Enhancing community resilience has increasingly involved national and regional governments adopting a multi-stakeholder approach because of the potential interagency benefits. This has led to questions about how best ...Enhancing community resilience has increasingly involved national and regional governments adopting a multi-stakeholder approach because of the potential interagency benefits. This has led to questions about how best to involve stakeholder groups in translating community resilience policies into practice. This exploratory study contributes to this discussion by addressing two key areas that are fundamental in the concerted effort to build community resilience to natural hazards:(1) stakeholder understanding of community resilience as a concept;and(2) the difficulties associated with the processes of risk assessment and preparedness that stakeholders face locally in building community resilience. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 25 practitioners and experts within Scotland’s resilience community, and were analyzed through an inductive approach to thematic analysis. These data show how the interpretation of community resilience differs across stakeholder groups. Analysis of the data reveals challenges around the nature of the risk assessment and its role in shaping risk perception and communication. Significant complications occur in communicating about low probability-high consequence events, perceived territoriality, competing risk prioritizations, and the challenges of managing hazards within a context of limited resources. The implications of these issues for policy and practice are also discussed.展开更多
In the past ten years,many exemplar projects are completed in China to encourage the sharing of knowledge and experience of sustainability.Many of these projects are landmark buildings,and because they can attract mor...In the past ten years,many exemplar projects are completed in China to encourage the sharing of knowledge and experience of sustainability.Many of these projects are landmark buildings,and because they can attract more public attentions,they raise more awareness of sustainable development.However,school projects are rarely mentioned in the news and annual inspirational project lists.The fundamental point of this paper is to challenge the common concept in China that school buildings are only used exclusively by children in formal education.According to the paper's review of the school schemes in England and Wales,not only the inspirational sustainable schools created the opportunities and responsibilities to accelerate positive changes,but also they developed a vision of an asset that supports lifelong learning and sustainable lifestyles for the whole community.In this paper,the definition of a 'sustainable school' is summarised by comparing the statements and concepts in England and Wales.Moreover,a wide range of benefits gained by project stakeholders and communities are also demonstrated through case studies.In the end,lessons and innovations which can be learnt by Chinese school projects are concluded.The illustrations provided by this paper do not aim to solve all issues of promoting a sustainable school in China,but to open people's minds to the impacts of their actions,and to build the knowledge and cooperative framework to promote public sustainable projects.展开更多
Introduction:Payment for watershed ecosystem services(PWES),a policy instrument for compensating for the externality of watershed ecosystem/environmental services,has gained in policy importance in China over the past...Introduction:Payment for watershed ecosystem services(PWES),a policy instrument for compensating for the externality of watershed ecosystem/environmental services,has gained in policy importance in China over the past two decades.Many scholars and researchers have contributed to the conceptualization of this policy framework by developing operational mechanisms as well as compensation standards for PWES.Outcomes:This article reviews 27 PWES schemes piloted in China and in 10 other countries,with a particular emphasis on successful cases of land-use conversion programs,such as the Paddy Land to Dry Land Program and Sloping Land Conversion Program that have been implemented in China.Discussion:By comparing different cases,the authors attempt to answer the following questions:what were the ecological and institutional contexts in which these schemes were established and how did they work?What were the actual efficiencies and impacts of these piloted schemes?Which scheme worked better in certain ecological,socio-economic,and institutional contexts?Conclusion:Based on case studies,the authors draw the following conclusions about Chinese PWES:(1)to establish an acceptable standard for a PWES program,it is necessary to estimate the economic and social costs regarding the livelihoods of households;(2)multistakeholder negotiation mechanism for PWES,including intermediaries,such as the local government,NGO/NPOs,village committees,and user associations,should be used;(3)ES,non-market services,should acquire positive externalities to accomplish an optimal win–win pattern concerning both environmental goals and the livelihoods of local resource users.展开更多
基金funded by the Scottish Funding Council, as part of the NCR.
文摘Enhancing community resilience has increasingly involved national and regional governments adopting a multi-stakeholder approach because of the potential interagency benefits. This has led to questions about how best to involve stakeholder groups in translating community resilience policies into practice. This exploratory study contributes to this discussion by addressing two key areas that are fundamental in the concerted effort to build community resilience to natural hazards:(1) stakeholder understanding of community resilience as a concept;and(2) the difficulties associated with the processes of risk assessment and preparedness that stakeholders face locally in building community resilience. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 25 practitioners and experts within Scotland’s resilience community, and were analyzed through an inductive approach to thematic analysis. These data show how the interpretation of community resilience differs across stakeholder groups. Analysis of the data reveals challenges around the nature of the risk assessment and its role in shaping risk perception and communication. Significant complications occur in communicating about low probability-high consequence events, perceived territoriality, competing risk prioritizations, and the challenges of managing hazards within a context of limited resources. The implications of these issues for policy and practice are also discussed.
基金Funded by the Welsh Government in collaboration with Welsh Local Government Association as part of the 21st Century Schools Program in WalesSelf-dependent Innovation Fund of State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science in South China University of Technology (No. 2011ZC11)
文摘In the past ten years,many exemplar projects are completed in China to encourage the sharing of knowledge and experience of sustainability.Many of these projects are landmark buildings,and because they can attract more public attentions,they raise more awareness of sustainable development.However,school projects are rarely mentioned in the news and annual inspirational project lists.The fundamental point of this paper is to challenge the common concept in China that school buildings are only used exclusively by children in formal education.According to the paper's review of the school schemes in England and Wales,not only the inspirational sustainable schools created the opportunities and responsibilities to accelerate positive changes,but also they developed a vision of an asset that supports lifelong learning and sustainable lifestyles for the whole community.In this paper,the definition of a 'sustainable school' is summarised by comparing the statements and concepts in England and Wales.Moreover,a wide range of benefits gained by project stakeholders and communities are also demonstrated through case studies.In the end,lessons and innovations which can be learnt by Chinese school projects are concluded.The illustrations provided by this paper do not aim to solve all issues of promoting a sustainable school in China,but to open people's minds to the impacts of their actions,and to build the knowledge and cooperative framework to promote public sustainable projects.
基金This work was financially supported by the Program of“The strategic research for water safety and ecological compensation program in the Jing-Jin-Ji region of China”[No.2015TC035]the Fundamental Research Funds of the National Basic Research Program of China’University.
文摘Introduction:Payment for watershed ecosystem services(PWES),a policy instrument for compensating for the externality of watershed ecosystem/environmental services,has gained in policy importance in China over the past two decades.Many scholars and researchers have contributed to the conceptualization of this policy framework by developing operational mechanisms as well as compensation standards for PWES.Outcomes:This article reviews 27 PWES schemes piloted in China and in 10 other countries,with a particular emphasis on successful cases of land-use conversion programs,such as the Paddy Land to Dry Land Program and Sloping Land Conversion Program that have been implemented in China.Discussion:By comparing different cases,the authors attempt to answer the following questions:what were the ecological and institutional contexts in which these schemes were established and how did they work?What were the actual efficiencies and impacts of these piloted schemes?Which scheme worked better in certain ecological,socio-economic,and institutional contexts?Conclusion:Based on case studies,the authors draw the following conclusions about Chinese PWES:(1)to establish an acceptable standard for a PWES program,it is necessary to estimate the economic and social costs regarding the livelihoods of households;(2)multistakeholder negotiation mechanism for PWES,including intermediaries,such as the local government,NGO/NPOs,village committees,and user associations,should be used;(3)ES,non-market services,should acquire positive externalities to accomplish an optimal win–win pattern concerning both environmental goals and the livelihoods of local resource users.
