Economic significance and environmental impacts of the Song Dam Drinking Water Project(SDDWP)in Garhwal Himalaya

With the population growth through natural growth and migration,coupled with the city expansion,it is the fact that Dehradun City in India faces severe water scarcity.Therefore,the Song Dam Drinking Water Project(SDDWP)is proposed to provide ample drinking water to Dehradun City and its suburban areas.This paper examined economic significance and environmental impacts of the SDDWP in Garhwal Himalaya,India.To conduct this study,we collected data from both primary and secondary sources.There are 12 villages and 3 forest divisions in the surrounding areas of the proposed dam project,of which 3 villages will be fully submerged and 50 households will be affected.For this study,50 heads of the households were interviewed in the 3 submerged villages.The questions mainly focused on economic significance,environmental impacts,and rehabilitation issues of the dam project.The findings of this study indicate that economic significance of the dam project is substantial,including providing ample water for drinking and irrigation,contributing to groundwater recharge,creating job opportunities,and promoting the development of tourism and fisheries in the Doon Valley.In terms of the rehabilitation of the affected people,there are only 50 households in need of rehabilitation.Currently,the arable land of these affected people is not sufficient to sustain their livelihoods.The entire landscape is fragile,rugged,and precipitous;therefore,the affected people are willing to rehabilitate to more suitable areas in the Doon Valley.Moreover,it is essential to provide them with sufficient compensation packages including the compensation of arable land,houses,cash,common property resources,institutions,belongingness,and cultural adaptation.On the other hand,the proposed dam project will have adverse environmental impacts including arable land degradation,forest degradation,loss of fauna and flora,soil erosion,landslides,and soil siltation.These impacts will lead to the ecological imbalances in both upstream and downstream areas.This study suggests that the affected people should be given sufficient compensation packages in all respects.Afforestation programs can be launched in the degraded areas to compensate for the loss of forest in the affected areas.

Review of the Relocation of General Zhang Fei’s Temple in View of the Three Gorges Dam Project

As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.

The dam design of Three Gorges Project

The dam of Three Gorges Project is a concrete gravity dam with the crest elevation of 185 m,the maximum height of 181 m and dam axis length of 2 309.5 m.The dam consists of spillway,powerhouse,non-over flow,ship-lift,temporary ship-lock,left diversion wall and longitudinal cofferdam blocks.Some key techniques relating to dam structure design are presented,including hydraulics of flood discharge structure,dam joint design,layout and structural type of penstock,deep anti-sliding stability of dam foundation,reconstruction of temporary ship-lock and closed drainage and pumping of dam foundation.

A Computer Model for Selecting Equipment in Earth-Fill Dam Projects

Selecting right equipment has been playing an important role in the success of construction projects. This paper presents a computer model, ESCMODEL, for equipment selection in Earth-fill dam projects. The proposed model is capable of assisting the users in making decisions to determine the size, number, type and schedule of presence of dozers, loaders, graders, excavators, trucks, sheepsfoot rollers and smooth wheel rollers. ESCMODEL can contribute to resolve this selection process through the application of an optimization technique, based on nonlinear programming. Three actual case studies of earth-fill dam projects are presented in order to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the model.

Three Gorges Dam project in great progress as planned

It hasn’t been easy, but almost all of the work on the Three Gorges Project is on schedule, according to a corporation overseeing construction of the dam. The China Yangtze Three Gorges Project Development Corporation has reported that contractors and other staff are working hard to ensure that the flood season does not slow the dam project. The company recently detailed the mammoth tasks that have taken place so

引江补汉工程丹江口下游近坝段枯水期通航水位恢复试验研究

引江补汉工程补水口位于丹江口大坝下游安乐河出口约5 km处,且补水量与调水量基本一致,工程对航道的影响主要体现在减水段,为恢复枯水期通航水位需要开展航道综合治理。利用河工模型试验论证了综合治理方案的效果,并对方案进行了优化及进一步论证。结果表明,减水-补水212 m 3/s方案尾门水位分别为86.47、85.90 m条件下,引航道口—黄家港段水位下降,黄家港以下水位保持不变,其中引航道口水位下降幅度最大,分别下降0.08、0.19 m;综合治理方案1实施后引航道口水位下降均为0.02 m,减水段的水位仍未恢复至调水前的水平,主因是从安乐河口补水的水流并未能进入到左侧主航道内;基于试验研究结果,建议对综合治理方案进行优化,在沧浪洲出水口下沿布置2道护底带;通过试验论证了护底带的4个高程,建议护底带高程为85.5 m,并对护底带高程进一步细化论证;优化后的方案可使引航道口至黄家港段的水位略超过调水前的水平,其中引航道口处最大水位抬高0.06 m。

数字孪生技术助力南四湖防洪调度与二级坝工程管理

数字孪生建设是“十四五”期间推进智慧水利建设的重要内容之一,为提高南四湖流域防洪调度水平和二级坝工程运行管理能力,采用南四湖防洪调度、二级坝泄量纠偏及调度仿真等关键技术,建立和完善二级坝感知体系,提升算力能力建设;建设数据底板,加强算据能力建设;研发多种模型,智能展示数据成果;开发具有“四预”功能的防洪调度和水闸综合管理业务应用等系统。系统的建成可全面提高南四湖防洪调度及二级坝工程管理安全运行管理水平,为后续数字孪生沂沭泗建设提供经验样本和技术模板。

基于混凝土防渗填筑技术的水利大坝工程施工设计研究

针对水利大坝工程混凝土防渗填筑技术施工设计面临的渗透控制问题,研究提出了一种新的混凝土配合比优化方法。该方法通过科学配比混凝土材料,提高了混凝土的抗渗性能,从而有效解决了大坝混凝土渗透问题。研究结果表明,水利大坝水平位移在5个月后趋于平稳,最终位移量约为10 cm。大坝结构稳定,没有出现异常变形或潜在的安全问题。

筛分半成品料与天然沙掺配组成的大坝反滤料设计

通过对科特迪瓦波波里项目的天然沙、筛分半成品料进行颗分试验,在设计出最佳的掺配比例后再对筛分系统进行改造,实现了天然沙与筛分半成品料的自动掺配,进而实现了高效率、低成本的大坝反滤料生产,满足了渗透性(D_(15))、稳定性(D_(15)/d_(15))的设计指标。阐述了对筛分半成品料与天然沙掺配组成的大坝反滤料的设计情况。

国际水电项目GIN参数设计方法研究

在Lombardi博士的GIN理论基础上,结合世界大坝委员会的坝基设计公报及以往国际水电站工程采用GIN灌浆取得的经验,依托科特迪瓦波波里水电站土石坝帷幕灌浆的实践,阐述了基于坝基岩石质量与压水试验成果的GIN设计值的取值方法,提出了P_(max)、V_(max)值设计时需要考虑的两种边界条件,并通过理论公式计算及实践经验提出了浆液扩散半径的安全保证系数。

论郧阳“伍子胥堰”的历史逻辑与世界灌溉工程遗产价值

“伍子胥堰”是春秋时期以伍子胥为代表的伍氏先贤接续创建的杰出农耕文明成果,是兼具科学性与价值性、民族性与世界性、历史性与现实性、物质遗产与精神遗产特质的灌溉工程杰作,具有极其重要的实用价值和人文价值。探讨其形成的历史逻辑,发掘其丰富内涵,阐释其审美内蕴,有利于彰显其世界灌溉工程遗产的价值意蕴。

面板堆石坝含特细砂砂砾石填筑料碾压特性研究

阿尔塔什水利枢纽工程大坝主堆石区填筑料以砂砾石料为主,该地区河滩砂砾石料颗粒级配中的砂为特细砂,其在砂的级配中缺少中粗砂、级配不连续、保水性较差等特殊性级配料的特点导致其在施工过程中势必会影响到碾压的压实效果,给施工过程的质量控制带来很大难度。阐述了施工中通过对含特细砂砂砾石填筑料进行的不同加水量、不同厚度、不同碾压遍数及碾压机械等不同的碾压工艺参数进行试验检测、综合统计分析研究,探索出适合该工程的相关碾压施工参数标准,优化了施工碾压参数,提升了施工现场试验检测控制的时效性,为大坝填筑建设提供了稳定、可靠的施工参数,增强了坝体整体填筑的可靠性,为减小坝体沉降变形、提高大坝抗震安全储备和控制大坝施工质量等提供了有利条件。

数字孪生丹江口工程建设

文章介绍了数字孪生丹江口工程的建设背景及目标需求,重点阐述围绕大坝安全、水质安全、库区安全等核心业务创新研发的多项关键技术,总结梳理了数字孪生丹江口工程后续工作及数字孪生建设面临的挑战,提出数字孪生技术发展展望。

不同断面泄流槽的堰塞坝溃决模型试验研究

以2018年“11·3”金沙江白格滑坡堰塞坝为原型,对所布设的泄流槽从断面形状、位置、尺寸等方面进行考虑,采用相同颗粒级配材料,设置7种试验工况,在控制上游来水量相同条件下,对各工况下试验溃决过程进行观察,进而揭示堰塞坝溃决演变机理及其影响因素。结果表明:溃决过程可分为初始孕育阶段、溯源坡面侵蚀阶段、溯源陡坎侵蚀阶段、河床稳定平衡阶段4个阶段;不同断面形状泄流槽的溃决过程中,冲蚀程度影响范围由强到弱排序为自然组、三角形槽、矩形槽、梯形槽。对于泄流槽断面形状尺寸及位置,当宽度相同且深度较低时,受约束影响溃决过程会较为提前;当泄流槽断面一致,布设位置位于一侧时,受一侧固定约束影响,溃口宽度扩展会小于布设位置位于中间的情况。研究结果可为堰塞坝溃决机理分析及堰塞坝应急救援处置提供参考。

通用型水库洪水全过程预演仿真模型构建技术

水库洪水全过程预演仿真模拟是水利工程防灾减灾领域的重要研究方向,模型是支撑预演仿真模拟的核心,也是构建现代化水库运行管理矩阵重要的支撑技术。从水库洪水灾害链演化过程出发,围绕上游洪水形成过程、库坝区洪水控制过程以及下游洪水演进过程三个阶段,从水库上游的水文产汇流模拟,坝址区域的水库洪水调度模拟、大坝安全性态综合模拟、溃坝过程模拟,以及水库下游的洪水演进模拟、致灾后果分析等角度出发,探讨了各环节的研究近况,梳理了当前各环节模型构建的主要技术和存在问题。围绕当前构建现代化水库运行管理矩阵中对洪水预演仿真模型的需求和建设现状,总结分析了目前平台模型构建运用过程中存在的模型整体性规划不足、缺乏模型和模拟标准、各模型衔接困难等问题。结合工程实践,从加强顶层设计、统一建设标准、模型计算微服务部署等方面提出平台模型构建建议,并对下一步研究进行了展望。

SketchUp在水利工程制图教学中的应用

“水利工程制图”是水利水电工程技术专业重要的专业基础课程。在“水工建筑物标高投影及坡脚线绘制”章节教学中,将SketchUp软件应用其中,可简便快速绘制不规则地形曲面及土坝三维模型,分析建筑物与地面交点的标高投影,演示坡脚线的形成过程,将投影关系形象化、可视化。该教学法不仅能降低学习难度,有效突破教学重难点,且能拓展学生空间思维能力,提升其学习积极性,从而达到预期教学目标。

治沟造地工程对小流域氮磷面源污染的综合治理效应

治沟造地工程可缓解黄土高原耕地资源紧张、人地矛盾等问题,对小流域水土流失也有很好的防治效果,但该工程对小流域水土流失型非点源污染的综合治理效应尚不明确。选取延安地区典型未治理流域与治沟造地流域、典型新造地和坡耕地、生态拦截坝作为研究对象,采集并测定土样氮磷质量分数和水样氮磷质量浓度。结果表明:连年耕作新造地耕作层土壤氮磷质量分数显著高于传统坡耕地(P<0.05),且新造地氮下渗率高于坡耕地;生态拦截坝对水体中总氮、总磷、硝氮和氨氮质量浓度总削减率分别达到44.3%、94.8%、91.2%和46.9%;未治理流域产流量是经治沟造地工程治理后流域产流量的29倍;小流域不同时期水体总磷、总氮、氨氮和硝氮质量浓度大小排序均为枯水期>全年期>丰水期,治沟造地工程对流域水体氮磷质量浓度削减率排序为总磷>总氮>氨氮>硝氮;治沟造地对流域总氮拦截量最大,其次为硝氮。总体上,治沟造地工程能够在“源头”和“过程”对氮磷面源污染物进行双重阻截。

水利工程水库大坝混凝土施工技术分析

总结了水库大坝混凝土施工技术的重要性,从施工技术因素和外部因素两个方面,分析了水库大坝混凝土施工质量的影响因素,并从成孔质量、槽段清理和施工过程3个角度,为该水库大坝混凝土施工质量控制提供了方案。结合以上总结分析,对该水库大坝具体的混凝土施工技术进行了分析和改进。

高温间歇对碾压混凝土坝施工期温控防裂影响研究

中国东部沿海地区夏季温度高,该类地区的碾压混凝土坝工程在施工期往往会设置高温间歇,但目前设置高温间歇主要依赖经验,缺少相关定量分析。依托福建省霍口水库工程,以有限元仿真分析为手段,对比分析了高温间歇对该碾压混凝土坝施工期温度、应力的影响。分析结果表明:夏季高温季节连续施工,会造成坝体基础温差与内外温差过大,存在开裂风险;与连续施工相比,设置高温间歇能显著降低碾压混凝土坝表面和内部的后期开裂风险,但复工后浇筑的混凝土仍然需要采取通水冷却措施进行降温,以避免开裂。研究成果可为碾压混凝土在施工期设置高温间歇提供科学依据和参考。

东庄拱坝横缝开度仿真研究

高拱坝施工期混凝土浇筑、温控、接缝灌浆、拦洪渡汛是四位一体的环节,环环相扣并互相牵制,只有浇筑顶高程、冷却区顶高程、已灌区顶高程和蓄水高程协调一致,才能保证高拱坝施工按计划顺利进行。以高拱坝横缝开度为核心的方案决策暂无成功案例,而施工期横缝开度监测只能解决过去已有问题,不能预测未来,借助高拱坝横缝开度数值模拟来预测横缝开合对坝体施工的影响尤为重要。对东庄水利枢纽开展拱坝施工期横缝开度仿真分析,模拟混凝土浇筑过程、温控过程、灌浆过程和蓄水过程,从而预测拱坝施工期的应力应变状态。