Fourier transforms (RLBI-FFT) is proposed to perform the azimuth focusing on low SNR efficiently. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has better performence to efficiently implement higher-resolution ISAR imaging under the low SNR condition.