Multiple model PHD filter for tracking sharply maneuvering targets using recursive RANSAC based adaptive birth estimation

An algorithm to track multiple sharply maneuvering targets without prior knowledge about new target birth is proposed. These targets are capable of achieving sharp maneuvers within a short period of time, such as drones and agile missiles.The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter, which propagates only the first-order statistical moment of the full target posterior, has been shown to be a computationally efficient solution to multitarget tracking problems. However, the standard PHD filter operates on the single dynamic model and requires prior information about target birth distribution, which leads to many limitations in terms of practical applications. In this paper,we introduce a nonzero mean, white noise turn rate dynamic model and generalize jump Markov systems to multitarget case to accommodate sharply maneuvering dynamics. Moreover, to adaptively estimate newborn targets’information, a measurement-driven method based on the recursive random sampling consensus (RANSAC) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant improvement in tracking multiple sharply maneuvering targets with adaptive birth estimation.

Maneuvering target tracking using threshold interacting multiple model algorithm

To avoid missing track caused by the target maneuvers in automatic target tracking system, a new maneuvering target tracking technique called threshold interacting multiple model （TIMM） is proposed. This algorithm is based on the interacting multiple model （IMM） method and applies a threshold controller to improve tracking accuracy. It is also applicable to other advanced algorithms of IMM. In this research, we also compare the position and velocity root mean square （RMS） errors of TIMM and IMM algorithms with two different examples. Simulation results show that the TIMM algorithm is superior to the traditional IMM alzorithm in estimation accuracy.

Target Tracking Using the Interactive Multiple Model Method

Aim To develop a practical target tracking algorithm for different motion modes. Methods After creation of the new model, it was implemented by computer simulation to prove its performance and compared with the often-used current statistical model. Results The simulation results show that the new IMM (interactive multiple model) have low tracking error in both maneuVering segment and non^Inaneuwi segment while the current statistical model bas muCh higher tracking error in non-maneuvering segment. Conclusion In the point of trackintaccuracy, the new IMM method is much better than the current acceleration method. It can develop into a practical target hacking method.

Multiple model efficient particle filter based track-before-detect for maneuvering weak targets

It is a tough problem to jointly detect and track a weak target, and it becomes even more challenging when the target is maneuvering. The above problem is formulated by using the Bayesian theory and a multiple model(MM) based filter is proposed. The filter presented uses the MM method to accommodate the multiple motions that a maneuvering target may travel under by adding a random variable representing the motion model to the target state. To strengthen the efficiency performance of the filter,the target existence variable is separated from the target state and the existence probability is calculated in a more efficient way. To examine the performance of the MM based approach, a typical track-before-detect(TBD) scenario with a maneuvering target is used for simulations. The simulation results indicate that the MM based filter proposed has a good performance in joint detecting and tracking of a weak and maneuvering target, and it is more efficient than the general MM method.

Maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on cubature Kalman filter with observation iterated update

Reasonable selection and optimization of a filter used in model estimation for a multiple model structure is the key to improve tracking accuracy of maneuvering target.Combining with the cubature Kalman filter with iterated observation update and the interacting multiple model method,a novel interacting multiple model algorithm based on the cubature Kalman filter with observation iterated update is proposed.Firstly,aiming to the structural features of cubature Kalman filter,the cubature Kalman filter with observation iterated update is constructed by the mechanism of iterated observation update.Secondly,the improved cubature Kalman filter is used as the model filter of interacting multiple model,and the stability and reliability of model identification and state estimation are effectively promoted by the optimization of model filtering step.In the simulations,compared with classic improved interacting multiple model algorithms,the theoretical analysis and experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm.

Maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on CDKF in observation bootstrapping strategy

The selection and optimization of model filters affect the precision of motion pattern identification and state estimation in maneuvering target tracking directly.Aiming at improving performance of model filters,a novel maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on central difference Kalman filter in observation bootstrapping strategy is proposed.The framework of interactive multiple model(IMM) is used to realize identification of motion pattern,and a central difference Kalman filter(CDKF) is selected as the model filter of IMM.Considering the advantage of multi-sensor fusion method in improving the stability and reliability of observation information,the hardware cost of the observation system for multiple sensors is adopted,meanwhile,according to the data assimilation technique in Ensemble Kalman filter(En KF),a bootstrapping observation set is constructed by integrating the latest observation and the prior information of observation noise.On that basis,these bootstrapping observations are reasonably used to optimize the filtering performance of CDKF by means of weight fusion way.The object of new algorithm is to improve the tracking precision of observed target by the multi-sensor fusion method without increasing the number of physical sensors.The theoretical analysis and experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGET WITH PHASED ARRAY RADAR

Several typical algorithms for tracking maneuvering target with phased array radar are studied in this paper. The constant gain filter with multiple models is analyzed. A typical method for adaptively controlling the sampling interval is modified. The performance of the single model and multiple model estimator with uniform and variable sampling interval are evaluated and compared. It is shown by the simulation results that it is necessary to apply the adaptive sampling policy based on the multiple model method when the maneuvering targets are tracked by the phased array radar since saving radar resources is more important. The adaptive algorithms of variable sampling interval are better than the algorithms of variable model. The adaptive policy to determine the sampling interval based on multiple model are superior than those based on the single model filter, because IMM estimator can adapt to the maneuver more quickly and the prediction covariance of IMM is the more sensitive and more reliable index than residual to determine the sampling interval. With IMM based method, lower sampling interval is required for a certain accuracy.

A combination algorithm of Chaos optimization and genetic algorithm and its application in maneuvering multiple targets data association

The most important problem in targets tracking is data association which may be represented as a sort of constraint combinational optimization problem. Chaos optimization and adaptive genetic algorithm were used to deal with the problem of multi-targets data association separately. Based on the analysis of the limitation of chaos optimization and genetic algorithm, a new chaos genetic optimization combination algorithm was presented. This new algorithm first applied the "rough" search of chaos optimization to initialize the population of GA, then optimized the population by real-coded adaptive GA. In this way, GA can not only jump out of the "trap" of local optimal results easily but also increase the rate of convergence. And the new method can also avoid the complexity and time-consumed limitation of conventional way. The simulation results show that the combination algorithm can obtain higher correct association percent and the effect of association is obviously superior to chaos optimization or genetic algorithm separately. This method has better convergence property as well as time property than the conventional ones.

Maneuvering target state estimation based on separate model-ing of target trajectory shape and dynamic characteristics

The state estimation of a maneuvering target,of which the trajectory shape is independent on dynamic characteristics,is studied.The conventional motion models in Cartesian coordinates imply that the trajectory of a target is completely determined by its dynamic characteristics.However,this is not true in the applications of road-target,sea-route-target or flight route-target tracking,where target trajectory shape is uncoupled with target velocity properties.In this paper,a new estimation algorithm based on separate modeling of target trajectory shape and dynamic characteristics is proposed.The trajectory of a target over a sliding window is described by a linear function of the arc length.To determine the unknown target trajectory,an augmented system is derived by denoting the unknown coefficients of the function as states in mileage coordinates.At every estimation cycle except the first one,the interaction(mixing)stage of the proposed algorithm starts from the latest estimated base state and a recalculated parameter vector,which is determined by the least squares(LS).Numerical experiments are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better performance than the conventional coupled model-based algorithms in the presence of target maneuvers.

An Algorithm of the Adaptive Grid and Fuzzy Interacting Multiple Model

This paper studies the algorithm of the adaptive grid and fuzzy interacting multiple model （AGFIMM） for maneuvering target tracking, while focusing on the problems of the fixed structure multiple model （FSMM） algorithm＇s cost-efficiency ratio being not high and the Markov transition probability of the interacting multiple model （IMM） algorithm being difficult to determine exactly. This algorithm realizes the adaptive model set by adaptive grid adjustment, and obtains each model matching degree in the model set by fuzzy logic inference. The simulation results show that the AGFIMM algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy and cost-efficiency ratio of the multiple model algorithm, and as a result is suitable for enineering apolications.

Multiple-model Bayesian filtering with random finite set observation

The finite set statistics provides a mathematically rig- orous single target Bayesian filter （STBF） for tracking a target that generates multiple measurements in a cluttered environment. However, the target maneuvers may lead to the degraded track- ing performance and even track loss when using the STBF. The multiple-model technique has been generally considered as the mainstream approach to maneuvering the target tracking. Moti- vated by the above observations, we propose the multiple-model extension of the original STBF, called MM-STBF, to accommodate the possible target maneuvering behavior. Since the derived MM- STBF involve multiple integrals with no closed form in general, a sequential Monte Carlo implementation （for generic models） and a Gaussian mixture implementation （for linear Gaussian models） are presented. Simulation results show that the proposed MM-STBF outperforms the STBF in terms of root mean squared errors of dynamic state estimates.

ADAPTIVE MULTIPLE MODEL FILTER USING IMM AND STF

In fault identification, the Strong Tracking Filter (STF) has strong ability to track the change of some parameters by whitening filtering innovation. In this paper, the authors give out a modified STF by searching the fading factor based on the Least Squared Estimation. In hybrid estimation, the well known Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) Technique can model the change of the system modes. So one can design a new adaptive filter — SIMM. In this filter, our modified STF is a parameter adaptive part and IMM is a mode adaptive part. The benefit of the new filter is that the number of models can be reduced considerably. The simulations show that SIMM greatly improves accuracy of velocity and acceleration compared with the standard IMM to track the maneuvering target when 2 model conditional estimators are used in both filters. And the computation burden of SIMM increases only 6% compared with IMM.

A New Smoothing Approach with Diverse Fixed-lags Based on Target Motion Model

Recently, lots of smoothing techniques have been presented for maneuvering target tracking. Interacting multiple model-probabilistic data association （IMM-PDA） fixed-lag smoothing algorithm provides an efficient solution to track a maneuvering target in a cluttered environment. Whereas, the smoothing lag of each model in a model set is a fixed constant in traditional algorithms. A new approach is developed in this paper. Although this method is still based on IMM-PDA approach to a state augmented system, it adopts different smoothing lag according to diverse degrees of complexity of each model. As a result, the application is more flexible and the computational load is reduced greatly. Some simulations were conducted to track a highly maneuvering target in a cluttered environment using two sensors. The results illustrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over comparative schemes, both in accuracy of track estimation and the computational load.

INTERACTING MULTIPLE MODEL ALGORITHM BASED ON JOINT LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION

A novel approach is proposed for the estimation of likelihood on Interacting Multiple-Model(IMM) filter.In this approach,the actual innovation,based on a mismatched model,can be formulated as sum of the theoretical innovation based on a matched model and the distance between matched and mismatched models,whose probability distributions are known.The joint likelihood of innovation sequence can be estimated by convolution of the two known probability density functions.The like-lihood of tracking models can be calculated by conditional probability formula.Compared with the conventional likelihood estimation method,the proposed method improves the estimation accuracy of likelihood and robustness of IMM,especially when maneuver occurs.

一类基于模糊推理的具有机动自适应的目标跟踪算法

针对变结构多模型算法在机动目标跟踪中对目标机动不确定性、量测不确定性自适应能力不足的问题,提出一种基于模糊推理的机动自适应目标跟踪算法.设计一种基于模糊推理的双级机动判别模型,利用模型概率信息和主模型滤波残差加权范数进行主模型可信度和机动判别推理;并将双级机动判别引入基于可能模型集的期望模式扩增方法(EMA-LMS)框架,提出一种模糊推理EMA-LMS算法,实现对模型集自适应的参数和策略的在线调节,从而生成更加接近目标真实运动模式的期望模型,并更好地对模型进行取舍.仿真结果表明,本文算法能够有效增强算法对目标机动和量测不确定的自适应性,提高跟踪精度.

基于AIMM-PF的多机动目标协同跟踪

针对常规线性卡尔曼滤波越来越不能满足多机动目标跟踪精度需求的问题,提出一种基于自适应多模型粒子滤波的协同跟踪方法.首先,主车和协同车分别执行自适应交互式多模型粒子滤波(adaptive interactive multi model particle filter,AIMM-PF)算法,获得环境中目标车辆的运动状态;其次,协同车通过车车通信将跟踪到的目标状态发送给主车;最后,利用基于匈牙利算法和快速协方差交叉算法的数据关联和数据融合技术实现多机动目标的协同跟踪.搭建了V2V通信、雷达和定位仿真系统,选定两辆智能车作为主车和协同车,感知并跟踪200 m范围内的7辆目标车,进行了仿真试验.结果表明,与传统的单车跟踪相比,协同跟踪扩大了感知范围,且在不影响跟踪效率的情况下使跟踪误差降低了31.1%.

基于改进ATPM-IMM算法的外辐射源雷达机动目标跟踪

针对外辐射源雷达进行机动目标跟踪时,现有的自适应交互式多模型(AIMM)算法难以达到高精确度跟踪的问题,提出一种基于改进的自适应转移概率交互式多模型(ATPM-IMM)的机动目标跟踪算法。该算法在ATPM-IMM算法的基础上增加了自适应控制窗,对转移概率矩阵进行再次修正,从而可根据目标的机动情况自适应切换机动模型,提高真实模型的匹配概率。仿真和实测数据结果表明,所提算法可有效提高外辐射源雷达进行机动目标跟踪的精确度。

考虑坐标耦合的三维变结构多模型机动目标跟踪方法

在3维空间机动目标跟踪过程中,目标运动先验未知和坐标耦合误差会引起运动模型-模式失配,而模型-模式失配会引起状态估计有偏。该文根据目标运动速度正交条件修正状态转移矩阵,利用原始-对偶正则约束空间测量到球面可行域,结合自适应转弯率模型和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF),进行模型状态滤波并融合状态估计的一致输出,推导3维变结构多模型无迹卡尔曼滤波(VSMMUKF)算法。实验结果表明,相比多模重要性无迹卡尔曼滤波(MIUKF)算法,VSMMUKF计算量相当,能够更准确地拟合3维空间点目标机动运动。相比于交互多模型最大最小粒子滤波(IMM-MPF)算法,VSMMUKF跟踪固定翼无人机(UAV)的滤波精度提升了2.8%~59.9%,整体算法负担减小了1个数量级。

机动目标跟踪的交互多模型泊松多伯努利混合滤波

满足共轭先验性质的泊松多伯努利混合(Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture,PMBM)滤波器将目标状态分为泊松和多伯努利混合两部分,分别对这两部分进行预测和更新,具有较高的跟踪精度和较快的运行速度。在多目标机动场景下,使用单一模型不足以描述目标的运动,将导致跟踪性能的下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种交互多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)PMBM滤波器,充分利用模型之间的交互信息,可以有效实现多机动目标的跟踪。同时,该算法采用序贯蒙特卡罗(sequential Monte Carlo,SMC)方法实现PMBM滤波,可应用于非线性场景。仿真结果表明,所提的IMM-SMC-PMBM算法可以有效地在非线性环境下跟踪数目变化的多机动目标,与IMM-SMC概率假设密度(probability hypothesis density,PHD)滤波器相比具有更好的跟踪精度和稳定性。

区间量测下自适应交互多模型箱粒子滤波机动目标跟踪

针对现有交互多模型箱粒子滤波(Interacting Multiple Model Box Particle Filter,IMMBPF)算法在区间量测目标跟踪过程中模型切换和跟踪精度方面的不足,结合自适应交互多模型算法,提出了一种自适应交互多模型箱粒子滤波(Adaptive IMMBPF,AIMMBPF)算法。该算法利用模型似然后验信息构建修正因子,并结合阈值对马尔可夫转移概率矩阵进行自适应修正,使得匹配模型的概率快速增大,并且可以减小非匹配模型的影响,即使在目标运动模型先验信息不足或者不准确情况下,也能对模型转移概率进行自适应更新。对于量测常受到未知分布和偏差的区间误差所影响而呈现区间形式的问题,将箱粒子代替普通粒子,拟合后验概率密度从而进行滤波。仿真结果表明,相比于原有算法,该算法在区间量测机动目标跟踪的应用中,拥有更优的模型匹配度和目标跟踪精度。