Based on the particle-in-cell technology and the secondary electron emission theory, a three-dimensional simulation method for multipactor is presented in this paper. By combining the finite difference time domain met...Based on the particle-in-cell technology and the secondary electron emission theory, a three-dimensional simulation method for multipactor is presented in this paper. By combining the finite difference time domain method and the panicle tracing method, such an algorithm is self-consistent and accurate since the interaction between electromagnetic fields and particles is properly modeled. In the time domain aspect, the generation of multipactor can be easily visualized, which makes it possible to gain a deeper insight into the physical mechanism of this effect. In addition to the classic secondary electron emission model, the measured practical secondary electron yield is used, which increases the accuracy of the algorithm. In order to validate the method, the impedance transformer and ridge waveguide filter are studied. By analyzing the evolution of the secondaries obtained by our method, multipactor thresholds of these components are estimated, which show good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the most sensitive positions where multipactor occurs are determined from the phase focusing phenomenon, which is very meaningful for multipactor analysis and design.展开更多
Secondary electron emission(SEE)of metal and dielectric materials plays a key role in multipactor discharge,which is a bottle neck problem for high-power satelliate components.Measurements of both the secondary electr...Secondary electron emission(SEE)of metal and dielectric materials plays a key role in multipactor discharge,which is a bottle neck problem for high-power satelliate components.Measurements of both the secondary electron yield(SEY)and the secondary electron energy spectrum(SES)are performed on metal samples for an accurate description of the real SEE phenomenon.In order to simplify the fitting process and improve the simulation efficiency,an improved model is proposed for the description of secondary electrons(SE)emitted from the material surface,including true,elastic,and inelastic SE.Embedding the novel SES model into the electromagnetic particle-in-cell method,the electronic resonant multipactor in microwave components is simulated successfully and hence the discharge threshold is predicted.Simulation results of the SES variation in the improved model demonstrate that the multipactor threshold is strongly dependent on SES.In addition,the mutipactor simulation results agree quite well with the experiment for the practical microwave component,while the numerical model of SEY and SES fits well with the sample data taken from the microwave component.展开更多
In order to understand the physical mechanism of multipactor discharge on dielectric window surface under high power microwave （HPM） excitation in vacuum, an electron movement simulation model based on the particle-...In order to understand the physical mechanism of multipactor discharge on dielectric window surface under high power microwave （HPM） excitation in vacuum, an electron movement simulation model based on the particle-in-cell （PIC） Monte Carlo （MC） is built in this paper. The influences of microwave electromagnetic field and electrostatic field from dielectric surface charging are simultaneously considered in this model. During the simulation, the emission velocity and angle distribution of secondary electrons from the dielectric surface are taken into account. The movement trajectories of electron clusters under complex field excitation are obtained. The influences of emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters on the electron movement are analyzed. It is found that the emergence angle of electrons from the surface has significant effect on its movement, and both the impact energy and return time of electrons oscillate periodically with the phase of microwave field. The number of secondary electrons and induced electrostatic field from multipactoring are also investigated. The results reveal that both values oscillate periodically at twice the microwave frequency, which is due to the electron impact energy oscillating with microwave period. A schematic diagram is proposed to explain the periodical oscillation phenomena.展开更多
A hybrid mode of one- and two-surface multipactor on the grooved dielectric surface is studied in detail using both an analytical approach and two-dimensional particle-in-cell（2D PIC） simulations. When the groove wi...A hybrid mode of one- and two-surface multipactor on the grooved dielectric surface is studied in detail using both an analytical approach and two-dimensional particle-in-cell（2D PIC） simulations. When the groove width L 〈 eE_0/（4πm_ef^2）,there are one-surface multipactor and one-order two-surface multipactor on the grooved dielectric surface, and only one slope of the groove has the multipactor anytime. When L 〉 eE0/（4πme f^2）, both slopes may have the multipactors. The electron surface density of the multipactor discharge has a sharp increase at the length L = eE_0/（4πm_ef^2）.展开更多
The theoretical analysis and actual performance of the single-surface multipactor discharge model in the presence of a magnetic field are conducted through simulations. The effects of the magnitude of the insulated ma...The theoretical analysis and actual performance of the single-surface multipactor discharge model in the presence of a magnetic field are conducted through simulations. The effects of the magnitude of the insulated magnetic field and the oblique incidence of electrons on the multipactor are analysed. The results show that the multipactor susceptibility region shrinks gradually as the magnetic field increases when the electron cyclotron frequency is close to the RF frequency of the electric field. As a result, the evolution of the multipactor discharge will reach saturation earlier and become saturated at a higher level than the case when the magnetic field is absent, but the change of evolution and saturation as the insulated magnetic field increases is not obvious.展开更多
Based on the finite element method(FEM)in the frequency domain and particle-in-cell approach in the time domain,a hybrid domain multipactor threshold prediction algorithm is proposed in this paper.The proposed algorit...Based on the finite element method(FEM)in the frequency domain and particle-in-cell approach in the time domain,a hybrid domain multipactor threshold prediction algorithm is proposed in this paper.The proposed algorithm has the advantages of the frequency domain and the time domain algorithms at the same time in terms of high computational accuracy and considerable computational efficiency.In addition,the compute unified device architecture(CUDA)acceleration technique also can be employed to further enhance its simulation efficiency.Numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.The results indicate that the multipactor threshold can be accurately predicted and the computational efficiency can be improved.展开更多
The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is describe...The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is described by using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PIC-MCC) model. The process of desorption of gas and its influence on the breakdown characteristics are studied. The simulation results show that, due to the accumulation of desorbed gas, the pressure near the dielectric surface increases in time, and the breakdown mechanism transitions from secondary electron multipactor to collision ionization. More and more electrons generated by collision ionization drift to the dielectric surface, so that the amplitude of self-organized normal electric field increases in time and sometimes points to the dielectric surface. Nevertheless, the number of secondary electrons emitted in each microwave cycle is approximately equal to the number of primary electrons. In the early and middle stages of breakdown, the attenuation of the microwave electric field near the dielectric surface is very small. However, the collision ionization causes a sharp increase in the number density of electrons,and the microwave electric field decays rapidly in the later stage of breakdown. Compared with the electromagnetic PIC-MCC simulation results, the mean energy and number of electrons obtained by the electrostatic PIC-MCC model are overestimated in the later stage of breakdown because it does not take into account the attenuation of microwave electric field. The pressure of the desorbed gas predicted by the electromagnetic PIC-MCC model is close to the measured value,when the number of gas atoms desorbed by an incident electron is taken as 0.4.展开更多
二次电子发射模型的精度对精确预测空间大功率微波部件微放电阈值有很大影响。针对现有二次电子发射唯象模型的不足,采用分段函数的思想建立了一种计算金属材料二次电子发射系数(secondary electron yield,SEY)的复合半经验模型。该模型...二次电子发射模型的精度对精确预测空间大功率微波部件微放电阈值有很大影响。针对现有二次电子发射唯象模型的不足,采用分段函数的思想建立了一种计算金属材料二次电子发射系数(secondary electron yield,SEY)的复合半经验模型。该模型以Vaughan模型计算入射能量Ep<Epm(二次电子发射系数最大值所对应的入射电子能量)时材料的二次电子发射系数,以文中建立的半经验模型计算入射能量Ep≥Epm时材料的二次电子发射系数,并利用钼和银两种材料二次电子发射系数的测试结果对复合半经验模型进行了验证。模拟结果表明,复合半经验模型能够对溅射清洗前后及不同入射极角条件下的SEY进行精确表征,相对误差的平均值和均方差明显低于Vaughan模型和半经验模型,且在不同入射极角条件下该模型具有较好的稳定性,在很大程度上提高了二次电子发射模型与实验数据拟合的准确性。该模型有望应用于空间大功率微波部件的微放电功率阈值的模拟。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key Laboratory Foundation,China(Grant No.9140C530103110C5301)
文摘Based on the particle-in-cell technology and the secondary electron emission theory, a three-dimensional simulation method for multipactor is presented in this paper. By combining the finite difference time domain method and the panicle tracing method, such an algorithm is self-consistent and accurate since the interaction between electromagnetic fields and particles is properly modeled. In the time domain aspect, the generation of multipactor can be easily visualized, which makes it possible to gain a deeper insight into the physical mechanism of this effect. In addition to the classic secondary electron emission model, the measured practical secondary electron yield is used, which increases the accuracy of the algorithm. In order to validate the method, the impedance transformer and ridge waveguide filter are studied. By analyzing the evolution of the secondaries obtained by our method, multipactor thresholds of these components are estimated, which show good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the most sensitive positions where multipactor occurs are determined from the phase focusing phenomenon, which is very meaningful for multipactor analysis and design.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1537211,11705142,and 11675278)the National Key Laboratory Foundation,China(Grant No.9140C530101150C53011)
文摘Secondary electron emission(SEE)of metal and dielectric materials plays a key role in multipactor discharge,which is a bottle neck problem for high-power satelliate components.Measurements of both the secondary electron yield(SEY)and the secondary electron energy spectrum(SES)are performed on metal samples for an accurate description of the real SEE phenomenon.In order to simplify the fitting process and improve the simulation efficiency,an improved model is proposed for the description of secondary electrons(SE)emitted from the material surface,including true,elastic,and inelastic SE.Embedding the novel SES model into the electromagnetic particle-in-cell method,the electronic resonant multipactor in microwave components is simulated successfully and hence the discharge threshold is predicted.Simulation results of the SES variation in the improved model demonstrate that the multipactor threshold is strongly dependent on SES.In addition,the mutipactor simulation results agree quite well with the experiment for the practical microwave component,while the numerical model of SEY and SES fits well with the sample data taken from the microwave component.
基金supported in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘In order to understand the physical mechanism of multipactor discharge on dielectric window surface under high power microwave （HPM） excitation in vacuum, an electron movement simulation model based on the particle-in-cell （PIC） Monte Carlo （MC） is built in this paper. The influences of microwave electromagnetic field and electrostatic field from dielectric surface charging are simultaneously considered in this model. During the simulation, the emission velocity and angle distribution of secondary electrons from the dielectric surface are taken into account. The movement trajectories of electron clusters under complex field excitation are obtained. The influences of emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters on the electron movement are analyzed. It is found that the emergence angle of electrons from the surface has significant effect on its movement, and both the impact energy and return time of electrons oscillate periodically with the phase of microwave field. The number of secondary electrons and induced electrostatic field from multipactoring are also investigated. The results reveal that both values oscillate periodically at twice the microwave frequency, which is due to the electron impact energy oscillating with microwave period. A schematic diagram is proposed to explain the periodical oscillation phenomena.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61231003)
文摘A hybrid mode of one- and two-surface multipactor on the grooved dielectric surface is studied in detail using both an analytical approach and two-dimensional particle-in-cell（2D PIC） simulations. When the groove width L 〈 eE_0/（4πm_ef^2）,there are one-surface multipactor and one-order two-surface multipactor on the grooved dielectric surface, and only one slope of the groove has the multipactor anytime. When L 〉 eE0/（4πme f^2）, both slopes may have the multipactors. The electron surface density of the multipactor discharge has a sharp increase at the length L = eE_0/（4πm_ef^2）.
基金Project supported by the High Power Radiation Key Laboratory Foundation of the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 20050601)
文摘The theoretical analysis and actual performance of the single-surface multipactor discharge model in the presence of a magnetic field are conducted through simulations. The effects of the magnitude of the insulated magnetic field and the oblique incidence of electrons on the multipactor are analysed. The results show that the multipactor susceptibility region shrinks gradually as the magnetic field increases when the electron cyclotron frequency is close to the RF frequency of the electric field. As a result, the evolution of the multipactor discharge will reach saturation earlier and become saturated at a higher level than the case when the magnetic field is absent, but the change of evolution and saturation as the insulated magnetic field increases is not obvious.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61571022,61971022)the National Key laboratory Foundation(HTKJ2019KI504013,61424020305).
文摘Based on the finite element method(FEM)in the frequency domain and particle-in-cell approach in the time domain,a hybrid domain multipactor threshold prediction algorithm is proposed in this paper.The proposed algorithm has the advantages of the frequency domain and the time domain algorithms at the same time in terms of high computational accuracy and considerable computational efficiency.In addition,the compute unified device architecture(CUDA)acceleration technique also can be employed to further enhance its simulation efficiency.Numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.The results indicate that the multipactor threshold can be accurately predicted and the computational efficiency can be improved.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory Foundation 2021-JCJQ-LB-006,China(No.6142411132116)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China(Nos.2023-JC-YB-512 and 2023-JC-YB-042)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.ZYTS23075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M653545)。
文摘The gas desorbed from the dielectric surface has a great influence on the characteristics of microwave breakdown on the vacuum side of the dielectric window. In this paper, the dielectric surface breakdown is described by using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PIC-MCC) model. The process of desorption of gas and its influence on the breakdown characteristics are studied. The simulation results show that, due to the accumulation of desorbed gas, the pressure near the dielectric surface increases in time, and the breakdown mechanism transitions from secondary electron multipactor to collision ionization. More and more electrons generated by collision ionization drift to the dielectric surface, so that the amplitude of self-organized normal electric field increases in time and sometimes points to the dielectric surface. Nevertheless, the number of secondary electrons emitted in each microwave cycle is approximately equal to the number of primary electrons. In the early and middle stages of breakdown, the attenuation of the microwave electric field near the dielectric surface is very small. However, the collision ionization causes a sharp increase in the number density of electrons,and the microwave electric field decays rapidly in the later stage of breakdown. Compared with the electromagnetic PIC-MCC simulation results, the mean energy and number of electrons obtained by the electrostatic PIC-MCC model are overestimated in the later stage of breakdown because it does not take into account the attenuation of microwave electric field. The pressure of the desorbed gas predicted by the electromagnetic PIC-MCC model is close to the measured value,when the number of gas atoms desorbed by an incident electron is taken as 0.4.
文摘二次电子发射模型的精度对精确预测空间大功率微波部件微放电阈值有很大影响。针对现有二次电子发射唯象模型的不足,采用分段函数的思想建立了一种计算金属材料二次电子发射系数(secondary electron yield,SEY)的复合半经验模型。该模型以Vaughan模型计算入射能量Ep<Epm(二次电子发射系数最大值所对应的入射电子能量)时材料的二次电子发射系数,以文中建立的半经验模型计算入射能量Ep≥Epm时材料的二次电子发射系数,并利用钼和银两种材料二次电子发射系数的测试结果对复合半经验模型进行了验证。模拟结果表明,复合半经验模型能够对溅射清洗前后及不同入射极角条件下的SEY进行精确表征,相对误差的平均值和均方差明显低于Vaughan模型和半经验模型,且在不同入射极角条件下该模型具有较好的稳定性,在很大程度上提高了二次电子发射模型与实验数据拟合的准确性。该模型有望应用于空间大功率微波部件的微放电功率阈值的模拟。
