Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma Hominis and Ureaplasma Urealyticum to Fluoroquinolones

Objectives: To determine the susceptibilities of M.hominis and U. urealyticum to fluoroquinolones forthe instruction of reasonable clinical application ofantibiotics.Method: The susceptibilities of M. hominis and U.urealyticum to six fluoroquinolones were determinedby the broth dilution method.Results: Sparfloxacin and gatifloxacin were veryactive with MIC50S of 0.03125 and 0.25 μg/ml againstM. hominis, 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml against U. urealyticum,respectively. Levofloxacin and ofloxacin had MIC50S of1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively against both species.Norfloxacin was less effective against both species at16 and 32 μg/ml. Ciprofloxacin was unusual in thatthe MIC50S varied fourfold between species, with 2 μg/ml against M. hominis and 8 μg/ml against U.urealyticum.Conclusions: The results can provide useful infor-mation for selecting fluoroquinolones for treatmentof urogenital mycoplasma infections.

Presence of an Active Effiux System in the Fluoroquinolones Resistance of Mycoplasma Hominis

Objective: To investigate the possible presence ofan active efflux system in resistance tofluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma hominis. Methods: The resistant strains of M. hominis wereselected from one hundred and three clinical strainsof M. hominis by broth microdilution method. The ac-cumulation of ciprofloxacin in M. hominis and the in-fluence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone(CCCP) and reserpine were measured by a fluores-cence method. Results: Two resistant strains and two susceptiblestrains of M. hominis were selected in vitro. The accu-mulation of ciprofloxacin for resistant strains is lowerthan that of susceptible strains. CCCP and reserpinehad different influence on clinical strains of M.hominis. Reserpine could dramatically increase theaccumulation of ciprofloxacin, however CCCP had alittle effect on it. Conclusion: These results suggest that the pres-ence of an active efflux system implicated in thefluoroquinolones-resistant in M. hominis.

Susceptibility of Mixed Infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis to Seven Antimicrobial Agents and Comparison with that of Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infection

In order to investigate the susceptibility of mixed infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma Hominis (MH) to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents and comparison with that of UU infection in NGU patients, the in vitro susceptibility was determined by using microdilution method. The positive results were analyzed. The results showed that the sequence of susceptibility to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents for both UU infection group and UU-MH mixed infection group was almost the same from the highest susceptibility to the lowest accordingly: Josamycin, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Sparfloxacin, Roxithromycin, Ofloxacin and Azithromycin. The total drug resistance rate for UU-MH mixed infection group (97. 67 %) was significantly higher than that for UU infection group (44. 67 %, P<.0. 01). The highest drug resistance rate in UU group and UU-MH mixed infection group was 31. 33 % (Ofloxacin) and 90. 48 % (Azithromycin) respectively. UU-MH mixed infection showed an increased drug resistance and changes of drug resistance spectrum.

Ureaplasma Urealyticum or Mycoplasma Hominis Infections and Semen Quality of Infertile Men in Abidjan

Objective To determine the prevalence of U. urealyticum and M. hominis in semen samples collected from men admitted in clinic for infertility, and to compare the quality of these semen samples.Methods A total of 1 058 semen samples collected were investigated. Sperm semiological assays were performed according to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation （WHO）. Semen were examined by Mycoplasma IST for the detection of mycoplasma. Semen culture on agar media was used to detect other microorganisms. Chlamydia was detected using direct fluorescent assay （DFA） of Clamydia Trachomatis.Results Among 1 058 semen samples, microorganisms were detected in 638 （60.3%）. The infected sperms consisted of mycoplasma alone in 507 cases （47.9%）, mycoplasma and other microorganisms in 98 （9.3%）, giving in all 605 （57.2%） samples infected with mycoplasma. The last 33 （3.1%） consisted of other microorganisms alone. The frequency of U. urealyticum, M. hominis and mixed genital infections detected in semen samples of infertile men were 39%, 23.8% and 5.6%, respectively. The rates of abnormal semen parameters recorded among patients infected with mycoplasma were for volume （22.2%-25%）, viscosity （29.6%-43.5%）, pH （64.7%-72.9%）, motility （80.8%-93.8%）, morphology （36.3%-47.9%）, sperm concentration （53.3%-58.3%） and leukocyte count （51.4%-58.3%）.Conclusion Frequency of U. urealyticum infection was higher than that of M. hominis. Mycoplasma infections were associated with disorders of pH, motility and sperm concentration. In addition M. hominis infection affected spermatozoa morphology. Therefore, screening of U. urealyticum clinically relevant in Abidjan. and M. hominis for routine semen analysis is

Mycoplasma hominis meningitis after operative neurosurgery:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hominis(M.hominis),which causes central nervous system infections in adults,is very rare.It is also relatively difficult to culture mycoplasma and culturing requires special media,resulting in a high rate of clinical underdiagnosis.Therefore,clinicians often treat patients based on their own experience before obtaining pathogenic results and may ignore infections with atypical pathogens,thus delaying the diagnosis and treatment of patients and increasing the length of hospital stay and costs.CASE SUMMARY A 44-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of recurrent dizziness for 1 year,which had worsened in the last week.After admission,brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)revealed a 7.0 cm×6.0 cm×6.1 cm lesion at the skull base,which was irregular in shape and had a midline shift to the left.Based on imaging findings,meningioma was our primary consideration.After lesion resection,the patient had persistent fever and a diagnosis of suppurative meningitis based on cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)examination.The patient was treated with the highest level of antibiotics(meropenem and linezolid),but the response was ineffective.Finally,M.hominis was detected by next-generation metagenomic sequencing(mNGS)in the CSF.Therefore,we changed the antibiotics to moxifloxacin 0.4 g daily combined with doxycycline 0.1 g twice a day for 2 wk,and the patient had a normal temperature the next day.CONCLUSION Mycoplasma meningitis after neurosurgery is rare.We can use mNGS to detect M.hominis in the CSF and then provide targeted treatment.

Association of Blastocystis hominis with colorectal cancer:A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo evidences

BACKGROUND Recently,there have been several findings that showed intestinal colonisation of Blastocystis hominis(Blastocystis)as a risk factor to the worsening of colorectal cancer(CRC).However,studies have shown controversial results in the pathogenicity of Blastocystis.AIM To review systematically the evidence available on the association between CRC and Blastocystis and the prevalence of Blastocystis in CRC patients and to investigate cytopathic and immunological effects of Blastocystis in in vitro and in vivo studies.METHODS PRISMA guidelines were utilised in conducting this systematic review.Original articles published before February 2,2020 were included.PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus and Google scholar databases were searched.Manual searching was carried out to find articles missed during the online search.RESULTS Out of 12 studies selected for this systematic review,seven studies confirmed the prevalence of Blastocystis and found it to be between 2%-28%in CRC patients,whereby subtype 1 and subtype 3 were predominantly seen.A total of four studies employing in vitro human colorectal carcinoma cell line study models showed significant cytopathic and immunological effects of Blastocystis.In addition,one in vivo experimental animal model study showed that there was a significant effect of infection with Blastocystis on exacerbation of colorectal carcinogenesis.CONCLUSION Blastocystis is a commonly identified microorganism in CRC patients.These studies have provided supportive data that Blastocystis could exacerbate existing CRC via alteration in host immune response and increased oxidative damage.Future studies of CRC and Blastocystis should attempt to determine the various stages of CRC that are most likely to be associated with Blastocystis and its relationship with other intestinal bacteria.

Case report:pre tibial myxedema combined with hyperthyroidism and blastocystis hominis infection

The patient is a 37-year-old male with a right anterior tibial mass for more than one year and a left anterior tibial mass for more than one month.There was a history of hyperthyroidism.Histopathology of the lesions showed epidermal hyperkeratosis of the skin tissue,thickening of the spinous layer,extensive collagen fibrillation in the superficial dermis and reticular layer,and numerous linear and granular mucoprotein deposits in the lower and middle dermis.Blastocystis hominis was routinely detected in the stool.Diagnosis:1.Pretibial myxedema 2.intestinal parasitosis(Blastocystis hominis infection).

<i>Mycoplasma hominis</i>Variable Adherence-Associated Antigen: A Major Adhesin and Highly Variable Surface Membrane Protein

Mycoplasma hominis is a member of the genus mycoplasma and has only been isolated from humans. It is most frequently isolated from the urogenital tract in the absence of symptoms, but has been isolated from wounds, brain abscess, inflamed joints, blood and placenta from pregnancy with adverse outcomes (especially preterm birth and occasionally term stillbirth). Controversy surrounds whether this organism is a commensal or a pathogen;however, Mycoplasma hominis has been shown to induce preterm birth and foetal lung injury in an experimental primate model as a sole pathogen. These bacteria are known to exist as a parasitic infection, due to a number of missing synthetic and metabolism pathway enzymes from their minimal genome;therefore, the ability to adhere to host cells is important. Here we provide a review that clarifies the different nomenclature (variable adherence-associated antigen and P50) that has been used to investigate the major surface adhesin for this organism, as well as reported mechanisms responsible for turning off its expression. Variation in the structure of this protein can be used to separate strains into six categories, a method that we were able to use to distinguish and characterise 12 UK strains isolated from between 1983 and 2012. We propose that the Vaa should be used in further investigations to determine if commensal populations and those that are associated with disease utilise different forms of this adhesin, as this is under-studied and identification of pathogenic determinants is overdue for this organism.

Charcterization of Type Ⅱ Topoisomerase Gene Mutations in Clinical Isolates of Mycoplasma Hominis Resistant to Fluoroquinolones

Objective: To analyze type II topoisomerase genes in clinical isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycoplasmahominis. Methods: Eight isolates of M.hominis cross resistant to 6fluoroquinolones were selected from 103 clinical strains ofM.hominis using a broth microdilution method. Type IItopoisomerase genes were amplified by PCR and directlysequenced. Nucleotide sequences were compared to sequencesfrom a susceptible strain (M.hominis PG2I). Results: MICs of resistant Mh isolates were 4- to 512-foldhigher than MICs from the susceptible reference strain.Sequence comparison revealed a C to T change at 113nt ingyrA QRDR led to the substitution of Ser83 by Leucine and noamino acid change in gyrB. A change of G to T at 134nt inparC QRDR led to the substitution of Ser80 by Isoleucine anda G to A change at 70nt in ParE QRDR led to the substitutionof Aspartic acid by Asparagine.Conclusion: These results suggest that a C to T change at113nt in gyrA, a G to T change at 134nt in parC and a G to Achange at 70nt i atrE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance of M.hominis.

A Study on Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Hominis in The Urogenital Tract By Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction with First Void Urine in Men

Objectives: To evaluate thc efficacy of nested polymerasechain reaction (PCR) with first void urine (FVU) for thediagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis in male patients. Methods: Matched FVU specimens and urethral swabs werecollected from 194 male patients with NongonococcalUrethritis and tested by nested PCR and cell culture. Cellculture was used as a gold standard for evaluating other assaytechniques. Results: For FVU nested PCR assay and FVU cell culture,our results showed that the sensitivity was 100% and 93.3%;specificity was 97.0% and 98.2%; positive predictive value(PPV) was 85.7% and 90.3%, negative predictive value (NPV)was 100% and 98.8%, respectively. The total consistencybetween the two techniques was 97.4%. Conclusions: For the diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis inmen, nested PCR detecting FVU is a highly sensitive andspecific method. First void urine can replace swab culture orPCR in terms of acceptability and feasibility.

Daptomycin,Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus hominis Catheter-Related Bacteraemia in a Hemodialysis Patient

We report a case of a haemodialysis patient that presented a catheter-related bacteraemia caused by a Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. With the utilization of molecular biology techniques the bacterial isolate recovered from catheter was surprisingly identified as S. hominis by sequencing of the 16S ribosomal gene. The S. hominis isolate, which is not often associated with infections in dialysis patients, was resistant to methicillin, being mecA positive, and to daptomycin. The patient was successfully treated with vancomycin together with the catheter retirement.

A Study on Infertility of Males Infected with <i>Mycoplasma hominis</i>with Reference to Sperm Morphology

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Mycoplasma hominis infection on the morphology of sperms and its association with the infertility of men. The patients were referred to the Urology Departments of Mosul General Hospital and Soran Hospital in Mosul and Erbil respectively. Methods: The present study was carried out from April 2019 to March 2020 and the number of the patients group was 108. The patients aged 20 to 60 years. Semen was collected from infertile men of a couple that female failed to become pregnant after one year of regular and unprotected intercourse of marriage and submitted for seminal fluid analysis as well as for bacteriological investigations Results: M. hominis was detected in 14 semen specimens (12.9%) from the infertile men. The teratozoospermia, normozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia and leukospermia were seen among patients examined. Statistically, there were no significant differences between these forms of infected infertile men and non-infected infertile men (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of present study demonstrated that the genital Mycoplasma hominis seems to be widespread among male partners of infertile couples in Iraq. The present data did not show any significant differences between forms of the sperm concentration and sperm morphology related to the infection by M. hominis.

Different Histopathological Changes of Gastric Mucosa to tt. pylori and G. Hominis Infection

The presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach is closely associated with histological signs of chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer. The anotherspiral organism named Gastrospirillum hominis (G.hominis) has led to further interest in the bacterial pathogenesis of gastritis. Since the low prevalence of G.hominis, it is difficult to evaluate its biological behavior. Recently we found 16 cases of G. hominisassociated gastritis in 257 Thailand individuals, which make it possible to study the biological characteristic of G. hominis and its relationship with the gastric mucosal inflammation.

296例泌尿生殖道人型支原体及解脲支原体感染分布及药敏分析

目的分析临床患者泌尿生殖道人型支原体(Mh)及解脲支原体(Uu)感染分布情况及药敏情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集2022年9月—2023年8月于莆田市第一医院就诊的296例支原体感染患者临床资料,分析患者的性别、年龄分布,以及有无临床症状表现情况。采用Uu和Mh支原体培养鉴定药敏试剂盒对泌尿生殖道分泌物标本进行培养鉴定及药敏分析。结果296例支原体感染患者中,女性(256例)多于男性(40例),年龄主要分布在31~40岁(40.54%)。各年龄组间,不同性别的支原体感染率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。有临床症状表现的患者(55.07%)多于无临床症状表现者(44.93%),差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.68,P<0.05)。单纯Uu感染者238例(80.41%),单纯Mh感染者5例(1.69%),Mh+Uu双重感染者53例(17.91%)。女性单纯Uu感染阳性率和Uu+Mh双重感染阳性率均高于男性,差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2) _(Uu)=11.27,χ^(2)_(Uu+Mh)=10.09,均P<0.05)。单纯Mh对强力霉素和美满霉素的敏感率达100%,而对红霉素和环丙沙星耐药;Mh+Uu混合对强力霉素、美满霉素和交沙霉素敏感率均超过90%,而对红霉素完全耐药;单纯Uu对强力霉素和美满霉素敏感率为100%和99.58%,环丙沙星耐药率为76.90%。结论泌尿生殖道支原体感染患者女性多于男性,支原体感染类型以单纯Uu感染为主。强力霉素和美满霉素对3种支原体感染类型敏感率较高。临床应根据感染类型的不同及抗菌药物的敏感性,合理选用抗菌药物。

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensibility Profile Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis Isolated from Women in Brazzaville

Background: Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are opportunistic pathogens frequently encountered in the female genital tract. They are involved in various infections that can lead to serious complications such as pregnancy complications, spontaneous abortions, bacterial vaginosis, salpingitis, and infertility. Syndromic management is common, but monitoring antibiotic sensitivity is crucial to limit the emergence and spread of resistant strains. Methodology: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinique Médico-Chirurgicale COGEMO in Brazzaville between January 2019 and December 2021, involving 162 sexually active women followed up in the gynecology-obstetrics department. Duplicate endocervical samples were collected and analyzed using the Mycoplasma AF Genital System kit (Liofilchem) to identify Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, as well as their sensitivity profiles to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Results: The prevalence of genital mycoplasmas was 21.6%. Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 10.49% of the samples, Mycoplasma hominis in 3.08%, and co-infections in 8.02%. Women infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum were generally in a couple, aged 28 to 37 years, unemployed, and asymptomatic. For Mycoplasma hominis, the profile was similar but with a wider age range of 18 to 47 years. Mycoplasma hominis showed high resistance to pefloxacin (80%), erythromycin (60%), tetracycline (60%), and doxycycline (60%). In co-infections, resistances were 61.4% for erythromycin and 53.85% for tetracycline. Ureaplasma urealyticum showed a sensitivity significantly higher than 20% for all tested antibiotic molecules. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the female genital tract and their concerning resistance to antibiotics. Mycoplasma hominis shows high resistance while Ureaplasma urealyticum presents better sensitivity, though still notable. The variability of observed sensitivity profiles underscores the need for personalized therapeutic approaches based on updated data to protect women’s reproductive health.

改良DMEM培养基对人芽囊原虫的培养效果观察

目的探讨改良DMEM培养基培养人芽囊原虫(Blastocystis hominis,B.h)的效果。方法选取了329例临床样本分别用改良DMEM培养法与普通DMEM培养法和碘液染色涂片法对B.h的检出率进行比较;普通DMEM培养法与改良DMEM培养法中B.h形态、最低检出限、生长曲线等进行比较。结果329例临床样本中改良DMEM培养B.h检出阳性率为5.17%(17/329),碘液染色涂片法阳性率1.52%(5/329),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。B.h在两种培养基中均以空泡型为主,但改良DMEM更易见到颗粒型和二分裂型,生长高峰期为第72 h,达高峰期后维持时间较普通DMEM培养长。结论改良DMEM培养法优于普通DMEM培养法,可用于人芽囊原虫的体外增殖培养。

2例人型支原体导致骨折术后手术部位感染的病例报告

人型支原体可定植于人体泌尿生殖系统,为机会性致病菌,其引起的骨折术后手术部位感染较为罕见。由于人型支原体缺乏细胞壁,革兰染色阴性,常规细菌培养易漏检,感染后诊断和治疗较为困难。该文分析2例骨折术后人型支原体伤口感染患者的临床资料、治疗经过、检验确诊及微生物药敏结果,以提高临床医生与检验人员对生殖道以外部位人型支原体感染的认识,减少误诊和漏诊。

1例人型支原体感染超早产儿的药学监护实践

目的:探讨超早产儿人型支原体感染的抗菌药物选择及药学监护。方法:临床药师参与1例人型支原体感染超早产儿的治疗过程,通过查阅大量文献,协助医师选择适宜患儿的抗菌药物,并给出用药监护方案。结果:患儿经抗人型支原体药物治疗后,枕部疖肿消退;经联合其他抗菌药物治疗,体温、感染指标逐渐降至正常,未观察到药物不良反应。结论:临床药师参与特殊患儿个体化给药方案的制定与实施,可保障药物治疗安全、有效。

莫西沙星治疗超早产儿人型支原体脑膜炎1例

患儿男,生后2 h,因早产(胎龄27+5周)、生后气促2 h入院。患儿入院后出现发热,血C反应蛋白升高,生后第4天脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性(序列数9898);生后第8天复查脑脊液宏基因组二代测序示人型支原体阳性(序列数56806)阳性。患儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎诊断明确,抗生素调整为莫西沙星静脉滴注[5 mg/(kg·d)],总疗程4周。治疗后患儿脑脊液检查恢复正常,于生后第76天治愈出院。该文对新生儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的诊断和治疗进行重点描述,介绍超早产儿人型支原体化脓性脑膜炎的多学科诊疗.

Detection and evaluation of different morphological forms of Mycoplasma hominis in human semen

Recently discovered microcolonial forms of Mycoplasma hominis(M.hominis)and their impact on human spermatogenesis are studied.The spermatozoa of 125 fertile men(sperm donors;from Reprobank[Reproductive Tissue Bank,Moscow,Russial)and of 93 patients with fertility problems(from the Federal State Budgetary Institution"Research Centre for Medical Genetics[RCMG]",Moscow,Russia)were used.Classical colonies of M.hominis and microcolonies were detected by molecular biological methods,culture of bacteria,and transmission electron microscopy.The unique structure of microcolonial cells,in which the cytoplasmic cylinder is surrounded by concentric electron-dense and electron-light layers with a periodicity of 12-14 nm,and the ability of microcolonial cells to attach to spermatozoa are shown.In patients with lower sperm quality,microcolonies of M.hominis were detected 2.5 times more frequently than classical colonies.The detection of microcolonies in the ejaculate and the frequent isolation of microcolonies from sperm samples of patients with fertility problems suggest that microcolonial cells may be one cause of infertility.