A review on plasma-based CO_(2) utilization:process considerations in the development of sustainable chemical production

Plasma-based processes,particularly in carbon capture and utilization,hold great potential for addressing environmental challenges and advancing a circular carbon economy.While significant progress has been made in understanding plasma-induced reactions,plasma-catalyst interactions,and reactor development to enhance energy efficiency and conversion,there remains a notable gap in research concerning overall process development.This review emphasizes the critical need for considerations at the process level,including integration and intensification,to facilitate the industrialization of plasma technology for chemical production.Discussions centered on the development of plasma-based processes are made with a primary focus on CO_(2) conversion,offering insights to guide future work for the transition of the technology from laboratory scale to industrial applications.Identification of current research gaps,especially in upscaling and integrating plasma reactors with other process units,is the key to addressing critical issues.The review further delves into relevant research in process evaluation and assessment,providing methodological insights and highlighting key factors for comprehensive economic and sustainability analyses.Additionally,recent advancements in novel plasma systems are reviewed,presenting unique advantages and innovative concepts that could reshape the future of process development.This review provides essential information for navigating the path forward,ensuring a comprehensive understanding of challenges and opportunities in the development of plasma-based CCU process.

Optimization study of station track utilization in high-speed railroad based on constraints of control in random origin and process

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to eliminate the fluctuations in train arrival and departure times caused by skewed distributions in interval operation times.These fluctuations arise from random origin and process factors during interval operations and can accumulate over multiple intervals.The aim is to enhance the robustness of high-speed rail station arrival and departure track utilization schemes.Design/methodologylapproach-To achieve this objective,the paper simulates actual train operations,incorporating the fluctuations in interval operation times into the utilization of arrival and departure tracks at the station.The Monte Carlo simulation method is adopted to solve this problem.This approach transforms a nonlinear model,which includes constraints from probability distribution functions and is difficult to solve directly,into a linear programming model that is easier to handle.The method then linearly weights two objectives to optimize the solution.Findings-Through the application of Monte Carlo simulation,the study successfully converts the complex nonlinear model with probability distribution function constraints into a manageable linear programming model.By continuously adjusting the weighting coefficients of the linear objectives,the method is able to optimize the Pareto solution.Notably,this approach does not require extensive scene data to obtain a satisfactory Pareto solution set.Originality/value-The paper contributes to the field by introducing a novel method for optimizing high-speed rail station arrival and departure track utilization in the presence of fluctuations in interval operation times.The use of Monte Carlo simulation to transform the problem into a tractable linear programming model represents a significant advancement.Furthermore,the method's ability to produce satisfactory Pareto solutions without relying on extensive data sets adds to its practical value and applicability in real-world scenarios.

Clinical Utilization of Nursing Process in Improving Patient’s Outcome and Its Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Nurses and Midwives Working at Njombe Regional Referral Hospital, Tanzania

Background: Improvement of patient care in any hospital depends primarily on the quality of nursing care. Nursing care is enhanced by the nursing process, which outlines the nursing activities to be provided for a patient. Methods and Materials: A cross sectional design employing quantitative methods was conducted in Njombe RRH in December 2021. Quantitative data were collected from nurses and midwives from all wards by simple random sampling techniques using a sample-size calculator. SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyse data whereby a p-value of 0.05 was considered a decision mark for the significance of the result;Chi-square and Logistic regression respectively were used to find out the association and its strength between variables. Result: Majority of the respondents, 41 (85.4%), had inadequate knowledge and 33 (68.8%) found them people with a negative attitude to the nursing process. Significantly, there is an association between knowledge and clinical utilization (AOR 2.24;95% CI: 1.6 - 2.5;P 0.04), attitude and clinical utilization (AOR 4.32;95% CI: 1.8 - 3.7;P Conclusion: A knowledge gap in relation to the utilization of the nursing process and a negative attitude were noted to be associated significantly with the utilization of the nursing process among nurses and midwives. It is recommended on-job training, supportive supervision, and Value Clarification and Attitude Transformation (VCAT) are the best interventions to address the knowledge gap and negative attitudes respectively.

Clean Processing and Utilization of Coal Energy

The dominant status of coal on the energy production and consumption structure of China will not be changed in the middle period of this century. To realize highly efficient utilization of coal,low pollution and low cost are great and impendent tasks. These difficult problems can be almost resolved through establishing large-scale pithead power stations using two-stage highly efficient dry coal-cleaning system before coal burning,which is a highly efficient,clean and economical strategy considering the current energy and environmental status of China. All these will be discussed in detail in this paper.

Purification and utilization of garlic processing wastewater in lotus pond wetlands

Based on the experiments of utilization of garlic processing wastewater in a lotus pond, this study demonstrates that lotus pond wetlands have a remarkable ability to remove organic pollutants and decrease chemical oxygen demand （CODCr）, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD5）, and suspended substances （SS） in garlic processing wastewater. Results also show evident effects of lotus roots on absorption of NH3-N. The pH value in a lotus pond with wastewater discharged was relatively stable. The water quality in the lotus pond reached the class Ⅱ emission standard, according to the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard （GB8978-1996）, seven days after pretreated garlic processing wastewater had been discharged into the lotus pond. Garlic processing wastewater irrigation does not produce pollution in the pond sediment and has no negative effect on the growth of lotus roots. Due to utilization of garlic processing wastewater, the output of lotus roots increased by 3.0% to 8.3%, and the quality of lotus roots was improved. Therefore, better purification and utilization results can be achieved.

Comprehensive utilization of corn starch processing by-products:A review

Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.

Development Prospects of Processing and Utilization of Longtan Pearl Plum

Longtan pearl plum, as a new dominant fruit industry in Guangxi, has developed rapidly in recent years and become one of the major economic sources of fruit growers in Guangxi. It has a positive effect on promoting economic development and helping farmers to get out of poverty in Guangxi. But there is almost nothing to do with the processing and utilization. Taking the route of processing and utilization is an inevitable trend of development of Longtan pearl plum industry with the increase of the planting area and yield year by year. In this paper, based on the analysis of edible value of Longtan pearl plum, the development direction of processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum was expounded, and some suggestions on the problems existing in the processing and utilization were put forward to provide reference for the processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum.

On the Processing and Utilization of Cassava Food in China

Cassava is a vital food crop in the world,and its tuberous roots and leaves have abundant starch,proteins and flavonoids. We can develop multi-functional,multi-purpose cassava food. In China,the food-based processing and utilization of cassava roots and leaves started late in China,but the development is very promising,and the market has great potential. In this paper,we analyze the utilization of cassava roots and leaves in China,and point out the development direction of cassava food processing and utilization in the future,in order to provide a reference for the research and development of cassava processing and utilization technology.

Processing and Utilization of Naphthenic Base Heavy Crude Oil(continued)

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Processing and Utilization of Naphthenic Base Heavy Crude Oil

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Surface runoff processes and sustainable utilization of water resources in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, China

Water is the important resource to guarantee the existence and development of oases in arid areas. To improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in Manas River Basin, this paper investigated the trends and periods of runoff based on the runoff and climate data for the past 50 years. Subsequently, with the socioeconomic and water resources data, we studied a comprehensive evaluation on the water security in this area. The results indicated that the stream flows in the three hydrological stations of Hongshanzui, Kensiwat and Bajiahu have sig- nificantly increased and undergone abrupt changes, with periods of 18 and 20 years. According to assessment, water security in the Manas River Basin was at an unsafe level in 2008. In criterion layer, the ecological security index and the index of supply-demand situation are both at the relatively secure level; the quantity index and so- cioeconomic index of water resources are at the unsafe level and basic security level, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development within the Manas River Basin, it is vital to take a series of effective measures to improve the status of water security.

Hydrometallurgical process and recovery of valuable elements for limonitic laterite:A review

Nickel is a strategic resource in social life and defense technology,playing an essential role in many fields,such as alloys and batteries.With the decrease in nickel sulfide,it is of great significance to extract nickel from laterite.The limonitic laterite is a kind of rich nickel-cobalt-scandium resource.At present,there are few reviews on the extraction of limonitic laterite.This study reviews the hydrometallurgical processes for limonitic laterite ores and the methods of recovering valuable elements.The mineralogical characteristics are analyzed,and the typical mineral compositions are summarized.The main hydrometallurgical processes are compared and discussed,including reduction roasting-ammonia leaching,sulfuric acid pressure leaching,nitric acid pressure leaching,and the atmospheric nitric acid leaching(DNi process).The methods of recovering nickel,cobalt,scandium,and iron are emphatically outlined.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for comprehensive utilization.This study can provide a reference for industrial development and diversified applications.

Whole process reclamation and utilization of wastes produced in the biological fermentation industry

Wastes yielded in the vintage process and the biological fermentation of itaconic acid and sodium gluconate of a winery in Shandong, such as grain stillage, melon lees, cornstarch protein residues, itacanic acid mother liquid, itaconic acid mycelium and sodium gluconate mycelium, were studied. High-activity biological protein feed, foliar fertilizer and irrigation fertilizer were generated from these wastes by applying biological/microbial technologies. Meanwhile, a whole set of technological pathways was put forward. As a result, the optimal economical and social benefits can be obtained with low natural resource consumption and environmental costs by converting wastes into useful matters. In conclusion, through the utilization of limited resources in the whole process of reclamation and utilization of wastes, the harmony promotion can be achieved between the economic system and the natural ecosystem.

Guangdong Dapeng LNG cold energy utilization-C_2++ extraction process integration

This paper makes a study of some technical and engineering aspects by using C2 ＋ hydrocarbon separation facility at Guangdong Dapeng liquefied natural gas （GDLNG） terminal. In the C2＋ hydrocarbon extraction process, the cold energy contained in LNG will be utilized. In order to ensure the optimum operating conditions of the temlinal and C2 ＋ hydrocarbon extraction facility by optimizing the current operating processes of the terminal, the C2 ＋ hydrocarbon extraction facility construction plan is proposed. We conducted numerous calculations and simulations using such specific analysis software as PRO II 〈 version 7.0 〉. Additionally available flow data are used to verify the cyclic send-out rates from the terminal, thus establishing the current and future projected load factors. This study is intended to make sure that GDLNG can continue to supply gas via the pipeline system safely without interruptions and most significantly solves the effects of flow fluctuations at the terminal gasification send-out facility on the hydrocarbons extraction, ensuring optimum pipeline operations and ensuring safe and effective means for such C2＋ hydrocarbons extraction process as well. At the same time, the terminal is also in the optimum operation condition. This is very significant to the terminal safety operation and the energy conservation and emission reduction.

Study on Process Economics of Natural Resource Utilization

Finite supply of non-regenerative resources triggers a competition between economic entities or between areas, which requires the ways regarding their utilization with higher levels in science and the standards regarding their use with higher efficiency in economics. To solve a problem of process evaluation in science and of driving force in economics during a process design or a process run for natural resources utilization, a process evaluation parameter originated from natural gas hydrate preparation from a small scale to industrialization scale and the equation of the criterion dependent are introduced to evaluate a variety of processes of natural resources utilization. The analyses indicate that the parameter is relevant to internal undeveloped resources amount change with a stable mass composition in a virtual black box model and external variable market with an implication of process efficiency in economy or of process efficiency of resource utilization and that the parameter has similar features of the thermodynamic state functions. Moreover, the equation of the criterion provided is a difference between the value of the process evaluation parameter at the final state and the value of the process evaluation parameter at the initial state in an actual process, which can be used to determine the direction of development and to judge the size of the driving force in an actual process or an economical run. The provided examples and correlative mathematical description can guide how an identification for the undeveloped resources and a real-time adjustment of dynamic production for the developing resource are done and how decisions regarding resource exploitation, the venture forecasting of capital utilization and updating technology are made. The parameter used itself and the equation of the derived criterion can help by playing a predictive role for selecting the optimal use processes and for designing new process of the natural resource utilization or capital use, and by playing a practical role for adjusting factual production status and for improving the actual process of the utilization of resource or capital in an economic society. Finally, those closed resource systems having accumulation or depletion of the resources or a variable mass such as a decomposition system, a fission system and a biological reproduction system will become possible future research objectives under the guide of this work.

Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi

Edible fungi are large fungi with high added value that can be utilized as resources.They are rich in high-quality protein,carbohydrate,various vitamins,mineral elements and other nutrients,and are characterized by high protein,low sugar,low fat and low cholesterol.In addition,edible fungi contain a variety of bioactive substances,such as polysaccharides,dietary fiber,steroids,polyphenols,and most of these compounds have antioxidant,anti-tumor and other physiological functions.This review comprehensively discusses the bioactive components and functional characteristics of edible fungi(such as antioxidant,anti-aging,hypolipidemic activities,etc.).Then the recent developments and prospect in the high-valued utilization of edible fungi are discussed and summarized.The objective of this review is to improve the understanding of health-promoting properties of edible fungi,and provide reference for the industrial production of edible fungi-based health products.

Group separation of coal components and new ideas of coal utilization as petroleum

Four different groups of components were separated from coal under mild conditions of extraction and stripping process. Within these groups, and with pre-separation, individual utilization of all coal components can be realized, similar to petroleum components and enhance the inherent value and utilization value of coal, as well as increase environmental benefits. The characteristics of each component were analyzed with measurements by FTIR, GC/MS, TEM and the establishment of caking properties. The results show that coal can be separated into residues, ultra-pure coal, asphaltene components and light components by adding solvents for stripping into the CS2/NMP mixed extraction solution. Those four groups of components present great differences in the presence of carbon and hydrogen elements, in the structure of functional groups, in their macroscopic structure and micro-morphology and caking properties. Every component possesses its own inherent values and approaches. A new idea of coal processes and utilization, similar to the use of petroleum is proposed.

AHP Comprehensive Evaluation on Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in Hengshui City, China

In order to investigate the sustainable utilization of water resources in Hengshui City, quantitative analysis and comprehensive evaluation on 15 indexes of Hengshui City, such as the perspectives of social and economic development condition, water resource condition, environment condition, development and utilization of water resources,were conducted by using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method from 2004 to 2008. Although the sustainable utilization has been growing from 2004 to 2008, the situation and environment of water resources were not optimistic because of the severe water shortage in Hengshui. In the future, improving the supply capacity is the key target for promoting sustainable utilization of water resources.

Recent progress of efficient utilization of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag

Titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(BFS)has valuable compositions and potential environmental hazardousness.Thus,developing efficient and green approaches to utilize BFS is highly desired for resource economization and environmental protection.In the past decades,many attempts have been adopted to reuse BFS efficiently,and significant advances in understanding the fundamental features and the development of efficient approaches have been achieved.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest progress on the efficient utilization of BFS and discusses the mechanism and characteristics of various approaches,along with their application prospects.In particular,the extraction and enrichment of titanium-bearing phases from BFS are highlighted because of the high availability of titanium resources.This systemic and comprehensive review may benefit the design of new and green utilization routes with high efficiency and low cost.

GF-3 data real-time processing method based on multi-satellite distributed data processing system

Due to the limited scenes that synthetic aperture radar(SAR)satellites can detect,the full-track utilization rate is not high.Because of the computing and storage limitation of one satellite,it is difficult to process large amounts of data of spaceborne synthetic aperture radars.It is proposed to use a new method of networked satellite data processing for improving the efficiency of data processing.A multi-satellite distributed SAR real-time processing method based on Chirp Scaling(CS)imaging algorithm is studied in this paper,and a distributed data processing system is built with field programmable gate array(FPGA)chips as the kernel.Different from the traditional CS algorithm processing,the system divides data processing into three stages.The computing tasks are reasonably allocated to different data processing units(i.e.,satellites)in each stage.The method effectively saves computing and storage resources of satellites,improves the utilization rate of a single satellite,and shortens the data processing time.Gaofen-3(GF-3)satellite SAR raw data is processed by the system,with the performance of the method verified.