"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"China-Myanmar Friendly Cultural and Educational Exchanges Held inYangon

On January 1Oth,at the invitation of the Yangon University of Foreign Languages for its Cultural Exchanges Week,the China Foundation for Peace and Development and the Myanmar Chinese Cooperation&Communication Centre,jointly organised the"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"China-Myanmar Friendly Cultural and Educational Exchange activity.U Soe Thein,Chief Minister of Yangon Province,Zaw Myint,Deputy Minister of Education of Myanmar,and Kyi Shwin,President of Yangon University of Foreign Languages,attended the activity and delivered speeches.

CHINESE MEDIATION SMOOTHING THE SITUATION IN NORTHERN MYANMAR

Over a month has passed since the Three Brotherhood Alliance-an alliance between the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army(MNDAA),the Ta’ang National Liberation Army(TNLA),and the Arakan Army(AA)-launched an offensive against Myanmar government forces in the Shan State of northern Myanmar on October 27,2023(Operation 1027).Recently,the Myanmar government held talks with representatives of the three ethnic minority armed groups involved in the conflict through mediation by China.

Opportunities, Challenges, and Countermeasures of China Myanmar Economic and Trade Cooperation under the Background of RCEP

China and Myanmar are geographically adjacent and have close economic and trade cooperation. China has been Myanmar’s largest trading partner and largest source of investment for many consecutive years. With the official entry into force of RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) for Myanmar on May 1, 2022, the reduction of trade tariffs on goods and flexible rules of origin between China and Myanmar will undoubtedly bring more practical results to China Myanmar economic and trade cooperation. However, the implementation of RCEP in Myanmar may face a series of challenges such as poor business environment, weak human resource management, and outdated infrastructure construction. Finally, the article provides countermeasures for China Myanmar economic and trade cooperation from three aspects: optimizing the business environment to attract Chinese investment, increasing investment in education and training to improve labor quality, strengthening infrastructure construction to enhance economic support.

Patterns of floristic inventory and plant collections in Myanmar

Myanmar is one of the most biodiverse countries in the Asia-Pacific region due to a wide range of climatic and environmental heterogeneity.Floristic diversity in Myanmar is largely unknown,resulting in a lack of comprehensive conservation plans.We developed a database of higher plants in Myanmar derived from herbarium specimens and literature sources,and analyzed patterns of diversity inventories and collection inconsistencies,aiming to provide a baseline floristic data of Myanmar and act as a guide for future research efforts.We collected 1,329,354 records of 16,218 taxa.Results show that the collection densities at the township level was variable,with 5% of townships having no floristic collections.No ecoregion had an average collection density of greater than 1 specimen/km2and the lowest collection density was found in the Kayah-Karen Montane Rainforests,which covered 8% of Myanmar’s total area.The highest sampling densities were found in Mandalay Region,Chin State,and Yangon Region.Despite floristic collections over the past three centuries,knowledge of the distribution of the vast majority of plant taxa remained limited,particularly for gymnosperms,pteridophytes,and bryophytes.More botanical surveys and further analyses are needed to better describe Myanmar’s floristic diversity.An important strategy to promote knowledge of the biodiversity patterns in Myanmar is to improve the collection and digitalization of specimens and to strengthen cooperation among countries.

Epipelagic mesozooplankton communities in the northeastern Indian Ocean off Myanmar during the winter monsoon

The northern Andaman Sea off Myanmar is one of the relatively high productive regions in the Indian Ocean.The abundance,biomass and species composition of mesozooplankton and their relationships with environmental variables in the epipelagic zone(~200 m)were studied for the first time during the Sino-Myanmar joint cruise(February 2020).The mean abundance and biomass of mesozooplankton were(1916.7±1192.9)ind./m3and(17.8±7.9)mg/m3,respectively.A total of 213 species(taxa)were identified from all samples.The omnivorous Cyclopoida Oncaea venusta and Oithona spp.were the top two dominant taxa.Three mesozooplankton communities were determined via cluster analysis:the open ocean in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal(Group A),the transition zone across the Preparis Channel(Group B),and nearshore water off the Ayeyarwady Delta and along the Tanintharyi Coast(Group C).Variation partitioning analysis revealed that the interaction of physical and biological factors explained 98.8%of mesozooplankton community spatial variation,and redundancy analysis revealed that column mean chlorophyll a concentration(CMCHLA)was the most important explanatory variable(43.1%).The abundance and biomass were significantly higher in Group C,the same as CMCHLA and column mean temperature(CMT)and in contrast to salinity,and CMT was the dominant factor.Significant taxon spatial variations were controlled by CMCHLA,salinity and temperature.This study suggested that mesozooplankton spatial variation was mainly regulated by physical processes through their effects on CMCHLA.The physical processes were simultaneously affected by heat loss differences,freshwater influx,eddies and depth.

Cassiterite U-Pb age in the Bawapin tin deposit, Tanintharyi Region, southern Myanmar

1.Objective Southeast Asia has a 3500 km tin metallogenic belt in the world,extending from southern Yunnan Province to Bangka,Indonesia.This region is also the world’s largest one regarding tin production,which accounts for 85%of historical tin production globally(Lehmann B,2021).Myanmar is one of the main tin producers within this region(33000 t in 2020)and has become the key supplier after China and Indonesia.Research on tin mineralization in Myanmar mostly focused on ore-related granites,for zircon geochronology,magma evolution,and tectonic settings(Mao W et al.,2020).

RETURNING CROSS-BORDER LOGISTICS TO NORMAL The reopening of Ruili,a city on the border of China and Myanmar,signals that cross-border trade between the two countries is poised to recover

After closing for 1,012 days due to the COVID-19 pandemic,the Jiegao border gate in Ruili City,south China’s Yunnan Province,reopened on January 8,2023.On January 14,traffic between Ruili and Muse in Myanmar resumed at the Ruili-Kyalgaung border crossing and the Sino-Myanmar Friendship Street crossing.Still,the Border Gate crossing remains closed.

Ant Pupae from Myanmar Amber Reveal the Evolutionary Process of Cocoon-Spinning Behavior in Formicidae

Many extant species spin cocoons before their pupal stage,which can protect them from predators,pathogens,and fluctuant environmental factors in nests.However,owing to the scarcity of ant cocoon fossils,little is known about the origin and evolution of this behavior in Formicidae.Here,we describe two ant pupae specimens from Myanmar amber.The presence of cocoons in these Mesozoic fossils suggests the ancestral origin of spinning cocoon behavior;based on our phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction,this behavior was secondarily lost at least six times in Formicidae,which could be ascribed to the transition of nesting and feeding habits,as well as the development of eusociality.Moreover,the first specimen preserved worker ants with empty cocoons simultaneously,indicating garbage removal or brood care behavior,which improves our understanding of their eusociality in the Cretaceous.

缅甸甘蔗(蔗糖)产业发展现状及与中国合作展望

【目的】为全方位了解缅甸甘蔗(蔗糖)产业发展现状,【方法】运用缅甸统计年鉴、联合国粮农组织数据库、世界毒品报告的甘蔗种植规模数据和东盟数据库、UN商品贸易数据库的贸易数据,基于生产集中度、区域比较优势指数和贸易竞争优势指数对缅甸甘蔗生产、贸易状况进行分析。【结果】生产方面,缅甸蔗区集中至缅甸北部,实皆省、掸邦、勃固省和曼德勒省是缅甸甘蔗生产前四的省份;缅甸甘蔗单产与中国平均、全球平均和全球最高单产均存在很大程度上的差距;掸邦、实皆省、内比都的甘蔗综合生产优势指数均为强绝对优势指数。贸易方面,蔗糖是缅甸甘蔗及其产品贸易的主要类型,且以进口贸易为主;缅甸甘蔗和蔗糖出口的第一目的地国家一直是中国,蔗糖的进口来源国家主要是泰国和印度;缅甸甘蔗和蔗糖对中国均具极强竞争优势。【结论】进一步加强中-缅甘蔗科技的合作研究和推广,在中-缅跨境地区进行产业化开发示范,加强扶持发展甘蔗替代种植项目。

非政府组织在冲突环境下的组织韧性——以“健康扶贫行动”在缅北的生存与发展为例

非政府组织是全球治理中的重要行为体,在冲突环境下的人道主义援助、发展合作乃至建设和平进程中扮演着关键角色。然而,在冲突环境急剧变化、逆境丛生的状况下,为何一些非政府组织呈现出更强的生命力?本文引入“韧性”概念,提出基于“认知—行为—关系”互动的组织韧性进程模型,用以解释一些非政府组织在冲突环境下不仅能够反弹恢复生存,甚至实现改进发展的原因。缅北地区长期遭受战乱,社会发展迟滞,民众流离失所,近年来又成为网络赌博和电信诈骗的“温床”,是名副其实的边缘地带。自20世纪90年代以来,英国非政府组织“健康扶贫行动”云南代表处“致力于一个最贫困与最边缘化的人群享有卫生权利的世界”,进入高风险的缅北地区并持续运营30年,体现出强劲的生存能力和发展势头。无论是在缅甸军政府统治时期,还是在民主化转型时期,抑或是在紧急状态时期,“健康扶贫行动”都能够及时调整自身认知、改变行为模式、构建关系网络,展现出较强的韧性能力,有效应对缅北地区既有的和新出现的各种风险和挑战,实现跨越式发展。其韧性能力也不断进行迭代,最终达到韧性治理的结果。

缅甸茶叶生产与贸易现状分析

为全方位了解缅甸茶叶生产和贸易现状,采用《缅甸统计年鉴》《世界毒品报告》的茶叶种植规模数据和东盟数据库的贸易数据,基于生产集中度、区域比较优势指数和贸易竞争优势指数对缅甸茶叶生产、贸易状况进行分析。结果表明缅甸茶叶生产集中在北部,掸邦占比超80%;缅甸北部地区的茶叶替代种植效果显著,增幅为45.22%;缅甸茶叶单产较低,平均为373.68 kg/hm^(2),各地区单产由低到高依次为克耶邦、内比都、钦邦、曼德勒省、克伦邦、孟邦、掸邦、克钦邦和实皆省。缅甸各地区均不具备茶叶生产的效率比较优势(SEij指数均<0),掸邦、克钦邦具有茶叶生产的综合比较优势(EAIij指数>1)。缅甸茶以出口贸易为主,主要为绿茶。缅甸绿茶对全球和中国的贸易竞争优势指数变化均呈由弱到强的趋势;缅甸红茶对全球不具备竞争优势,但对中国的竞争优势指数为极强竞争优势。

缅甸食用农产品安全法规与进口准入解读

自从缅甸和我国签署《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(regional comprehensive economic partnership,RCEP)以来,区域内的进出口贸易活动渐趋活跃。为促进中缅两国食用农产品从业者的信息交流和贸易发展,给相关出口企业提供政策参考从而避免遭遇不必要的贸易损失。通过获取国内外官方发布资料、翻译和解读缅甸相关规定、并与我国标准进行比较分析,阐述了缅甸进口食用农产品的政府监管机构、安全法规和准入要求。由缅甸相关规定得知其食用农产品的进口许可前提是安全无风险,食品入缅需要准备相关证书,我国的优质农产品和温带水果具备一定出口优势。由于经济发展水平不同,我国的食品安全监管已经实现了常态化管理,而缅甸的食品监察还处在突击检查的初级阶段、从民众意识到法规技术水平都需要持续加强。

中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的时空过程与运作机制

中缅非法跨境活牛贸易是影响边境安全的重要因素之一,开展其研究对维护边境地区安全稳定和双边贸易具有重要现实意义。文章基于实地调研,并结合历史文献档案和统计数据资料等,深度剖析中缅非法跨境活牛贸易的时空过程,并探讨了以“裙带关系”为核心的社会网络在此过程的运行机制。主要结论为:1)时间上,非法跨境贸易大致经历缓慢增长萌芽期、猖獗发展期和明显下降消退期3个阶段;2)空间上,以北线、中线和南线3条路线为主,贯穿印度北部、缅甸北部,最后进入中国云南;3)中缅非法跨境活牛贸易依赖于自然地理环境和跨境“裙带关系”提供的信任、规范和执行机制,从而形成完整的社会网络贸易链。最后,建议通过简化正规贸易和加强智慧边境建设等方式来治理非法跨境贸易。

1990—2020年缅甸红树林时空演变特征遥感分析

缅甸红树林长时序时空演变特征分析对于有效管理和保护红树林资源具有重要意义。利用全球红树林数据集与潮间带数据生成红树林潜在分布区,基于Landsat系列卫星数据结合多种红树林指数,构建了基于多指数的概率阈值分类方法,提取1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2020年的缅甸红树林空间分布,分析了缅甸红树林时空演化特征。结果表明:1)集成多指数概率阈值方法红树林分布提取效率及精度高,可有效提取红树林信息。2)1990—2020年,缅甸红树林面积呈先减少后增加的趋势,30年来有超过30%的红树林消失,其中,伊洛瓦底省红树林面积变化最为剧烈。3)1990—2020年,从空间形态演变情况来看,缅甸红树林分割度指数呈波动上升趋势,红树林破碎程度不断上升。缅甸红树林时空演变特征分析为保护缅甸红树林生态系统提供基础信息,也为其他地区红树林演变分析提供技术参考。

基于时空多成分模型的中缅边境地区景洪市登革热流行特征分析

目的了解中缅边境地区景洪市2019年登革热时空分布特征及传播影响因素。方法收集中缅边境地区景洪市2019年登革热本地病例逐日发病数,将人口密度、人均GDP、日平均气温、日平均相对湿度和日照时数等因素作为协变量,构建基于Power-law算法的时空多成分模型,通过赤池信息量(Akaike information criterion,AIC)来评价模型的拟合效果。结果中缅边境地区景洪市2019年累计报告3303例登革热本地病例,发病率为763.44/10万。将人均GDP纳入时间自相关成分,同时将人口密度、日平均气温、日平均最高气温和日平均相对湿度纳入局部特性成分的时空多成分模型的拟合效果最优(AIC=2317),此时时间自相关成分为0.2151[95%CI:(0.0812,0.5702)]、空间流行成分为0.0004[95%CI:(0.0002,0.0010)]、局部特性成分为3.0152[95%CI:(1.6507,5.5078)]。协变量日平均相对湿度、人口密度、人均GDP、日平均气温、日平均最高气温的作用强度依次为2.8159[95%CI:(0.0216,367.1685)]、1.8227[95%CI:(1.4976,2.2183)]、1.2088[95%CI:(1.0577,1.3816)]、0.3561[95%CI:(0.0119,10.6739)]、0.3104[95%CI:(0.0036,126.5482)]。对发病数>20例的区域分析发现,允景洪街道、西双版纳旅游度假区和景洪工业园区时间自相关成分影响较大,嘎洒镇、勐龙镇和勐罕镇局部特性成分影响较大。结论景洪市不同区域登革热时空构成存在差异性,具有不同的时空传播特征。人均GDP会扩大前期疫情对后期疫情传播的影响,人口密度、日平均气温、日平均最高气温和日平均相对湿度则会影响研究区域登革热本地风险水平。

面向自然语言处理的现代缅文分词规范研制与应用

缅文分词是缅甸语自然语言处理中不可缺少的基础性工作之一,而分词规范则是进行自动分词技术研究的关键问题。该文参考了中文、藏文等文种的分词经验,结合缅文自身特点、缅文在计算机中的编码特点和缅甸语语法,研制了一套较系统的、适用于现代缅文的分词规范;并基于该规范对缅文开源人工标注分词语料库myPOS 0.9进行人工重新标注,实验结果证明在6种常见分词算法条件下该分词规范性能更优。

缅甸紫色翡翠的致色机理——光谱和色度学研究

采用电子探针分析、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和色度学方法等多种手段,对55个缅甸紫色翡翠样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,缅甸紫色翡翠的主要化学成分为SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)和Na_(2)O,含量与标准硬玉接近。色度学测试分析显示,缅甸紫色翡翠的彩度C^(*)主要受色度值a^(*)控制,而色调角h°主要由色度值b^(*)控制。缅甸紫色翡翠可分为两种类型:Ⅰ型紫色翡翠主要由Mn^(3+)致色,并在紫外-可见-近红外光谱570 nm显示主要吸收带;Ⅱ型紫色翡翠由于Fe^(2+)-Ti^(4+)之间的电荷转移致色,在光谱540 nm和610 nm显示吸收。两种翡翠中均存在Fe^(3+)的吸收峰,样品中的全铁含量决定其色调角及明度。

黄-红色缅甸黄龙玉颜色和光谱特征的定量研究

利用傅立叶红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和X-Rite SP62手持式分光光度计对黄-红色缅甸黄龙玉样品进行了颜色特征、化学组成以及光谱学特征的研究,分析缅甸黄龙玉的颜色与光谱特性之间的定量关系。结果表明,缅甸黄龙玉主要由SiO_(2)组成,含少量Fe、Cu、Cr等过渡金属元素,属于隐晶质石英质玉。在CIE D65标准光源和N9孟塞尔中性背景下,缅甸黄龙玉的明度与色调角具有高度的相关性,Fe含量的变化对其明度和色调角具有显著影响。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱的一阶导数可以推断缅甸黄龙玉中针铁矿和赤铁矿的相对含量,且随着主波谷的位置向长波方向偏移,缅甸黄龙玉的颜色会从黄色调向红色调转变。

中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济合作障碍及其协作机制

中缅印度洋新通道是推进中缅地缘经济合作和“一带一路”建设的重要载体,解析中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济合作障碍及其协作机制,将为提升中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济效应和加强中缅地缘经济合作提供重要的科技支撑。中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济合作障碍不仅有地理环境的阻碍,更有中缅经济发展差异、复杂武装冲突干扰、大国干预掣肘和多元利益主体博弈的地缘风险的束缚。中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济合作并不是一种区域控制战略工具,而是打造一条交通物流、供应链、产业链、价值链深度关联的国际贸易走廊。为了推进中缅印度洋新通道的地缘经济合作,中缅印度洋新通道建设应构建多层次的地缘经济合作协作机制。在国家层面,应通过推动中缅印度洋新通道与“一带一路”倡议的融合、强化中缅政策沟通机制对接、制定中缅印度洋新通道长远发展战略规划来加强中缅发展战略对接。在通道层面,应通过推动内外部基础设施联动、强化跨境地缘经济要素流动和产业协作、深化面向缅甸及印度洋地区的经贸合作来升级中缅印度洋新通道地缘经济效应。在利益主体层面,应通过强化多方利益对接、统筹中缅口岸协调对接机制、创建立体化新通道风险防范机制来构建多元利益主体参与的协商机制。

缅甸Wunto-Popa岩浆弧Shangalon铜金矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年及其地质意义

Shangalon铜金矿床位于缅甸Wunto-Popa岩浆弧北段,研究工作薄弱,其成矿地质背景和矿床成因尚缺乏高精度同位素成矿年代学数据的制约。本文选取典型矿石中5件辉钼矿样品通过Re-Os同位素定年方法厘定成矿时代,获得的模式年龄集中变化于38.5±0.6至38.3±0.5 Ma,加权平均年龄为38.4±0.2 Ma,对应的等时线年龄为38.0±1.6 Ma(MSWD=0.17),二者在误差范围内基本保持一致,指示Shangalon铜金矿床的成矿时限为始新世,该年龄数据与矿区的含矿闪长岩和花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄38~40 Ma相吻合,表明Shangalon Cu-Au-Mo成矿作用与始新世闪长岩–花岗闪长岩侵入体密切相关,为始新世岩浆活动的产物。Shangalon铜金矿床辉钼矿样品的Re含量为82.4~111.2μg·g-1,平均值为98.88μg·g-1,指示成矿物质具有壳幔混源的特征。通过综合分析区域成矿动力学背景,认为Shangalon地区始新世铜金成矿作用可能形成于印度与欧亚大陆碰撞背景下的新特提斯洋板片撕裂和断裂,诱发软流圈上涌,新生下地壳部分熔融。