环境因子对千里香(Murraya paniculata)蒸腾强度的影响

蒸腾作用是植物水分关系中的一个重要部分,它基本上是蒸发的物理过程,因此受环境因子的影响,同时它也是受植物体本身结构特点影响的生理过程。对植物的蒸腾强度测定,有利于了解植物与环境之间的关系。千里香[Murraya paniculata(L.)Jack]是一种主要生长于石灰岩地区的具有重要药理作用的植物。其生长地的土壤浅薄,而基岩本身又易透水,故石灰岩地区蓄水保水能力较差,土壤常较干燥,测定千里香植物的蒸腾强度,有利于了解石灰岩地区植物的某些特点。

Cytotoxic and Anti-Tumour Promoting Activities of Carbazole Alkaloids from Malayan <i>Murraya koenigii</i>(L.) Spreng

Murraya koenigii (L.) (Rutaceae) is an indigenous medicinally important herb of Indian origin and now is widely distributed throughout southern Asia. The stem bark, leaves and roots of Malayan Murraya koenigii were selected for phytochemical investigation. Eight carbazole alkaloids was isolated and identified using spectroscopic methods including NMR, IR, UV, MS spectra data. Crude extract and isolated compounds from the roots of this plant were screened for cytotoxic activity and antitumor promoting activity. All crude extracts of the roots including the isolated compounds, mahanimbine, mahanine and murrayafoline-A exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against CEM-SS cell line with IC50 3mg/mL. Girinimbine inhibited EBV-activation in the antitumor promoting assay.

Nephroprotective effect of Murraya koenigii on Cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of defatted mehtanolic extract and aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii against Cyclophosphamide drug. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced by Cyclophosphamide in 7 d at 150 mg/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route in rat model. Nephroprotective activity of Murraya koenigii(M. koenigii) extract(100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in intraperitoneal route) was measured, including nephrological source, oxidative stress parameters like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, the lipid peroxide and in vivo assay like blood urea nitrogen, creatinine were determined and analyzed by One way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. Results: The study result showed that important phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, glycosides, protein and steroids were found to be present in the extract of M. koenigii. The renal function markers like blood urea nitrogen and ceatinine level were found to be decreased significantly by M. koenigii extract treatment. A significant difference was found to be at P<0.01. Conclusions: The present study reveals the protective role of M. koenigii extract against Cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity.

Prenylated Coumarins from Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata

Four hitherto unknown prenylated coumarins,namely 600-O-b-D-apiofuranosylapterin(1),40-O-isobutyroylpeguangxienin(2),6-(3-methyl-2-oxobutyroyl)-7-methoxycoumarin(3),and 6-hydroxycoumurrayin(4),were isolated from the ethanol extract of Heracleum stenopterum,Peucedanum praeruptorum,Clausena lansium,and Murraya paniculata,respectively.Their chemical structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.Compound 2 exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines(HL-60,A-549,SMMC-7721,MCF-7,and SW-480)with IC50 values ranging from 15.9 to 23.2μM.

A New Binary Carbazole Alkaloid from Murraya koenigii

A new binary carbazole alkaloid, 8, 8-biskoenigine (1), along with its monomer, koenigine, was isolated from the dried leaves of Murraya koenigii collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. The structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic methods.

Allelopathic Potential of Orange Jessamine （Murraya paniculata L.） against Weeds

The use of allelopathic plants is an alternative technique for controlling weeds in sustainable crop production. This experiment evaluated the allelopathic potential of Murraya paniculata （L.） against four weeds viz., Bidens pilosa L., Amarathus spinosus L., Echinochloa crusgalli （L.） Beauv. and Chloris barbata Sw.. In laboratory test, aqueous extracts from M. paniculata leaves at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 g/L were tested on germination and seedling growth of the weeds. The extracts showed inhibitory effect, varying with weed species and extract concentration. Increase in concentrations increased the degree of inhibition. Concentration at 50 g/L and 100 g/L, completely inhibited seed germination of C. barbara and A. spinosus. Pot experiments were done in a glasshouse, with dry leaf powder as mulch on the soil surface at levels of 2, 4 and 8 t/ha. Dry leaf powder reduced the emergence and growth of all tested weeds, varying with dose and species. Chloris barbara is the most sensitive to M paniculata leaf mulch while E. crus-galli is the most resistant. These results suggest that M. paniculata had the potential lbr weed control and might be the source of a natural herbicide.

Chemical constituents from Murraya tetramera Huang

The aim of this study is to perform a phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Murraya tetramera Huang. Nine compounds were isolated by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, together with preparative TLC and HPLC methods. By analysis of the MS and NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with those in literature, these nine compounds were identified as 3,3＇-[oxybis（methylene）]bis（9-methoxy-9H-carbazole）（1）, murrastifoline B（2）, murrayaquinone A（3）, 2,4-dimethoxyphenol（4）, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene（5）, 3-methylanisole（6）,（–）-syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）, β-sitosterol（8）, and octadecanyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxylbenzeneacrylate（9）, respectively. Among them, compounds 4–6 and 9 were described from the genus Murraya for the first time, and compounds 2–9 were isolated from M. tetramera for the first time.

Pharmacodynamic comparison of two different source plants of Murrayae Folium et Cacumen

A comparison of the pharmacodynamic effects of two source plants of Murrayae Folium et Cacumen(MFC),Murraya exotica L.and Murraya paniculata(L.)Jack,was performed in order to supply reference for its multi-source rationality and interchangeability in clinical practice.According to the traditional efficacy of MFC,the effects of promoting Qi,relieving pain,promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis were systematically evaluated by the models of writhing response in mice,foot swelling in rats,gastric emptying and small intestine propulsion in mice,and acute blood stasis in rats,respectively.The results showed that both M.exotica and M.paniculata could significantly inhibit the writhing reaction induced by acetic acid in mice and the paw swelling induced by carrageenan in rats,reduce IL-6,TNF-αand PGE2 levels in plasma of paw-swelling rats and increase gastric empty rate and intestinal propulsive rate.The above-mentioned effects were dose-dependent,and there was no significant difference between M.exotica and M.paniculata at the same doses.Therefore,M.exotica and M.paniculata had the similar anti-inflammatory,analgesic and gastrointestinal motility promotion effects,which provided a support for the pharmacodynamic equivalence of the multi-source plants of MFC.

Comparison of Murraya exotica and Murraya paniculata by fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology methods

There are two source plants for the traditional Chinese medicine Murrayae Folium et Cacumen(MFC)in Chinese Pharmacopoeia,i.e.Murraya exotica L.and M.paniculata(L.)Jack.Herein,a chemical comparison of M.exotica and M.paniculata by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology was performed.The main peaks in the fingerprints were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-IT-TOF-MS)and authenticated by references.The chemometrics results showed that the HPLC fingerprints of these two species were clearly divided into two categories using hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)and principal component analysis(PCA),and a total of 13 significantly differentiated markers were screened out by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA).However,the following network pharmacology analysis showed that these discriminated markers were found to act via many common targets and metabolic pathways,indicating the possibly similar pharmacological effects and mechanisms for M.exotica and M.paniculata.The above results provide valuable evidence for the equivalent use of these two plants in clinical settings.Moreover,the chromatographic fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometrics and network pharmacology supplies an efficient approach for the comparative analysis of multi-source TCMs like MFC.

Processing Effects on Selected Antioxidant Activities and Metabolizing Enzyme Inhibition of M. Koneigii (Curry Leaves) Extracts

Curry leaves, scientifically termed Murraya koenigii, are renowned in South Asian cuisine for their flavor enhancement and potential health benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thermal processing methods on curry leaves by analysing Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and metabolizing enzyme inhibition. Fresh curry leaves were subjected to thermal treatments: Oven-dried at 60˚C and Air-dried at 25˚C for 2 weeks. Extracts were prepared using Ethanol and water solvents. Results indicated that Air-dried leaves exhibited significantly higher TPC (5132.65 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (243.13 mg CE/100 g) compared to Fresh and Oven-dried leaves. Antioxidant assays show that oven-dried curry leaves at 60˚C displayed higher results in NORS, FRAP, and TEAC assays compared to Fresh and Air-dried leaves. Ethanol extracts showed better extraction of bioactive compounds than aqueous extracts. Moreover, Lipase inhibition activity was notably high, indicating potential health benefits. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of processing methods on curry leaf extracts, emphasizing the importance of solvent selection for optimal extraction of bioactive compounds.

Simultaneous determination of three main analytes of Murraya exotica by HPLC

Murraya exotica L. is one of the two official source species of traditional Chinese medicine Murrayae Folium et Cacumen. At present, a rapid HPLC analysis method to simultaneously determine two major coumarins, hainanmurpanin （1） and meranzin （2）, and one main flavonoid, 3,5,6,7,3＇,4＇,5＇-heptamethoxyflavone （3）, from the leaves and twigs of M. exotica was established. The analysis was performed on a DIKMA Spursil C18 column （4.6 minx250 mm, 5 ~m） at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, using acetonitrile-H20 （5：5, v/v） as mobile phase. The column temperature was 25 ^（2, and the detected wavelength was at 320 nm. The three analytes （1-3） were separated well with good linearity, precision, stability and repeatability. The average recoveries were in the range of 100.52%-101.97%, with RSD less than 1.73%. Twenty batches of M. exotica from different habitats were detected, and the sum of the contents of 1-3 was in the range of 1.55-7.45 mg/g, respectively. Besides, the contents of these three analytes were also determined for the samples from different medicinal parts （stems, lateral branches, mixture of twigs and leaves） and different harvest times. The results showed that the contents of these three analytes in leaves and twigs are much higher than those in the stems or lateral branches; the plants harvested from June or October contain more active compounds than those from the other months. The above results proved that this high performance and simple HPLC assay can be readily utilized as a practical method for the quality control of M. exotica.

四数九里香的化学成分及药理活性研究进展

四数九里香为芸香科九里香属植物四数九里香的干燥叶及根,具有祛风解表、行气止痛、活血散瘀的功效。研究表明,四数九里香主要成分为挥发油、生物碱、香豆素及黄酮等化合物,具有细胞毒性、抗炎、镇痛、驱避杀虫等生物活性。本文通过查阅国内外文献,对其化学成分及药理活性等方面的研究进行了综述,以期为四数九里香的应用及开发提供参考及借鉴依据。

In vivo antianxiety and antidepressant activity of Murraya paniculata leaf extracts

OBJECTIVE： Different parts of Murraya paniculata have been used traditionally for treating several ailments including mental disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the antianxiety and antidepressant potential of M. paniculata leaves using elevated plus maze model and forced swim test, respectively. METHODS： Extracts of M. panicu/ata made with petroleum ether （60-80 ℃）, chloroform, ethanol and water were evaluated for antianxiety and antidepressant activity. The anxiolytic chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions （F1-F5）. Fraction F5 （100 mg/kg）, which showed notable anxiolytic activity, was further chromatographed to get four subfractions （F5.1-F5.4）. Simultaneously, the ethano extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain ethyl acetate soluble fraction （EASF） and ethyl acetate insoluble fraction. Phytochemical screening of bioactive extracts/fractions and detection of mahanimbine in M paniculata leaf extract by thin-layer chromatography was also carried out. RESULTS： Fraction F5.3 （25 mg/kg） and EASF （20 mg/kg） showed significant anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography and phytochemical screening demonstrated the absence of mahanimbine in M. paniculata leaves. Coumarins were observed to be responsible for the anxiolytic activity. CONCLUSION： The results validate the traditional use of M. paniculata leaves in the treatment of menta disorders.

民族药四数九里香的化学成分及生物活性研究进展

四数九里香作为传统民族药,含有挥发油、黄酮、生物碱和香豆素等成分,表现出抗炎、镇痛、趋避杀虫和抗肿瘤等多重药理作用。本文对四数九里香化学成分、药理作用以及潜在毒性进行简要综述,并提出其药效物质基础、作用机制以及慢性毒性等方面仍值得深入研究。对四数九里香功能特性开展系统深入的挖掘并将其应用到创新药物的开发中,对于进一步提高四数九里香产品附加值、拓展其应用领域具有重要意义。

The protective effect of Murraya koenigii leaves against carbon tetra chloride-induced hepatic damage in rats

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii(MMK)leaves in attenuating the hepatic damage inflicted by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)),a potent oxidative stress inducer and a model hepatotoxicant.Methods:Rats were divided into six groups of five each:normal control group,CCl_(4)group,CCl_(4+)silymarin group,CCl_(4+)MMK group(200 mg/kg body weight),CCl_(4+)MMK group(300 mg/kg body weight)and CCl_(4+)MMK group(500 mg/kg body weight).Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 20%CCl_(4),in corn oil(1 mL/kg body weight)and MMK was orally administered for 3 weeks.Levels of hepatic markers such as alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminase,alkaline phosphatase and total billirubin were measured.Activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase were assayed and malondialdehyde content was measured.For histopathological examination,liver microtome sections were prepared and observed under light microscope.Results:Oral administration of MMK had significantly reduced the activities of aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase,alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin content in a dosedependent manner,which were elevated by CCl_(4).However,CCl_(4)-induced rise in lipid peroxidation and drop in superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were reversed by MMK administration.Further,the hepatoprotective activity of MMK was supported by histopathological examination of liver microtome sections.Conclusions:Our biochemical and histological studies demonstrate the potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of MMK and our results scientifically validate the often use of MMK leaves in food preparation and in Ayurvedic medicine in India and neighboring countries.

Effect of aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii on haematological,hormonal and lipid profile of Albino rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii leaves on some haematological,hormonal and serum lipid parameters in rats.Methods:We evaluated whether oral administration of Murraya koenigii affected the haematological,hormonal and lipid parameters.After 7 days of oral administration of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight,other profiles were investigated.Results:The results showed that the extract administered significantly increased(P<0.05)packed cell volume,haemoglobin concentration,red blood cell,mean corpuscular hemoglobin,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration,mean corpuscular volume and decreased the platelet count(P<0.05)at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight when compared with control.The extract significantly increased(P<0.05)white blood cell count at all doses administered when compared with control.Results showed that thyronine and thyroxine were increased,while thyroid stimulating hormone was decreased significantly(P<0.05)at high doses compared.The recorded data in the present study showed that the testosterone value was reduced significantly(P<0.05)from control value.Also the extract significantly reduced(P<0.05)the total cholesterol concentration and low density lipoproteins cholesterol concentration in the serum while it had no significant effect on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration at all doses administered.Conclusions:This study suggests that the extracts may have beneficial effect on serum cholesterol concentration,can act as a stimulant to thyroid functions as well as in anemia and immunity dependent disorders and also as a potent contraceptive.

Characterization of thirty-nine polymethoxylated flavonoids （PMFs） in the branches of Murraya paniculata by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS

试图在 Murraya paniculata (L.) 的分支调查 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMF ) 杰克。一个敏感 HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS 方法被建立在 M 的分支屏蔽 PMF 的方法。paniculata 基于在由 CID-MS/MS 的积极模式的六个 PMF 标准的分析。结果为 polymethoxylated 黄酮， polymethoxylated 黄烷酮， polymethoxylated chalcones 和 PMF glycosides 的诊断破碎小径分别地被总结。根据 MS 破碎小径， 39 PMF 包括 24 黄酮， 10 黄烷酮或 chalcones 和 5 PMF glycosides 被屏蔽。结果显示了的结论发达分析方法能为在 TCM PMF 屏蔽的化学药品作为一种快速的、有效技术被采用，这提取。

受害前后的九里香嫩梢对柑橘木虱的吸引作用及其挥发物成分分析

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citriKuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,九里香Murraya paniculateL.是柑橘木虱最重要的寄主植物。本研究比较了受柑橘木虱为害前后的九里香对其趋性的影响,并在此基础上,分析受害前后的九里香嫩梢挥发物组成成分。结果表明,与未受为害的九里香相比,受为害后的九里香对柑橘木虱的吸引作用显著增强,而且受害后继续保留柑橘木虱的九里香吸引作用更强。受木虱为害前后九里香挥发物成分差异较大,相同组分含量差异也比较明显。仅存在于受为害后的九里香挥发物共有8种,分别为γ-橄榄烯、α-愈创木烯、Epi-β-檀香烯、顺式-β-金合欢烯、(+)-香橙烯、α-菖蒲二烯、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、α-绿叶烯;而仅存在于未受为害的九里香挥发物为6种,为别为孕烯醇酮、β-榄香烯、2,6-二叔丁基苯醌、异丙茴香醚、1-(1,5-二甲基己基)-4-甲基苯、α-柏木烯。这些差异物质可能在柑橘木虱的寄主定位中起着重要作用。

气相色谱-离子迁移谱法分析5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异

目的比较5种外观易混淆香辛料挥发性成分差异。方法采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)分析孜然、小茴香、莳萝籽、百里香和千里香5种外观易混淆香辛料的挥发性成分,并通过指纹图谱和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)进行差异比较。结果5种香辛料样品中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,且不同样品间挥发性成分种类及相对含量差异明显。枯茗醛、β-蒎烯等为孜然中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛辣草药香、孜然香特征香气;香芹酮、柠檬烯等为莳萝籽中特征挥发性成分,赋予其辛香甘甜、温和而不刺激的特征香气;β-石竹烯、香茅醇等为千里香中特征挥发性成分,能够增强其特征香气的通透性;草蒿脑、罗勒烯、1,8-桉叶素、γ-松油烯、α-蒎烯、水芹烯、月桂烯等烯类,二丁基硫醚及乙酸芳香酯等酯类为小茴香中特征挥发性成分,共同赋予其强烈而偏甜润的特征香气;百里香酚、2-茨醇、正丁醇、芳樟醇、糠醛和2-乙酰基呋喃等为百里香中特征香气,共同赋予其清甜的药草香气。结论根据挥发性成分差异,可将5种外观易混淆香辛料进行有效区分。该研究为GC-IMS技术应用于香辛料的快速鉴别提供了理论参考。

民族药四数九里香的化学成分及其细胞毒活性研究(Ⅲ)

阐释民族药四数九里香Murraya tetramera Huang的药效物质基础。本文采用现代色谱分离技术从其醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位中分离和纯化得15个化合物,采用核磁共振波谱技术和文献数据比对方法鉴定了化合物结构,分别为luteolin-7-O-glucoside(1)、3,4-dihydroxy benzeneacrylic acid(2)、2-hydroxylcinnamie acid(3)、3,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-coumarin(4)、2-methyl-6-hydroxychromone(5)、chlorogenic acid(6)、methyl caffeate(7)、furo[3,2-α]carbazole(8)、(E)-2-((4-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenol(9)、N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N′-(4′-nitrophenyl)urea(10)、九里香碱(11)、phorbazole C(12)、3-羟苯基喹唑酮(13)、N-反式阿魏酰基-3-甲基多巴胺(14)、6-丙酮基-5,6-二氢血根碱(15)。15个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离到;采用MTS法分析了15个化合物的体外抑制肿瘤细胞增殖作用,结果表明15个化合物对5株肿瘤细胞的体外生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中化合物1、8~15对人肿瘤细胞株HL-60、A-549、SMMC-7721、SW-480、MCF-7具有较好的抑制增殖作用。