Small Cell Lymphoma of the Gastrocnemius Muscle: A Case Report

Introduction: The primary localization of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the muscle is rare. Only the biopsy allows the certainty diagnosis. The aim was to report a first case of small cell lymphoma of the gastrocnemius in Mali and to do a review of the literature. Clinical Observation: It was about a 34-year-old woman who consulted 3 months after the onset of symptoms for swelling and pain in the left calf. On clinical examination there was a hard, painful and warm mass in the left calf, with paresthesias in the tibial nerve territory associated with partial functional impotence of the leg. The ultrasound revealed a hyper echogenic and heterogeneous non-vascularized mass of the left gastrocnemius muscle measuring 65 × 45 × 40 mm non-vascularized on color Doppler and pulsed in favor of myositis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) concluded in a well-limited heterogeneous cystic mass in the left gastrocnemius muscle respecting the bone of benign appearance: remodeled Baker’s cyst? Considering the radioclinical unconformity, thoraco-abdominal CT was performed and revealed pulmonary metastasis. The biopsy carried out concluded with a small cell lymphoma of the gastrocnemial muscle. Marginal resection was performed associated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The advancement at 9 months was satisfactory.

THE MECHANISM OF CEREBRAL EVOKED POTENTIALS BY REPETITIVE MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Objective. To study the features and mechanism of the cerebral evoked potentials by repetitive stimulation of calf muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with obvious muscular dystrophy and psuedohypertrophy. Methods. Cerebral evoked potentials by stimulation of calf muscles and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by the stimulation of posterior tibial nerves at ankle were measured in 10 patients with DMD and 10 normal controls matched with gender and age. The intensity of the magnetic stimulation was at 30％ of maximal output (2.1 Tesla, MagPro magnetic stimulator, Dantec) and the frequency was 1 Hz. The low intensity of magnetic stimulation was just sufficient to produce a contraction of the muscle belly underneath the coil. Recording electrode was placed at 2 cm posterior to the Cz, reference to Fpz. The latencies of N33, P38, N48 and P55 and amplitude (P38－ N48) were recorded. SEPs were recorded by routine methods. Results. In normal subjects, the amplitudes of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulation of calf muscle was 40％ lower than that by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. The latency of P38 was 2.9± 2.1 ms longer compared with electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. In 6 patients, P38 latency from magnetic stimulation was remarkably prolonged (P< 0.01), and in 4 patients, there was no remarkable response. SEPs evoked by electrical stimulation were normal in all of the patients. Conclusion. DMD is an available model for the study of mechanism of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulating muscle. We can conclude that the responses from magnetic stimulation were produced by muscle input. The abnormal responses in patients may relate to decreased input of muscle by stimulating dystrophic and psedohypertrophic muscle.

Study on Mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in Preventing and Treating Exercise-induced Muscle Damage(EIMD)in Rats

[Objectives]This study was conducted to observe the mechanism of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo on gastrocnemius muscle in rats with exercise-induced muscle damage(EIMD).[Methods]The micro-injury model of skeletal muscle was established by treadmill training.Forty two SD rats were randomly divided into a control group,1,12 and 24 h exercise groups,D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group,and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group,with 6 rats in each group.Various D.officinale groups were given the drug once in the morning and once in the evening at a dose of 2 ml/time,a week in advance.Except for the quiet group,the samples were collected from the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively,and the D.officinale 2 ml+1 h exercise group,D.officinale 2 ml+12 h exercise group and D.officinale 2 ml+24 h exercise group were also sampled after anesthesia following 1,12 and 24 h of exercise for the last time,respectively.The contents of ATP,CK-MM and CK in rat serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The histopathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle were observed by HE staining.PCR and Western-blot detection were carried out to analyze the effects of D.officinale on IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in gastrocnemius muscle.[Results]Compared with the quiet group,the ATP contents in the serum of rats in the 1,12 and 24 h exercise groups significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly increased(P<0.01).The expression of IGF-1 mRNA and protein in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the 1 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+1 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.05),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the 12 h exercise group,the D.officinale liquid+12 h exercise group showed a significant increase in ATP content(P<0.01),significant increases in IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue(P<0.01),and significant decreases in CK and CK-MM contents(P<0.01).Compared with the 24 h exercise group,the ATP content and IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of the D.officinale liquid+24 h exercise group significantly increased(P<0.01),while the CK and CK-MM contents significantly decreased(P<0.01).From the pathological tissue morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle in rats with EIMD treated with D.officinale,it could be concluded that the gastrocnemius muscle of each exercise group was significantly damaged,and the damage was significantly alleviated after administration of D.officinale liquid.[Conclusions]The effects and mechanism of D.officinale on prevention and treatment of EIMD in rats might be related to the promotion of IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in injured tissues by reducing ATP energy consumption,CK-MM and CK activity.

Heat shock protein 90 is a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating skeletal muscle abnormalities in Parkinson's disease

Previous studies have confirmed that heat shock protein 90 overexpression can lead to dopami- nergic neuronal death. This study was designed to further investigate what effects are produced by heat shock protein 90 after endurance exercise training. Immunohistochemistry results showed that exercise training significantly inhibited heat shock protein 90 overexpression in the soleus and gastrocnemius in Parkinson＇s disease rats, which is a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating skeletal muscle abnormalities in Parkinso^s disease.

Effects of Sedentarism and Treadmill Training in Mechanical Properties of Muscles of Ovariectomized Rats with High-Fat Diet

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of physical training in the maintenance of muscle strength in rats with HFD （high-fat diet） after OVX （ovariectomy）. Eighty Wistar rats are at eight weeks of age and weight 200 g which divided into 8 groups （n = 10） and treated for 12 weeks： GA： OVX ＋ ND （normal diet）, GB： OVX ＋ ND ＋ training, GC： sham ＋ ND, GD： sham ＋ ND ＋ training, GE： OVX ＋ HFD, GF： OVX ＋ HFD ＋ training, GG： sham ＋ HFD and GH： sham ＋ HFD ＋ training. HFD consists of standard ration for rats with addition of 30% lipids. In training groups, physical training five training/week was conducted on a treadmill with adaptation period of three weeks up to 18 m/s for one hour, training were performed for 12 weeks. The sedentary animals remained in individual box. To analyze the effects of training and diet, tensile strength tests of the gastrocnemius muscles were conducted： the speed of 0.1 mm/min. Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups. The mean （SD） obtained for the maximum load （N） were： GA 57.77 （6.89）, GB 62.74 （5.07）, GC 49.45 （6.06）, GD 59.42 （5.26） and GE 55.58 （4.72）, GF 62.50 （4.56）, GG 58.35 （4.54） and GH 56.67 （5.87）, respectively. There were no differences for maximum load between surgeries （p = 0.004） and between treatments （p = 0.000）. Differences were found also for the relationship surgery diet treatment （p = 0.007）. For the variable stiffness （N/mm）, there were not statistically significant differences： GA 5.03 （0.72）, GB 5.08 （1.09）, GC 5.17 （0.53）, GD 5.35 （0.80）, GE 5.52 （1.20）, GF 5.36 （1.07）, GG 4.83 （1.03） and GH 5.40 （0.73）. For the toughness （N/mm）, there were differences between treatments （p = 0.010） and the ratio diet treatment （p = 0.024）： GA 455.00 （107.21）, GB 541.96 （126.80）, GC 394.97 （84.67）, GD 566.90 （157.07）; GE 424.63 （113.03）, GF 478.07 （106.03）; GG 517.44 （98.65） and GH 481.26 （129.45）. OVX causes decrease in muscle maximum load; exercise treadmill provides increased muscular endurance, regardless of the diet and the OVX in groups, the increased resistance observed in the groups submitted to HFD can result in weight gain associated with the presence estrogen.

Comparison of Electroacupuncture and Body Acupuncture on Gastrocnemius Muscle Tone in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Single Blinded, Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Objective:To compare the immediate effects of electroacupuncture(EA)and body acupuncture(BA)on gastrocnemius muscle tone in children with spastic cerebral palsy(CP).Methods:Children with spastic CP,age from 24 to 60 months,who all received rehabilitation treatment in the Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,the First Hospital of Jilin University from April 2016 to May 2017 were enrolled in this trial and assigned to EA group and BA group through a random number table.Both EA and BA therapies were performed on acupoints of Zusanli(ST 36),Shangjuxu(ST 37),Sanyinjiao(SP 6),and Xuanzhong(GB 39)for 30 min once.The root mean square(RMS),integrated electromyogram(iEMG)of the gastrocnemius of surface electromyography(sEMG),and Modified Tardieu Scale(MTS)of the two groups were evaluated before and after treatment.All adverse events were accurately recorded.Results:Thirty-six children with spastic CP completed the study(18 cases and 32 legs in the EA group;18 cases and 31 legs in the BA group).There was no significant difference in RMS,iEMG and MTS between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).After treatment,compared with before treatment,RMS and iEMG significantly reduced and MTS(R2–R1)significantly increased in both EA and BA groups(P<0.05),and EA was more effective than BA in RMS and MTS(P<0.05).However,the iEMG between the two groups were not statistically significant after treatment(P>0.05).There was no serious adverse event during this clinical trial.Conclusion:Both EA and BA could significantly relieve the gastrocnemius muscle tone in spastic CP,and EA was more effective than BA.

Lower-Limb Motion-Based Ankle-Foot Movement Classification Using 2D-CNN

Recently,the Muscle-Computer Interface(MCI)has been extensively popular for employing Electromyography(EMG)signals to help the development of various assistive devices.However,few studies have focused on ankle foot movement classification considering EMG signals at limb position.This work proposes a new framework considering two EMG signals at a lower-limb position to classify the ankle movement characteristics based on normal walking cycles.For this purpose,we introduce a human anklefoot movement classification method using a two-dimensional-convolutional neural network(2D-CNN)with low-cost EMG sensors based on lowerlimb motion.The time-domain signals of EMG obtained from two sensors belonging to Dorsiflexion,Neutral-position,and Plantarflexion are firstly converted into time-frequency spectrograms by short-time Fourier transform.Afterward,the spectrograms of the three ankle-foot movement types are used as input to the 2D-CNN such that the EMG foot movement types are finally classified.For the evaluation phase,the proposed method is investigated using the healthy volunteer for 5-fold cross-validation,and the accuracy is used as a standard evaluation.The results demonstrate that our approach provides an average accuracy of 99.34%.This exhibits the usefulness of 2D-CNN with low-cost EMG sensors in terms of ankle-foot movement classification at limb position,which offers feasibility for walking.However,the obtained EMG signal is not directly considered at the ankle position.

Bi-pedicled V-Y gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap for repairing Achilles tendon and overlying skin defect： the anatomic basis and clinical application

Objective： To study the anatomic basis of the bipedicled V-Y gastrocnemins myocutaneons flap for repairing the composite Achilles tendon defect. Methods ： The pedicle anatomy of the bi-pedicled V-Y gastrocnemins myocutaneons flap was examined on 30 cadaver specimens. The sliding distances of the flap were measured at different knee flexion degrees. The bi-pedicled V-Y gastrocnemins myocutaneons flap was applied in 12 cases of Achilles tendon defect with simultaneous skin and soft tissue defect. Results： The surai arteries could be classified into four types. After cutting off the gastrocnemins origin with a ＂ Z-shaped＂ incision, the sliding distance of the flap reached （3. 7 ± 0. 5） cm when the knee flexed 0° ,（4.9 ± 0.7） cm when the knee flexed 30°, （ 6. 7 ±0.7 ） cm when the knee flexed 60°and （9.2 ±0.9） cm when the knee flexed 90°. All the defects healed. The patients recovered ambulation with satisfactory knee and ankle function. The follow-up was 4 months -12 years. Conclusions： Different sural artery types should be noticed during the harvest of the bi-pedicled V-Y gastrocnemins myocutaneons flap. With 90° knee flexion, this flap is suitable for one-stage repair of composite Achilles tendon defect within 9.2 cm ± 0.9 cm.