Bionic jumping dynamics of the musculoskeletal leg mechanism for quadruped robots

As the pneumatic artificial muscle （PAM） has flexibility properties similar to biological muscle which is widely used in robotics as one kind of actuators, the bionic mechanism driven by PAMs be- comes a hot spot in robotics. In this paper, a kind of musculoskeletal leg mechanism driven by PAMs is presented, which has three joints driven by four PAMs. The jumping movement is divided into three phases. The forward and inverse kinematics of the leg mechanism in different jumping phases is derived. Considering the ground reaction force between feet and environment, the dynamic in different jumping phases is analyzed by Lagrange method, then the relationship between PAM driving force and the joints angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration during one jumping cycle is obtained, which will lay a foundatiori for the jumping experiment of the musculo- skeletal lez mechanism.

Analysis for the Deployment of Single-Point Mooring Buoy System Based on Multi-Body Dynamics Method

Deployment of buoy systems is one of the most important procedures for the operation of buoy system. In the present study, a single-point mooring buoy system which contains surface buoy, cable segments with components, anchor and so on is modeled by applying multi-body dynamics method. The motion equations are developed in discrete node description and fully Cartesian coordinates. Then numerical method is used to solve the ordinary differential equations and dynamics simulations are achieved while anchor is casting from board. The trajectories and velocities of different nodes without current and with current in buoy system are obtained. The transient tension force of each part of the cable is analyzed in the process of deployment. Numerical results indicate that the transient payload increases to a peak value when the anchor is touching the seabed and the maximum tension force will vary with different floating configuration. This work is helpful for design and deployment planning of buoy system.

Multi-Body Dynamics Modeling and Simulation Analysis of a Vehicle Suspension Based on Graph Theory

Multi-body dynamics,relative coordinates and graph theory are combined to analyze the structure of a vehicle suspension.The dynamic equations of the left front suspension system are derived for modeling.First,The pure tire theory model is used as the input criteria of the suspension multibody system dynamic model in order to simulate the suspension K&C characteristics test.Then,it is important to verify the accuracy of this model by comparing and analyzing the experimental data and simulation results.The results show that the model has high precision and can predict the performance of the vehicle.It also provides a new solution for the vehicle dynamic modeling.

STUDY ON DYNAMICS, STABILITY AND CONTROL OF MULTI-BODY FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE SYSTEM IN FUNCTIONAL SPACE

The dynamics, stability and control problem of a kind of infinite dimensional system are studied in the functional space with the method of modern Mathematics. First, the dynamical control model of the distributed parameter system with multi-body flexible and multi-topological structure was established which has damping, gyroscopic parts and constrained damping. Secondly, the necessary and sufficient condition of controllability and observability, the stability theory and asymptotic property of the system were obtained. These results expand the theory of the field about the dynamics and control of the system with multi-body flexible structure, and have important engineering significance.

Articulated Lifting System Modeling Based on Dynamics of Flexible Multi-Body Systems

In lifting sub-system of deep-sea mining system, spherical joint is used to connect lifting pipes to replace fixed joint. Based on Dynamics of Flexible Multi-body systems, the mechanics model of articulated lifting system is established. Under the four-grade and six-grade oceanic condition, dynamic responses of lifting system are simulated and experiment verified. The simulation results are consistent with experimental ones. The maximum moment of flexion is 322 kN-m on the first pipe under six-grade sea condition. It is seen that the articulated connection can reduce the moment of flexion. The bending deformation of pipe center is researched, and the maximum is 0. 000479 m on the first pipe. Deformation has a little effect on the motion of system. It is feasible to analyze articulated lifting system by applying the theory of flexible multi-body dynamics. The articulated lifting system is obviously better than the fixed one.

Coupled Vibration Analysis of Vehicle-Bridge System Based on Multi-Boby Dynamics

For establishing the refined numerical simulation model for coupled vibration between vehicle and bridge, the refined three-dimensional vehicle model is setup by multi-body system dynamics method, and finite element method of dynamic model is adopted to model the bridge. Taking Yujiang River Bridge on Nanning-Guangzhou railway line in China as study background, the?refined numerical simulation model of whole vehicle and whole bridge system for coupled vibration analysis is set up. The dynamic analysis model of the cable-stayed bridge is established by finite element method, and the natural vibration properties of the bridge are analyzed. The German ICE Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) train refined three-dimensional space vehicle model is set up by multi-system dynamics software SIMPACK, and the multiple non-linear properties are considered. The space vibration responses are calculated by co-simulation based on multi-body system dynamics and finite element method when the ICE EMU train passes the long span cable-stayed bridge at different speeds. In order to test if the bridge has the sufficient lateral or vertical rigidity and the operation stability is fine. The calculation results show: The operation safety can be guaranteed, and comfort?index is “excellent”. The bridge has sufficient rigidity, and vibration is in good condition.

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON PRECISION NC LATHE BASED ON MULTI-BODY SYSTEM THEORY

Based on multi-body system theory and the mainshafl system of precision NC lathe as object investigated, it is treated as a coupled rigid-flexible multi-body system which is made up of some rigid and elastic bodies in an especial linking mode. And a dynamic model is established, The problems of computing vibration characteristics are resolved by using multi-body system transfer matrix method, Resutts show that the mainshaft system of NC lathe is in the stable and reliable working area all the time. The method is simple and easy, the idea is clear. In addition, the method can be easily used and popularized in the other multi-body system.

Dynamic Analysis of the Seafloor Pilot Miner Based on Single-Body Vehicle Model and Discretized Track-Terrain Interaction Model

In order to achieve the complex dynamic analysis of the self-propelled seafloor pilot miner moving on the seafloor of extremely cohesive soft soil and further to make it possible to integrate the miner system with some subsystems to form the complete integrated deep ocean mining pilot system and perform dynamic analysis, a new method for the dynamic modeling and analysis of the miner is proposed and developed in this paper, resulting in a simplified 3D single-body vehicle model with three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom, while the track-terrain interaction model is built by partitioning the track-terrain interface into discrete elements with parameterized force dements built on the theory of terramechanics acting on each discrete dement. To evaluate and verify the correctness and effectiveness of this new modeling and analysis method, typical comparative studies with regard to computational efficiency and solution accuracy are carried out between the traditional modeling method of building the tracked vehicle as a multi-body model and the new modeling method. In full consideration of the particMar structure design of the pilot miner, the special characteristics of the seafioor soil and the hydrodynamic force of near-seafloor currnt, the dynamic simulation analysis of the miner is performed and discussed, which can provide useful guidance and reference for the practical miner system in design and operation. This new method can not only realize the rapid dynamic simulation analysis of the miner but also make possible the integration and rapid dynamic analysis of the complete integrated deep ocean mining pilot system in further researches.

A forward-inverse dynamics modeling framework for human musculoskeletal multibody system

Multibody musculoskeletal modeling of human gait has been proved helpful in investigating the pathology of musculoskeletal disorders.However,conventional inverse dynamics methods rely on external force sensors and cannot capture the nonlinear muscle behaviors.Meanwhile,the forward dynamics approach is computationally demanding and only suited for relatively simple tasks.This study proposed an integrated simulation methodology to fulfill the requirements of estimating foot-ground reaction force,tendon elasticity,and muscle recruitment optimization.A hybrid motion capture system,which combines the marker-based infrared device and markerless tracking through deep convolutional neural networks,was developed to track lower limb movements.The foot-ground reaction forces were determined by a contact model for soft materials,and its parameters were estimated using a two-step optimization method.The muscle recruitment problem was first resolved via a static optimization algorithm,and the obtained muscle activations were used as initial values for further simulation.A torque tracking procedure was then performed by minimizing the errors of joint torques calculated by musculotendon equilibrium equations and inverse dynamics.The proposed approach was validated against the electromyography measurements of a healthy subject during gait.The simulation framework provides a robust way of predicting joint torques,musculotendon forces,and muscle activations,which can be beneficial for understanding the biomechanics of normal and pathological gait.

Dynamic skin deformation simulation using musculoskeletal model and soft tissue dynamics

Deformation of skin and muscle is essential for bringing an animated character to life. This deformation is difficult to animate in a realistic fashion using traditional techniques because of the subtlety of the skin deformations that must move appropriately for the character design. In this paper, we present an algorithm that generates natural, dynamic, and detailed skin deformation(movement and jiggle) from joint angle data sequences. The algorithm has two steps: identification of parameters for a quasi-static muscle deformation model, and simulation of skin deformation. In the identification step, we identify the model parameters using a musculoskeletal model and a short sequence of skin deformation data captured via a dense marker set. The simulation step first uses the quasi-static muscle deformation model to obtain the quasi-static muscle shape at each frame of the given motion sequence(slow jump). Dynamic skin deformation is then computed by simulating the passive muscle and soft tissue dynamics modeled as a mass–spring–damper system. Having obtained the model parameters, we can simulate dynamic skin deformations for subjects with similar body types from new motion data. We demonstrate our method by creating skin deformations for muscle co-contraction and external impacts from four different behaviors captured as skeletal motion capture data. Experimental results show that the simulated skin deformations are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to measured actual skin deformations.

An efficient formulation based on the Lagrangian method for contact–impact analysis of flexible multi-body system

In this paper,an efficien formulation based on the Lagrangian method is presented to investigate the contact–impact problems of f exible multi-body systems.Generally,the penalty method and the Hertz contact law are the most commonly used methods in engineering applications.However,these methods are highly dependent on various non-physical parameters,which have great effects on the simulation results.Moreover,a tremendous number of degrees of freedom in the contact–impact problems will influenc thenumericalefficien ysignificantl.Withtheconsideration of these two problems,a formulation combining the component mode synthesis method and the Lagrangian method is presented to investigate the contact–impact problems in fl xible multi-body system numerically.Meanwhile,the finit element meshing laws of the contact bodies will be studied preliminarily.A numerical example with experimental verificatio will certify the reliability of the presented formulationincontact–impactanalysis.Furthermore,aseries of numerical investigations explain how great the influenc of the finit element meshing has on the simulation results.Finally the limitations of the element size in different regions are summarized to satisfy both the accuracy and efficien y.

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN RECTANGULAR PLATE ATTACHED TO MOVING RIGID

A nonlinear dynamic model of a thin rectangular plate attached to a moving rigid was established by employing the general Hamilton＇s variational principle. Based on the new model, it is proved theoretically that both phenomena of dynamic stiffening and dynamic softening can occur in the plate when the rigid undergoes different large overall motions including overall translational and rotary motions. It was also proved that dynamic softening effect even can make the trivial equilibrium of the plate lose its stability through bifurcation. Assumed modes method was employed to validate the theoretical result and analyze the approximately critical bifurcation value and the postbuckling equilibria.

Dynamic Response Analysis and Vibration Control for A Fixed-Bottom Offshore Wind Turbine Subjected to Multiple External Excitations

For the offshore wind turbines installed in earthquake areas,their operation is affected by seismic loads in addition to wind and wave loads.Therefore,it is necessary to study the dynamic responses and vibration control of the wind turbines.In previous studies,the structural responses of offshore wind turbines are usually investigated in the parked case,while the blade rotation effect is usually not considered.The evaluation on the structural responses may be inaccurate under this condition,further affecting the evaluation on the vibration control performance of a control system.In view of it,this paper established a complete multi-body model of a fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine considering pile-soil interaction,and then performed simulations when the wind turbine was subjected to multiple external excitations.Continued,a single tuned mass damper(STMD)system and a multiple tuned mass dampers(MTMDs)system were applied to control structural vibrations of the wind turbine.Then,based on the construction of a simplified main structure-TMD system,TMD parameters were optimized.Finally,twelve load cases including operating and parked conditions were selected to perform simulations.Results show that the influence of the seismic excitation on blade responses is greater under the parked condition than that under the operating condition.Moreover,STMD/MTMDS exhibit better performance under the parked condition than that under the operating condition.Compared with STMD,MTMDS can better suppress the vibrations at both the fundamental and high-order modes,and exhibits significant robustness under the condition of changing soil parameters.

Dynamic Analysis on the Main Transmission Device of Wooden Ice Cream Sticks Branding Machine

In order to reduce the labor intensity,improve the production efficiency and enhance the equipment stability and the branding accuracy of the pattern,we have completed a double-row high-efficiency wooden ice cream stick branding machine structural design.The rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model is established and the movement and stress of the first-stage chain drive are calculated and analyzed.The comparison of the theoretical calculation results shows that the dynamic modeling and the structural design of the equipment are reasonable and the result of dynamic calculation also provides the basis of load data for dynamic strength calculation of structural components.

Engine Noise Prediction by Using Multi-body Simulation

Abstract： This paper presents a coupled multi-body and FEM （finite element method）-BEM （boundary element method） methodology used to carry out a comprehensive NVH （noise, vibration and harshness） investigation of a four-cylinder internal combustion engine prototype. Firstly, a MBDS （multi-body dynamic simulation） of the internal combustion engine has been carried out, at a defined operating condition, in order to determine the excitation force of the powertrain exciting the cylinder block. In this way, the dynamics of the engine powertrain have been described taking into account both the effects of the gas forces of the combustion process and the inertia forces of the moving parts. Afterwards, the cylinder block excitation forces have been used to evaluate the engine block vibrations and to predict the external noise radiated with both the well-known ATV （acoustic transfer vectors） and MATV （modal acoustic transfer vectors） methodologies at a distance of 1 m from the engine, according to the standard ISO 3744. The dynamics of the engine powertrain and its vibro-acoustic behaviour have been described using LMS （learning management system） Engineering Innovation Virtual.Lab tools.

Advantages of Multi-body Simulation within the Design Process of Heavy Drivetrains

For the further design of the particular gearbox components, the alternating cycles of the respective application mean an often insufficient knowledge of the actual loads occuring in use. Especially for the application within lifting units, such dynamic load cycles are very difficult to pre-estimate. The so-called slack rope test represents the most critical point in the load cycle and provides a special challenge for the gearbox design. Because of this missing expert knowledge, a test bench of such an application is installed and applied to practical movement cycles. Besides the test bench, a multi-body simulation model of the whole system is mapped within the MBS （multi-body simulation） environment SIMPACK. To verify this simulation model, the results are compared with the respective measurements of the test bench. These comparisons show very good agreements. Thus, one of the major advantages of using such simulation tools is the possibility to re-evaluate the internal and external loads during the whole design process. Finally, these simulations serve as a clarification of the load spectrum of the different drivetrain components. Gearbox series or different modifications of the design can now be analyzed prospectively without extensive testing.

人体下肢多体动力学仿真和步态稳定性实验研究

人体下肢是人进行步行运动的主要工具,下肢的肌肉骨骼系统是步行的执行机构,正常的下肢功能保证了人们的日常活动;下肢损伤会引起人们运动障碍,下肢运动障碍康复者虽然具有行走的能力,但是其稳定性和平衡性较差。本文着眼于人体下肢,总结并阐述了人体下肢多体动力学仿真以及步态稳定性的实验研究进展,展望了其发展趋势,旨在为临床康复治疗及康复设备的设计与开发提供帮助与数据支持。

基于神经-肌骨-外骨骼耦合仿真框架的平地和上坡行走动力学分析

评估人体穿戴外骨骼后的运动性能是指导外骨骼硬件迭代和控制策略优化的重要依据.与传统的基于实验的评估相比,基于人-外骨骼耦合系统动力学仿真的评估避免了平台搭建和实地测试、实验数据分析处理的巨大人力和时间成本.此外,如将人体神经肌骨动力学纳入人-外骨骼耦合系统,动力学仿真还能够生成肌肉激活、肌肉力和关节力矩等实验中难以测量的生理学和生物力学信息,从而可以从肌肉发力的层面评估不同环境下穿戴外骨骼对人体运动的影响.本研究以人体肌骨-髋关节外骨骼耦合系统为研究对象,基于考虑人体神经肌骨动力学、足地接触和人-外骨骼交互作用的完整神经-肌骨-外骨骼耦合正向动力学仿真框架,对系统在平地和上坡(5.71°,10%)两种场景以0.8 m/s步速行走的动力学进行了比较研究.通过给定模型中的神经肌肉反射参数,综合考虑系统运动状态、肌肉收缩动力学、肌骨运动学、肌肉代谢、不同环境下的地反力和人机交互力等因素,并采用协方差矩阵自适应进化策略进行分阶段多目标优化,可以在不需要实验数据输入的条件下,高效完成全系统的动力学仿真.计算结果表明,所提仿真框架不仅能够生成包括肌肉激活、肌肉力、关节力矩和关节角度在内的完整生理学和生物力学信号,还能够反映和解释不同肌肉的激活模式随步行环境的适应性变化.此外还在与仿真情况一致的步行条件下进行了人体穿戴外骨骼行走测试,并进一步将肌肉激活数据与测得的肌电信号对比.结果表明,仿真与实验的肌肉激活结果保持了较高的相关性,并呈现出相对于地形坡度基本一致的变化规律;在上坡行走时,腘绳肌、臀大肌、髂腰肌和比目鱼肌的肌肉激活程度的RMS值均显著高于平地行走的情况,而股直肌与胫骨前肌的肌肉激活程度的RMS值则有所下降.上述结果表明,提出的动力学仿真框架可以在无实验数据输入的条件下有效且准确地捕捉在不同地形中行走时肌肉激活模式的定性差异.本研究为人体肌骨-外骨骼耦合系统在多场景下的行走仿真与性能评估提供了新的途径,也为外骨骼设计与控制策略的优化提供了理论参考和仿真分析方法.

基于肌肉协同和肌肉力相对关系的人体行走下肢肌肉力计算方法

针对现有计算肌肉力的方法中缺乏对运动过程中肌肉协同机制和肌肉力相对关系考量的问题,提出一种基于行走过程中肌肉力相对关系与肌肉协同的肌肉力计算方法。该方法在二次优化的基础上,将人体行走过程中一段时间的肌肉力以及不同肌肉收缩力之间的关系纳入逆动力学计算中。在所建立的肌肉骨骼模型的基础上,利用该方法得到行走过程中下肢主要肌肉的肌肉力,计算结果可以有效地反映人体运动规律以及行走过程中的肌肉协同机制。该计算方法可为人体运动形成机制、运动康复与训练以及仿人机器控制等提供理论依据。

基于sEMG的拉力作业肌肉疲劳与恢复研究

目的为了探究动态拉力作业肌肉疲劳与恢复的特征,避免肌肉疲劳累积,降低肌肉骨骼疾患(MSDs)风险。方法设计动态拉力作业疲劳与恢复试验,选取10名男性本科生。测量屈指肌和肱三头肌的表面肌电信号,通过统计学方法分析肌群指标MF和MPF的变化特征。结果经过静坐恢复方式干预,肌力恢复至88%MVC,屈指和肱三头肌肌电频域指标MF和MPF均呈上升趋势,主观疲劳感随休息时间延长呈下降趋势。结论肌电频域指标MF和MPF能够较好地作为评估动态拉力作业中肌肉疲劳状态恢复过程的客观指标。本研究的疲劳状态恢复特征研究内容可为现实拉力作业中的休息设计提供依据。