Predicting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs based on net energy and digestible lysine intake using multiple regression and artificial neural networks models

Backgrounds:Evaluating the growth performance of pigs in real-time is laborious and expensive,thus mathematical models based on easily accessible variables are developed.Multiple regression(MR)is the most widely used tool to build prediction models in swine nutrition,while the artificial neural networks(ANN)model is reported to be more accurate than MR model in prediction performance.Therefore,the potential of ANN models in predicting the growth performance of pigs was evaluated and compared with MR models in this study.Results:Body weight(BW),net energy(NE)intake,standardized ileal digestible lysine(SID Lys)intake,and their quadratic terms were selected as input variables to predict ADG and F/G among 10 candidate variables.In the training phase,MR models showed high accuracy in both ADG and F/G prediction(R^(2)_(ADG)=0.929,R^(2)_(F/G)=0.886)while ANN models with 4,6 neurons and radial basis activation function yielded the best performance in ADG and F/G prediction(R^(2)_(ADG)=0.964,R^(2)_(F/G)=0.932).In the testing phase,these ANN models showed better accuracy in ADG prediction(CCC:0.976 vs.0.861,R^(2):0.951 vs.0.584),and F/G prediction(CCC:0.952 vs.0.900,R^(2):0.905 vs.0.821)compared with the MR models.Meanwhile,the“over-fitting”occurred in MR models but not in ANN models.On validation data from the animal trial,ANN models exhibited superiority over MR models in both ADG and F/G prediction(P<0.01).Moreover,the growth stages have a significant effect on the prediction accuracy of the models.Conclusion:Body weight,NE intake and SID Lys intake can be used as input variables to predict the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs,with trained ANN models are more flexible and accurate than MR models.Therefore,it is promising to use ANN models in related swine nutrition studies in the future.

Regression analysis and its application to oil and gas exploration:A case study of hydrocarbon loss recovery and porosity prediction,China

In oil and gas exploration,elucidating the complex interdependencies among geological variables is paramount.Our study introduces the application of sophisticated regression analysis method at the forefront,aiming not just at predicting geophysical logging curve values but also innovatively mitigate hydrocarbon depletion observed in geochemical logging.Through a rigorous assessment,we explore the efficacy of eight regression models,bifurcated into linear and nonlinear groups,to accommodate the multifaceted nature of geological datasets.Our linear model suite encompasses the Standard Equation,Ridge Regression,Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator,and Elastic Net,each presenting distinct advantages.The Standard Equation serves as a foundational benchmark,whereas Ridge Regression implements penalty terms to counteract overfitting,thus bolstering model robustness in the presence of multicollinearity.The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator for variable selection functions to streamline models,enhancing their interpretability,while Elastic Net amalgamates the merits of Ridge Regression and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator,offering a harmonized solution to model complexity and comprehensibility.On the nonlinear front,Gradient Descent,Kernel Ridge Regression,Support Vector Regression,and Piecewise Function-Fitting methods introduce innovative approaches.Gradient Descent assures computational efficiency in optimizing solutions,Kernel Ridge Regression leverages the kernel trick to navigate nonlinear patterns,and Support Vector Regression is proficient in forecasting extremities,pivotal for exploration risk assessment.The Piecewise Function-Fitting approach,tailored for geological data,facilitates adaptable modeling of variable interrelations,accommodating abrupt data trend shifts.Our analysis identifies Ridge Regression,particularly when augmented by Piecewise Function-Fitting,as superior in recouping hydrocarbon losses,and underscoring its utility in resource quantification refinement.Meanwhile,Kernel Ridge Regression emerges as a noteworthy strategy in ameliorating porosity-logging curve prediction for well A,evidencing its aptness for intricate geological structures.This research attests to the scientific ascendancy and broad-spectrum relevance of these regression techniques over conventional methods while heralding new horizons for their deployment in the oil and gas sector.The insights garnered from these advanced modeling strategies are set to transform geological and engineering practices in hydrocarbon prediction,evaluation,and recovery.

Correlation Analysis of Fiscal Revenue and Housing Sales Price Based on Multiple Linear Regression Model

This paper selects seven indicators of financial revenue and housing sales price in recent 19 years in China,and uses SPSS and Excel to carry out descriptive statistics,independent sample t-test,correlation analysis and regression analysis to comprehensively study the correlation between financial revenue and housing sales price in China,and establishes the relationship between financial revenue and housing sales price When the average selling price of commercial housing increases by one unit,the fiscal revenue will increase by 27.855 points.

Modeling the Undrained Shear Strength with Soil Index Properties for Niger Delta Soft Clays

The aim of this study was to model the Undrained Shear Strength (USS) of soil found in the coastal region of the Niger Delta in Nigeria with some soil properties. The undrained shear strength (USS) is a key parameter needed for most geotechnical/structural designs. Accurate determination of the USS of soft clays can be challenging to obtain in the laboratory due to the difficulty in remoulding the clay to its in-situ conditions before testing and more accurate test such as Cone Penetration test (CPT) can be quite expensive. This study was carried out at Escravos site which is located in Delta state, Nigeria. Three Boreholes were drilled and soil samples were collected at 0.75 m intervals up to a depth of 45 m. Laboratory tests were used to obtain the moisture content, bulk unit weight, liquid and plastic limit, while CPT was used in obtaining the undrained shear strength. Classification of the soil samples was done by adopting the Unified Soil Classification System and various models relating the USS with the soil properties were developed. The result showed that most of the soils at Escravos site were predominately inorganic clay of high plasticity which are problematic due to the expansion and shrinking nature of this type of soil. The model developed showed that the soil properties that gave the best fit with the USS were the moisture content and effective stress of the soil. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) obtained for this model were 0.805 and 6.37 KN/m2, respectively.

Prediction of cavity growth rate during underground coal gasification using multiple regression analysis

During underground coal gasification （UCG）, whereby coal is converted to syngas in situ, a cavity is formed in the coal seam. The cavity growth rate （CGR） or the moving rate of the gasification face is affected by controllable （operation pressure, gasification time, geometry of UCG panel） and uncontrollable （coal seam properties） factors. The CGR is usually predicted by mathematical models and laboratory experiments, which are time consuming, cumbersome and expensive. In this paper, a new simple model for CGR is developed using non-linear regression analysis, based on data from 1 l UCG field trials. The empirical model compares satisfactorily with Perkins model and can reliably predict CGR.

Unconfined compressive strength and failure behaviour of completely weathered granite from a fault zone

Understanding the strength characteristics and deformation behaviour of the tunnel surrounding rock in a fault zone is significant for tunnel stability evaluation.In this study,a series of unconfined compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical characteristics and failure behaviour of completely weathered granite(CWG)from a fault zone,considering with height-diameter(h/d)ratio,dry densities(ρd)and moisture contents(ω).Based on the experimental results,a regression mathematical model of unconfined compressive strength(UCS)for CWG was developed using the Multiple Nonlinear Regression method(MNLR).The research results indicated that the UCS of the specimen with a h/d ratio of 0.6 decreased with the increase ofω.When the h/d ratio increased to 1.0,the UCS increasedωwith up to 10.5%and then decreased.Increasingρd is conducive to the improvement of the UCS at anyω.The deformation and rupture process as well as final failure modes of the specimen are controlled by h/d ratio,ρd andω,and the h/d ratio is the dominant factor affecting the final failure mode,followed byωandρd.The specimens with different h/d ratio exhibited completely different fracture mode,i.e.,typical splitting failure(h/d=0.6)and shear failure(h/d=1.0).By comparing the experimental results,this regression model for predicting UCS is accurate and reliable,and the h/d ratio is the dominant factor affecting the UCS of CWG,followed byρd and thenω.These findings provide important references for maintenance of the tunnel crossing other fault fractured zones,especially at low confining pressure or unconfined condition.

Prediction Model of Secondary Substances in Anthocyanins Synthesis of Purple Corn

The aim of this study was to assay the polyphenols,flavonoid,polyphenol oxidase and phenylalnine ammonialyase which were relative to the anthocyanins synthesis of purple corn. The optimization of multiple linear regression model of anthocyanins synthesis was y=4.383 86-0.205 45x1＋5.479 638x2＋0.195 575x4. According to standard partial regression coefficient testing,the result indicated that polyphenols content was negatively correlated with anthocyanins and the relative influence to anthocyanins synthesis was-42.7%; flavonoid content and activity of polyphenol oxidase were positively correlated with anthocyanins of purple corn and the relative influence to anthocyanins synthesis were 71.45% and 73.32% respectively. There was no positive correlation between the activity of phenylalnine ammonialyase and anthocyanins of purple corn. The establishment of multiple linear regression model of anthocyanins synthesis was to provide theory foundation of producing anthocyanins in laboratory.

Analysis of the Mass Appraisal Model by Using Artificial Neural Network in Kaohsiung City

An accurate assessment of the property value is very important to make a deal, property tax, and mortgage for loan. The mass appraisal system has been developed in some foreign countries, especially in American for a long time. In Taiwan, we still have few experiences in using computer-assisted mass appraisal system, especially using artificial neural network （ANN）. This article has two objectives： （1） to illustrate application of ANN to the Kaohsiung property market by the method of back-propagation. The study is based on the properties data of sales price, we also use multiple regressions in the same data; （2） to evaluate the performance of two models by using the mean absolute percentage error （MAPE） and hit ratio （HR）. This paper finds that using artificial neural network （ANN） is able to overcome multiple regressions＇ methodological problems and also get better performance than multiple regression model （MRA）. These results are useful in helping local government to assess their assessment value.

Development of Empirical Models for the Estimation of CBR Value of Soil from Their Index Properties: A Case Study of the Ogbia-Nembe Road in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

This study developed empirical-mathematical models to predict the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) using soil index properties in Ogbia-Nembe road in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The determination of CBR of soil is a laborious operation that requires a longer time and materials leading to increased cost and schedule;this can be reduced by adopting an empirical-mathematical model that can predict the CBR using other simpler soil index properties such as Plastic Limit (PL), the Liquid Limit (LL), the Plasticity Index (PI) and the Moisture Content (MC), which are less laborious and take lesser time to obtain. Thirteen models were developed to understand the relationship between these soil index properties: the independent variable and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR): the dependent variable;Six linear, Six quadratic and One multiple linear regression models were developed for this relationship. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the thirteen models showed that the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) are better independent variables for the prediction of the CBR value of Ogbia-Nembe soil generating a quadratic model and a multiple linear regression model having a better coefficient of determination R2 = 0.96 and 0.94 respectively, mean square error (MSE) of 0.74 and 1.152 respectively with Root mean square errors of 0.861 and 1.073 accordingly. These models were used to predict the CBR of the soil. The CBR values predicted by the model were further compared with those of the actual experimental test and found to be relatively consistent with minimal variance. This establishes that CBR of any soil can be predicted from the Index Property of the soil and this is more economical and takes lesser time and can be universally adopted for soil investigation.

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration （EMC） which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources （NPSs）. Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression （MLR） to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.

Analyzing geomorphological and topographical controls for the heterogeneous glacier mass balance in the Sikkim Himalayas

Glacier response patterns at the catchment scale are highly heterogeneous and defined by a complex interplay of various dynamics and surface factors.Previous studies have explained heterogeneous responses in qualitative ways but quantitative assessment is lacking yet where an intrazone homogeneous climate assumption can be valid.Hence,in the current study,the reason for heterogeneous mass balance has been explained in quantitative methods using a multiple linear regression model in the Sikkim Himalayan region.At first,the topographical parameters are selected from previously published studies,then the most significant topographical and geomorphological parameters are selected with backward stepwise subset selection methods.Finally,the contributions of selected parameters are calculated by least square methods.The results show that,the magnitude of mass balance lies between-0.003±0.24 to-1.029±0.24 m.w.e.a^(-1) between 2000 and 2020 in the Sikkim Himalaya region.Also,the study shows that,out of the terminus type of the glacier,glacier area,debris cover,ice-mixed debris,slope,aspect,mean elevation,and snout elevation of the glaciers,only the terminus type and mean elevation of the glacier are significantly altering the glacier mass balance in the Sikkim Himalayan region.Mathematically,the mass loss is approximately 0.40 m.w.e.a^(-1) higher in the lake-terminating glaciers compared to the land-terminating glaciers in the same elevation zone.On the other hand,a thousand meters mean elevation drop is associated with 0.179 m.w.e.a-1of mass loss despite the terminus type of the glaciers.In the current study,the model using the terminus type of the glaciers and the mean elevation of the glaciers explains 76% of fluctuation of mass balance in the Sikkim Himalayan region.

Economic modeling of mechanized and semi-mechanized rainfed wheat production systems using multiple linear regression model

Mathematical modeling of economic indices is a challenging topic in crop production systems.The present study aimed to model the economic indices of mechanized and semimechanized rainfed wheat production systems using various multiple linear regression models.The study area was Behshahr County located in the east of Mazandaran Province,Northern Iran.The statistical population included all wheat producers in Behshahr County in 2016/17 crop year.Five input variables were human labor,machinery,diesel fuel,chemical(chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides)costs,and the income was considered to be the output.The results showed that the cost of wheat production in the semimechanized system was higher than that of the mechanized system.In both systems,the highest cost was related to agricultural machinery input.Moreover,seed cost was lower in the mechanized system than that of the semi-mechanized system.The net return indicator was 993.68$ha1 and 626.71$ha1 for the mechanized and semi-mechanized systems,respectively.The average benefit to cost ratio was 3.46 and 2.40 for the mechanized and semi-mechanized systems,respectively,demonstrating the greater profitability of the mechanized system.The results of the evaluation of five types of regression models including the Cobb-Douglas,linear,2FI,quadratic and pure-quadratic for the mechanized and semi-mechanized production systems indicated that in the developed Cobb-Douglas model,the R2-value was higher than that of the quadratic model while RMSE and MAPE of the quadratic model were determined to be smaller than that of the Cobb-Douglas model.Therefore,the best model to investigate the relationship between input costs and the income of wheat production in both mechanized and semi-mechanized systems was the quadratic model.

The interaction between stratospheric monthly mean regional winds and sporadic-E

In the present study, a statistical investigation is carried out to explore whether there is a relationship between the critical frequency （foEs） of the sporadic-E layer that is occasionally seen on the E region of the ionosphere and the quasi- biennial oscillation （QBO） that flows in the east-west direction in the equatorial stratosphere. Multiple regression model as a statistical tool was used to determine the relationship between variables. In this model, the stationarity of the variables （foEs and QBO） was firstly analyzed for each station （Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti）. Then, a co- integration test was made to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between QBO and foes. After verifying the presence of a long-term relationship between the variables, the magnitude of the relationship between variables was further determined using the multiple regression model. As a result, it is concluded that the variations in foEs were explainable with QBO measured at 10 hPa altitude at the rate of 69%, 94%, 79%, and 58% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively. It is observed that the variations in foes were explainable with QBO measured at 70 hPa altitude at the rate of 66%, 69%, 53%, and 47% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively.

Cyperus papyrus L. Growth Rate and Mortality in Relation to Water Quantity, Quality and Soil Characteristics in Nyando Floodplain Wetland, Kenya

Cyperus papyrus (L.) growth rate and mortality is influenced by environmental conditions prevailing in the wetland. To assess growth dynamics of C. papyrus in relation to water depth and anthropogenic (exploitation) pressures, monthly and bi-monthly measurement of culm length and girth were done between June and December 2010 (period 1) and April to June 2011 (period 2). Three study sites were selected based on the water levels and livelihood-driven exploitation pressures. Surrogate measurements of individual culm height and girth were done in three 1 m2 quadrats in each site to determine the growth rate of papyrus. Water depth was lowest in period 2 (dry) and highest in period 1 (wet) which was related to the livelihood activities being highest in period two and lowest in period one. Culm mortality occurred throughout the study period with 64% due to natural senescing while insect/rodent accounted for 19%. Papyrus growth was higher in Singida (2.5 ± 0.2 cm/day) representing less disturbed site and least in Wasare (1.4 ± 0.1 cm/day) which was highly disturbed. Multiple regression models for culm length showed culm density, mean length and NH4 negatively influenced growth rate while site as a dummy variable, water depth, SRP and TP had positive effects on papyrus growth rate. Understanding growth rate and causes of mortality in papyrus is important to establish sustainable management strategies of this ecosystem to maintain its integrity.

A Quantitative Approach to Analyse Rural Population and Development in Some African and Southern-Central American Countries over 10 Years

In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment protection with the consequence to worsen the marginalization of these territories. In the world, more than 50% of poverty is located in rural areas and the most incidence of it is in Sub-Saharan African countries; in Latin American nations, instead, the most percentage of poverty is located in urban areas. The aim of this research was to estimate, by a multiple regression model, in 46 countries of Africa and in 23 nations of Souther-Central America, which socio-economic variables were able to play a fundamental role on the rural population and on the development of rural areas in 2000 and 2010 using some statistical data published in the FAO Statistic book. In analysed African countries there has been an increase of people living in the rural space and a growth by 21% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product （GDP）. In Southern and Central American nations, there has been a meaningful emigration from rural territories due to an expansion of commercial flows and per capita income in rich areas, thus people have decided to move from the rural territories to the urban territories, worsening the poverty and living conditions in the countryside.

The Effect on Sporadic-E of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation

In this study, the relationship between the QBO （quasi-biennial oscillation）, which is seen at the equatorial stratosphere, and critical frequency of layer （Es） sporadically observed at the ionospheric E region was analyzed by using multiple regression model. For this analysis, Es layer critical frequency （foEs） obtained from four different stations at equatorial region and QBO measured at 10 hPa altitude values were used. The positive relationship between foEs and QBO was observed at all stations. An increase of 1 m/s at QBO leads to an increase of 0.01 Mhz, 0.02 Mhz, 0.02 Mhz and 0.01 Mhz （Jicamarca, Ascension, Manila and Kwajalein） on foEs, respectively. Expect for Manila station, westerly phase of QBO has greater effect on foEs compared to easterly phase of QBO at all other stations. It is seen that the changes occurred on foEs can be explained by the QBO at rates 47%, 46%, 32% and 44% for Jicamarca, Ascension, Manila and Kwajalein stations, respectively.

Research on China’s Population Structure in the New Situation

To analyze the impact of the“two-child policy”on the population size and structure,first of all,the birth rate,the ratio of men and women,and the ratio of urban and rural population are used as indicators.Before and after the dispersion,then establish a PDE model,and compare it with the population predicted by the gray forecast to analyze the mitigation of the ageing of the second child policy;continue to analyze the impact of changes in the population structure on the national economy,and select the male and female ratio and the labor population The urban-rural population ratio is used as an index to establish a multiple regression equation for analysis,and a related regression equation is obtained.Finally,the future marriage problem is analyzed,considering only the difference in the number of men and women entering the marriageable period at the same time.The difference in the number of marriageable populations is analyzed through the difference in the number of men and women born at birth,focusing on a dynamic perspective.

Research on FDI and China＇s Economic Growth

In this paper, the relationship between FDI and China＇s economic growth is analyzed by Granger causality test and multiple regression model. It is found that relationship is bi-directional causal. It is suggested that the utilization of FDI should be focused on not only the quantity, but also the quality of FDI with its rapid development.

Flood Generation Mechanisms and Potential Drivers of Flood in Wabi-Shebele River Basin, Ethiopia

Flood is a natural process generated by the interaction of various driving factors. Flood peak flows, flood frequency at different return periods, and potential driving forces are analyzed in this study. The peak flow of six gauging stations, with a catchment area ranging from 169 - 124,108 km2 and sufficient observed streamflow data, was selected to develop threshold (3rd quartile) magnitude and frequency (POTF) that occurred over ten years of records. Sixteen Potential climatic, watershed and human driving factors of floods in the study area were identified and analyzed with GIS, Pearson’s correlation, and Principal Correlation Analysis (PCA) to select the most influential factors. Eight of them (MAR, DA, BE, VS, sand, forest AGR, PD) are identified as the most significant variables in the flood formation of the basin. Moreover, mean annual rainfall (MAR), drainage area (DA), and lack of forest cover are explored as the principal driving factors for flood peak discharge in Wabi-Shebele River Basin. Finally, the study resulted in regression equations that helped plan and design different infrastructure works in the basin as ungauged catchment empirical equations to compute QMPF, Q5, Q10, Q50, and Q100 using influential climate, watershed, and human driving factors. The results of these empirical equations are also statistically accepted with a high significance correlation (R2 > 0.9).

Dew amount and its long-term variation in the Kunes River Valley,Northwest China

Dew is an essential water resource for the survival and reproduction of organisms in arid and semi-arid regions.Yet estimating the dew amount and quantifying its long-term variation are challenging.In this study,we elucidate the dew amount and its long-term variation in the Kunes River Valley,Northwest China,based on the measured daily dew amount and reconstructed values(using meteorological data from 1980 to 2021),respectively.Four key results were found:(1)the daily mean dew amount was 0.05 mm during the observation period(4 July-12 August and 13 September-7 October of 2021).In 35 d of the observation period(i.e.,73%of the observation period),the daily dew amount exceeded the threshold(>0.03 mm/d)for microorganisms;(2)air temperature,relative humidity,and wind speed had significant impacts on the daily dew amount based on the relationships between the measured dew amount and meteorological variables;(3)for estimating the daily dew amount,random forest(RF)model outperformed multiple linear regression(MLR)model given its larger R^(2) and lower MAE and RMSE;and(4)the dew amount during June-October and in each month did not vary significantly from 1980 to the beginning of the 21^(st) century.It then significantly decreased for about a decade,after it increased slightly from 2013 to 2021.For the whole meteorological period of 1980-2021,the dew amount decreased significantly during June-October and in July and September,and there was no significant variation in June,August,and October.Variation in the dew amount in the Kunes River Valley was mainly driven by relative humidity.This study illustrates that RF model can be used to reconstruct long-term variation in the dew amount,which provides valuable information for us to better understand the dew amount and its relationship with climate change.