The changes of climate factors and the number of Mythimna separata in Menghai County during 1982 -2007 were analyzed, and the relationship between them was discussed. The results showed that there was certain relation...The changes of climate factors and the number of Mythimna separata in Menghai County during 1982 -2007 were analyzed, and the relationship between them was discussed. The results showed that there was certain relationship between the outbreak of M. separata and the climate conditions. There was extremely significant correlation between temperature and the number of M. separata. The temperature affected the occurfence amount of M. separata and the regression equation was y=2.691 x-57.123（ P^2 =0.110）. There was no significant correlation between the relative humidity and the amount of M. separata. But the rainfall had significant relationship with the large occurrence of M. separata.展开更多
Migratory insects make diverse adaptive strategies in response to changes in external environment. Temperature has an impact on the survival, development, reproduction, and migration initiation of insects. Previous re...Migratory insects make diverse adaptive strategies in response to changes in external environment. Temperature has an impact on the survival, development, reproduction, and migration initiation of insects. Previous research has primarily been focused on the effects of constant temperature on populations, but changing temperature has received less attention. Three constant temperature treatments（20, 25 and 30℃） and three pupal-alternating temperature treatments（20–25, 25–20 and 25–30℃） were set up to study the relationship between temperature and population development by age-stage, two-sex life table analysis in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker, a notorious migratory pest in grain crops. The 25℃ treatment was considered optimal with 20 and 30℃ as low suitable temperature and high temperatures, respectively. The survival rate was relatively low before third instar larvae at 20℃（63.0%） and 20–25℃（70.1%）, and extreme low after pupal stage at 30℃（20.6%）. Developmental duration of each stage was negatively correlated with temperature. The adult preoviposition period, when most migratory insects initiate migration, was the shortest at 25℃（2.69d） but was lengthened at both low suitable（7.48d for 20℃, 6.91d for 25–20℃ and 4.57d for 20–25℃） and high temperatures（3.74d for 25–30℃ and 5.00d for 30℃）. Both low suitable and high temperature decreased lifetime fecundity, net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase, with variability observed across developmental duration and stage during non-optimal temperature. The results expand knowledge of the relationship between changing temperature and armyworm population development, and adaptive strategies in complex ambient environment.展开更多
Resistance of five field populations of Mythimna separata（Walker） collected from Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China to six different insecticides was evaluated by leaf dip method in the laboratory. The results sh...Resistance of five field populations of Mythimna separata（Walker） collected from Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China to six different insecticides was evaluated by leaf dip method in the laboratory. The results showed that all populations were relatively sensitive to emamectin benzoate with a resistance ratio（RR） of 0.583–1.583 folds. All populations showed susceptible or low level resistance to chlorantraniliprole and beta-cypermethrin. Compared with a relatively susceptible strain of M. separata, the resistance level of the whole populations ranged from susceptible to moderate to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, moderate to high to phoxim（RR=19.367–70.100） except for population from Sanyuan County（RR=2.567）. Pair-wise correlation analysis among different insecticides indicated that chlorpyrifos has a significantly positive and significant correlation with emamectin benzoate. Chlorantraniliprole didn＇t have significant correlation with emamectin benzoate, chlorpyrifos and phoxim. Therefore, emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole and beta-cypermethrin are recommended to control oriental armyworm. Meanwhile, to postpone the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, alternative and rotational application of insecticides between chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate or chlorpyrifos is necessary.展开更多
The presence of adequate nectar sources along the migratory pathway is a prerequisite for moths of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Identification of plant species and asses...The presence of adequate nectar sources along the migratory pathway is a prerequisite for moths of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Identification of plant species and assessment of their suitability as wild nectar sources along the summer migration pathway of adult M. separata are critical steps in making effective forecasts of second-and third-generation armyworm outbreaks in North China. We explored five aspects of moth-nectar source relationships：（1） Field investigations in 2014 and 2015 showed that the florescence of chaste tree, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, a primary nectar plant in apiculture, coincided with the summer migration of oriental armyworm moths. The flowers of chaste tree opened day and night and M. separata moths were found actively flying around and resting on tree.（2） Identification of moth-borne pollen by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM） micrographs in 2015 and 2016 revealed that 15.4% of 369 moths trapped by blacklight traps, 17.1% of 557 moths captured by vertical-pointing searchlight traps and 24.4% of 311 moths caught by pheromone traps were found with pollen attached to their proboscis. A total of 228 pollen-carrying individuals out of 1237 armyworm moths were captured by the three types of traps. The three highest percentages of pollen-bearing armyworm moths were carrying pollen of Toona sp.（59.65%）, Ligustrum sp.（27.19%） and Syringa sp.（4.39%）. In total, 14 types of pollen were detected where three were identified to species, 10 to genus and one as an unknown species.（3） Analysis of geographical distribution, flowering periods and relative abundances of candidate nectar plants suggested that Chinese toon, Toona sinensis, and privet, Ligustrum lucidum, were two important nectar plant species.（4） Analysis on relationship between pollen and ovarian development showed that 14, 15 and 10 females carrying pollen of T. sinensis had ovaries at developmental stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Many T. sinensis pollen grains were present on the proboscises of female moths.（5） Comparison of trap effectiveness between blacklight and vertical-pointing searchlight traps indicated blacklight traps caught the highest proportion（35.2%） of female in ovarian stage Ⅴ, whereas vertical-pointing searchlight traps caught the highest proportion（43.5%） of female in ovarian stage I with additional proportions of decreasing percentages for stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Integrated analysis on these five aspects suggests that T. sinensis is an important, suitable summer nectar source that potentially influences migration and reproduction of M. separata moths andthus contributes to outbreaks of this pest. The vertical-pointing searchlight trap was the most effective tool for monitoring the migratory flight of adult M. separata. Privet, Ligustrum lucidum, and clove, Syringa sp., are possible suitable summer nectar plants that need further study to elucidate their importance. The reason why field investigation results on chaste tree differed from the results of moth-borne pollen analyses was discussed.展开更多
Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(1...Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(16-24℃ vs. 20 ℃ ), medial(20-28℃ vs. 24℃ ) and high(24-32 ℃ vs. 28 ℃) regions. In the low region, all the immature stages of the insect developed significantly faster under alternating temperatures than at corresponding constant temperatures. For the medial region, their development was little affected by variable temperatures. For the high region, developmental durations tended to be longer under cycling temperatures except egg stage.Mean fecundities of the adult moths markedly increased under cycling temperatures as compared with those at respective constant temperature in all regions.Possible reasons for effect of alternating temperatures on insect development are discussed in some details.展开更多
Mythimna separata（Walker） is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale m...Mythimna separata（Walker） is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale method of forecasting outbreaks, population data were collected in northern China using searchlight traps and ground light traps. A background weather pattern analysis and trajectory analysis were performed via the Weather Research and Forecast（WRF） and FLEXPART models. Our results showed that heavy migration of first-generation M. separata appeared in northern China in 2013. In Yanqing District, Beijing, the cumulative number of captured adults in searchlight traps was around 250000 and the daily maximum for trapped moths was 86000. During the peak period, the majority of M. separata moths arrived after 00：00 every night. The sex ratio（female：male） at each monitoring site was greater than 1 and greatly fluctuated with population dynamics. During the migration peak, prevailing downdraft winds benefited M. separata moths to land passively. Trajectory simulation showed that immigrants were from Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces and most of them could continue to fly into the northeastern regions of China. These results provide technical support for fine-scale forecasting of the outbreak of M. separata at meso-and micro-scale.展开更多
To clarify association between armyworm（Mythimna separata） damage level and the corn growth and weed occurrence, we investigated corn plant height, stem diameter and vigor as well as weed coverage and biomass. The i...To clarify association between armyworm（Mythimna separata） damage level and the corn growth and weed occurrence, we investigated corn plant height, stem diameter and vigor as well as weed coverage and biomass. The investigations were conducted at three locations of Shaanxi Province, China which were suffered seriously from armyworm. Significant correlations were found between the parameters analyzed. At stunted corn growth and presence of plenty of weeds, the armyworm damage tended to be heavy; oppositely, when corn grew well and weed density were low, armyworm harm was the minimal. Therefore, corn growing status and weed density can significantly affect armyworm damage level. Our results imply that promoting corn growth and timely removal of weeds are conducive to reducing armyworm occurrence.展开更多
The geomagnetic field affects all living organisms on the Earth.In this study we investigated the developmental and behavioral effects of rearing Mythimna separata in a near-zero magnetic field(<500 n T)compared to...The geomagnetic field affects all living organisms on the Earth.In this study we investigated the developmental and behavioral effects of rearing Mythimna separata in a near-zero magnetic field(<500 n T)compared to the local geomagnetic field(approximately 50μT).The near-zero magnetic field produced by a Helmholtz coil system significantly lengthened larval and pupal development durations,increased male longevity,and reduced pupal weight,female reproduction,and the relative expression level of the vitellogenin(Vg)gene in newly emerged females.Moreover,the near-zero magnetic field had a considerable negative effect on the mating ratio of M.separata adults.In addition,the moths in the near-zero magnetic field displayed less flight activity late in the night than those in the Earth's normal geomagnetic field,indicating that the flight rhythm of M.separata may be affected by the near-zero magnetic field.Reduction in magnetic field intensity may have negative effects on the development and flight of oriental armyworm,with consequent additional effects on its migration.展开更多
This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollut...This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm-2·day-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.展开更多
Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-t...Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO2 dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO2 pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO2 pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.展开更多
Population life tables of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were constructed and nutritional parameters of food for the larvae were examined at 5 temperatures from 16℃ to 32℃. The temperature suitable for growth and...Population life tables of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were constructed and nutritional parameters of food for the larvae were examined at 5 temperatures from 16℃ to 32℃. The temperature suitable for growth and reproduction of the insect ranged from 20℃ to 28℃ with the optimum of 24℃. Their survivalship and fecundity were much poorer at 32℃ than at 16℃. Indices of population trend of the insect at these temperatures could well fitted with the parabolic curve which theoretically indicated that the population density would multiply by some 660 after one generation circle at the optimal temperature, 22.6℃, and it would decline at temperatures higher than 32.9℃ or lower than 12.3℃. Larval food intake and their AD tended to go up while their ECI and ECD to go down with a rise in temperature. These alterations in population size and feeding behavior caused by temperature would exert an important effect on their damage to crops.展开更多
The dissolution of polyhedra of Mythimna separata nuclear polyhedrosis. virus by digestive fluid (pH11. 03) collected from the 5th instar M. separata larvae was studied in vitro. Observations were made at timed interv...The dissolution of polyhedra of Mythimna separata nuclear polyhedrosis. virus by digestive fluid (pH11. 03) collected from the 5th instar M. separata larvae was studied in vitro. Observations were made at timed intervals using phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Under phase contrast microscopy, the polyhcdra lost their refrigence by 5 minute exposure to the digestive fluid. After exposure to the fluid for 30 minutes, all of the PIBs were dissolved. Chages of the PIBs were also observed under scanning electron microscopy, after 5 minute exposure to the fluid, damaged PIBs and PIB-derived debris were seen. After 30 minute exposure, only remains of PIBs were found. The effect of M. separata digestive fluid on the infectivity of Ms NPV was examined by nconatcs bioassay. The results indicated that virions from Ms NPV-PIBs were rapidly inactivated after 15 minute exposure to digestive fluid and all of virions were non-infectious.展开更多
The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata（Walker）（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）,is a major migrant pest of grain in China and other Asian countries,causing huge crop production and economic losses nationwide annually.Much...The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata（Walker）（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）,is a major migrant pest of grain in China and other Asian countries,causing huge crop production and economic losses nationwide annually.Much of the uniquely difficult aspects of managing M.separata arises from its long-distance migratory behavior.For example,direction and timing of winds from its overwintering regions in the south largely determine where and when large influxes of migrants arrive in the north to oviposit,making prediction of infestations difficult.展开更多
Mythimna separata is a notorious phytophagous pest which poses serious threats to cereal crops owing to the gluttony of the larvae.Because short neuropeptide F(sNPF)and its receptor sNPFR are involved in a diversity o...Mythimna separata is a notorious phytophagous pest which poses serious threats to cereal crops owing to the gluttony of the larvae.Because short neuropeptide F(sNPF)and its receptor sNPFR are involved in a diversity of physiological functions,especially in functions related to feeding in insects,it is a molecular target for pest control.Herein,an sNPF and 2 sNPFRs were identified and cloned from M.separata.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the sNPF and its receptors had a highly conserved RLRFamide C-terminus and 7 transmembrane domains,respectively.The sNPF and its receptor genes were distributed across larval periods and tissues,but 2 receptors had distinct expression patterns.The starvation-induced assay elucidated that sNPF and sNPFR expression levels were downregulated under food deprivation and recovered with subsequent re-feeding.RNA interference knockdown of sNPF,sNPFR1,and sNPFR2 by injection of double-stranded RNA into larvae not only suppressed food consumption and increased body size and weight,but also led to decrease of glycogen and total lipid contents,and increase of trehalose compared with double-stranded green fluorescent protein injection.Furthermore,molecular docking was performed on the interaction mode between sNPFR protein and its ligand sNPF based on the 3-dimensional models constructed by AlphaFold;the results indicated that both receptors were presumably activated by the mature peptide sNPF-2.These results revealed that sNPF signaling played a considerably vital role in the feeding regulation of M.separata and represents a potential control target for this pest.展开更多
The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata,is a major long-distance migratory insect pest of grain crops in China and other Asian countries.Migratory flights and reproductive behavior usually occur at night,regulated by ...The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata,is a major long-distance migratory insect pest of grain crops in China and other Asian countries.Migratory flights and reproductive behavior usually occur at night,regulated by a circadian rhythm.However,knowledge about the linkages between adult flight,reproduction,and clock genes is still incomplete.To fill this important gap in our knowledge,a clock gene(designated Msper)was identified and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the encoded protein(MsPER)was highly similar to PER proteins from other insect species.Quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that significantly different spatiotemporal and circadian rhythmic accumulations of mRNA encoding MsPER occurred during development under steady 14 h:10 h light:dark conditions.The highest mRNA accumulation occurred in adult antennae and the lowest in larvae.Msper was expressed rhythmically in adult antennae,relatively less in photophase and more entering scotophase.Injecting small interference RNA(siRNA)into adult heads effectively knocked down Msper mRNA levels within 72 h.Most siRNA-injected adults reduced their evening flight activity significantly and did not exhibit a normal evening peak of flight activity.They also failed to mate and lay eggs within 72 h.Adult mating behavior was restored to control levels by 72 h post injection.We infer that Msper is a prominent clock gene that acts in regulating adult migratory flight and mating behaviors of M.separata.Because of its influence on migration and mating,Msper may be a valuable gene to target for effective management of this migratory insect.展开更多
Fraxinellone, a naturally occurring degraded limonoid, is mainly isolated from Dictamnus dasycarpus and Melia azedarach. In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery of plant natural products-based insecticid...Fraxinellone, a naturally occurring degraded limonoid, is mainly isolated from Dictamnus dasycarpus and Melia azedarach. In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery of plant natural products-based insecticidal agents, twenty-two new ethers from furyl-ring-based acylation derivatives were prepared by structural modifications of fraxinellone. Their insecticidal activity was evaluated against the pre-thirdinstar larvae of Mythimna separata Walker in vivo. Among them, compounds 5 e and 5 j exhibited more potent insecticidal activity than toosendanin with the final mortality rates greater than 60%. Their structure-activity relationships were also discussed.展开更多
文摘The changes of climate factors and the number of Mythimna separata in Menghai County during 1982 -2007 were analyzed, and the relationship between them was discussed. The results showed that there was certain relationship between the outbreak of M. separata and the climate conditions. There was extremely significant correlation between temperature and the number of M. separata. The temperature affected the occurfence amount of M. separata and the regression equation was y=2.691 x-57.123（ P^2 =0.110）. There was no significant correlation between the relative humidity and the amount of M. separata. But the rainfall had significant relationship with the large occurrence of M. separata.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201403031)
文摘Migratory insects make diverse adaptive strategies in response to changes in external environment. Temperature has an impact on the survival, development, reproduction, and migration initiation of insects. Previous research has primarily been focused on the effects of constant temperature on populations, but changing temperature has received less attention. Three constant temperature treatments（20, 25 and 30℃） and three pupal-alternating temperature treatments（20–25, 25–20 and 25–30℃） were set up to study the relationship between temperature and population development by age-stage, two-sex life table analysis in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker, a notorious migratory pest in grain crops. The 25℃ treatment was considered optimal with 20 and 30℃ as low suitable temperature and high temperatures, respectively. The survival rate was relatively low before third instar larvae at 20℃（63.0%） and 20–25℃（70.1%）, and extreme low after pupal stage at 30℃（20.6%）. Developmental duration of each stage was negatively correlated with temperature. The adult preoviposition period, when most migratory insects initiate migration, was the shortest at 25℃（2.69d） but was lengthened at both low suitable（7.48d for 20℃, 6.91d for 25–20℃ and 4.57d for 20–25℃） and high temperatures（3.74d for 25–30℃ and 5.00d for 30℃）. Both low suitable and high temperature decreased lifetime fecundity, net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase, with variability observed across developmental duration and stage during non-optimal temperature. The results expand knowledge of the relationship between changing temperature and armyworm population development, and adaptive strategies in complex ambient environment.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201403031)the Research Project Program of Agricultural Science and Technology innovation Transformation in Shaanxi Province, China
文摘Resistance of five field populations of Mythimna separata（Walker） collected from Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces of China to six different insecticides was evaluated by leaf dip method in the laboratory. The results showed that all populations were relatively sensitive to emamectin benzoate with a resistance ratio（RR） of 0.583–1.583 folds. All populations showed susceptible or low level resistance to chlorantraniliprole and beta-cypermethrin. Compared with a relatively susceptible strain of M. separata, the resistance level of the whole populations ranged from susceptible to moderate to chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, moderate to high to phoxim（RR=19.367–70.100） except for population from Sanyuan County（RR=2.567）. Pair-wise correlation analysis among different insecticides indicated that chlorpyrifos has a significantly positive and significant correlation with emamectin benzoate. Chlorantraniliprole didn＇t have significant correlation with emamectin benzoate, chlorpyrifos and phoxim. Therefore, emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole and beta-cypermethrin are recommended to control oriental armyworm. Meanwhile, to postpone the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, alternative and rotational application of insecticides between chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate or chlorpyrifos is necessary.
基金funded by the project under the National Department of Public Benefit Research Foundation of China (201403031)
文摘The presence of adequate nectar sources along the migratory pathway is a prerequisite for moths of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, to reach target habitats and lay eggs. Identification of plant species and assessment of their suitability as wild nectar sources along the summer migration pathway of adult M. separata are critical steps in making effective forecasts of second-and third-generation armyworm outbreaks in North China. We explored five aspects of moth-nectar source relationships：（1） Field investigations in 2014 and 2015 showed that the florescence of chaste tree, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, a primary nectar plant in apiculture, coincided with the summer migration of oriental armyworm moths. The flowers of chaste tree opened day and night and M. separata moths were found actively flying around and resting on tree.（2） Identification of moth-borne pollen by scanning electronic microscopy（SEM） micrographs in 2015 and 2016 revealed that 15.4% of 369 moths trapped by blacklight traps, 17.1% of 557 moths captured by vertical-pointing searchlight traps and 24.4% of 311 moths caught by pheromone traps were found with pollen attached to their proboscis. A total of 228 pollen-carrying individuals out of 1237 armyworm moths were captured by the three types of traps. The three highest percentages of pollen-bearing armyworm moths were carrying pollen of Toona sp.（59.65%）, Ligustrum sp.（27.19%） and Syringa sp.（4.39%）. In total, 14 types of pollen were detected where three were identified to species, 10 to genus and one as an unknown species.（3） Analysis of geographical distribution, flowering periods and relative abundances of candidate nectar plants suggested that Chinese toon, Toona sinensis, and privet, Ligustrum lucidum, were two important nectar plant species.（4） Analysis on relationship between pollen and ovarian development showed that 14, 15 and 10 females carrying pollen of T. sinensis had ovaries at developmental stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, respectively. Many T. sinensis pollen grains were present on the proboscises of female moths.（5） Comparison of trap effectiveness between blacklight and vertical-pointing searchlight traps indicated blacklight traps caught the highest proportion（35.2%） of female in ovarian stage Ⅴ, whereas vertical-pointing searchlight traps caught the highest proportion（43.5%） of female in ovarian stage I with additional proportions of decreasing percentages for stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Integrated analysis on these five aspects suggests that T. sinensis is an important, suitable summer nectar source that potentially influences migration and reproduction of M. separata moths andthus contributes to outbreaks of this pest. The vertical-pointing searchlight trap was the most effective tool for monitoring the migratory flight of adult M. separata. Privet, Ligustrum lucidum, and clove, Syringa sp., are possible suitable summer nectar plants that need further study to elucidate their importance. The reason why field investigation results on chaste tree differed from the results of moth-borne pollen analyses was discussed.
文摘Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(16-24℃ vs. 20 ℃ ), medial(20-28℃ vs. 24℃ ) and high(24-32 ℃ vs. 28 ℃) regions. In the low region, all the immature stages of the insect developed significantly faster under alternating temperatures than at corresponding constant temperatures. For the medial region, their development was little affected by variable temperatures. For the high region, developmental durations tended to be longer under cycling temperatures except egg stage.Mean fecundities of the adult moths markedly increased under cycling temperatures as compared with those at respective constant temperature in all regions.Possible reasons for effect of alternating temperatures on insect development are discussed in some details.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201403031)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571998)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300702)
文摘Mythimna separata（Walker） is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale method of forecasting outbreaks, population data were collected in northern China using searchlight traps and ground light traps. A background weather pattern analysis and trajectory analysis were performed via the Weather Research and Forecast（WRF） and FLEXPART models. Our results showed that heavy migration of first-generation M. separata appeared in northern China in 2013. In Yanqing District, Beijing, the cumulative number of captured adults in searchlight traps was around 250000 and the daily maximum for trapped moths was 86000. During the peak period, the majority of M. separata moths arrived after 00：00 every night. The sex ratio（female：male） at each monitoring site was greater than 1 and greatly fluctuated with population dynamics. During the migration peak, prevailing downdraft winds benefited M. separata moths to land passively. Trajectory simulation showed that immigrants were from Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces and most of them could continue to fly into the northeastern regions of China. These results provide technical support for fine-scale forecasting of the outbreak of M. separata at meso-and micro-scale.
基金supported by the National Public Welfare Industry(Agriculture)Scientific Research of China(201403031)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201807)the Project of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Transformation in Shaanxi Province,China
文摘To clarify association between armyworm（Mythimna separata） damage level and the corn growth and weed occurrence, we investigated corn plant height, stem diameter and vigor as well as weed coverage and biomass. The investigations were conducted at three locations of Shaanxi Province, China which were suffered seriously from armyworm. Significant correlations were found between the parameters analyzed. At stunted corn growth and presence of plenty of weeds, the armyworm damage tended to be heavy; oppositely, when corn grew well and weed density were low, armyworm harm was the minimal. Therefore, corn growing status and weed density can significantly affect armyworm damage level. Our results imply that promoting corn growth and timely removal of weeds are conducive to reducing armyworm occurrence.
基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201802 and 2017YFD0201701)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672019,31870367 and 31871951)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation,China(6172030)。
文摘The geomagnetic field affects all living organisms on the Earth.In this study we investigated the developmental and behavioral effects of rearing Mythimna separata in a near-zero magnetic field(<500 n T)compared to the local geomagnetic field(approximately 50μT).The near-zero magnetic field produced by a Helmholtz coil system significantly lengthened larval and pupal development durations,increased male longevity,and reduced pupal weight,female reproduction,and the relative expression level of the vitellogenin(Vg)gene in newly emerged females.Moreover,the near-zero magnetic field had a considerable negative effect on the mating ratio of M.separata adults.In addition,the moths in the near-zero magnetic field displayed less flight activity late in the night than those in the Earth's normal geomagnetic field,indicating that the flight rhythm of M.separata may be affected by the near-zero magnetic field.Reduction in magnetic field intensity may have negative effects on the development and flight of oriental armyworm,with consequent additional effects on its migration.
文摘This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm-2·day-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.
文摘Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO2 dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO2 pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO2 pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.
文摘Population life tables of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were constructed and nutritional parameters of food for the larvae were examined at 5 temperatures from 16℃ to 32℃. The temperature suitable for growth and reproduction of the insect ranged from 20℃ to 28℃ with the optimum of 24℃. Their survivalship and fecundity were much poorer at 32℃ than at 16℃. Indices of population trend of the insect at these temperatures could well fitted with the parabolic curve which theoretically indicated that the population density would multiply by some 660 after one generation circle at the optimal temperature, 22.6℃, and it would decline at temperatures higher than 32.9℃ or lower than 12.3℃. Larval food intake and their AD tended to go up while their ECI and ECD to go down with a rise in temperature. These alterations in population size and feeding behavior caused by temperature would exert an important effect on their damage to crops.
基金The project is supperted by National Natural Science Fundation of China
文摘The dissolution of polyhedra of Mythimna separata nuclear polyhedrosis. virus by digestive fluid (pH11. 03) collected from the 5th instar M. separata larvae was studied in vitro. Observations were made at timed intervals using phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Under phase contrast microscopy, the polyhcdra lost their refrigence by 5 minute exposure to the digestive fluid. After exposure to the fluid for 30 minutes, all of the PIBs were dissolved. Chages of the PIBs were also observed under scanning electron microscopy, after 5 minute exposure to the fluid, damaged PIBs and PIB-derived debris were seen. After 30 minute exposure, only remains of PIBs were found. The effect of M. separata digestive fluid on the infectivity of Ms NPV was examined by nconatcs bioassay. The results indicated that virions from Ms NPV-PIBs were rapidly inactivated after 15 minute exposure to digestive fluid and all of virions were non-infectious.
基金the special fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201403031)for support of this special focus
文摘The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata（Walker）（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）,is a major migrant pest of grain in China and other Asian countries,causing huge crop production and economic losses nationwide annually.Much of the uniquely difficult aspects of managing M.separata arises from its long-distance migratory behavior.For example,direction and timing of winds from its overwintering regions in the south largely determine where and when large influxes of migrants arrive in the north to oviposit,making prediction of infestations difficult.
基金funded by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201403031)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0201807).
文摘Mythimna separata is a notorious phytophagous pest which poses serious threats to cereal crops owing to the gluttony of the larvae.Because short neuropeptide F(sNPF)and its receptor sNPFR are involved in a diversity of physiological functions,especially in functions related to feeding in insects,it is a molecular target for pest control.Herein,an sNPF and 2 sNPFRs were identified and cloned from M.separata.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the sNPF and its receptors had a highly conserved RLRFamide C-terminus and 7 transmembrane domains,respectively.The sNPF and its receptor genes were distributed across larval periods and tissues,but 2 receptors had distinct expression patterns.The starvation-induced assay elucidated that sNPF and sNPFR expression levels were downregulated under food deprivation and recovered with subsequent re-feeding.RNA interference knockdown of sNPF,sNPFR1,and sNPFR2 by injection of double-stranded RNA into larvae not only suppressed food consumption and increased body size and weight,but also led to decrease of glycogen and total lipid contents,and increase of trehalose compared with double-stranded green fluorescent protein injection.Furthermore,molecular docking was performed on the interaction mode between sNPFR protein and its ligand sNPF based on the 3-dimensional models constructed by AlphaFold;the results indicated that both receptors were presumably activated by the mature peptide sNPF-2.These results revealed that sNPF signaling played a considerably vital role in the feeding regulation of M.separata and represents a potential control target for this pest.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32072420,31871951,31672019)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201802,2017YFD0201701).
文摘The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata,is a major long-distance migratory insect pest of grain crops in China and other Asian countries.Migratory flights and reproductive behavior usually occur at night,regulated by a circadian rhythm.However,knowledge about the linkages between adult flight,reproduction,and clock genes is still incomplete.To fill this important gap in our knowledge,a clock gene(designated Msper)was identified and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the encoded protein(MsPER)was highly similar to PER proteins from other insect species.Quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that significantly different spatiotemporal and circadian rhythmic accumulations of mRNA encoding MsPER occurred during development under steady 14 h:10 h light:dark conditions.The highest mRNA accumulation occurred in adult antennae and the lowest in larvae.Msper was expressed rhythmically in adult antennae,relatively less in photophase and more entering scotophase.Injecting small interference RNA(siRNA)into adult heads effectively knocked down Msper mRNA levels within 72 h.Most siRNA-injected adults reduced their evening flight activity significantly and did not exhibit a normal evening peak of flight activity.They also failed to mate and lay eggs within 72 h.Adult mating behavior was restored to control levels by 72 h post injection.We infer that Msper is a prominent clock gene that acts in regulating adult migratory flight and mating behaviors of M.separata.Because of its influence on migration and mating,Msper may be a valuable gene to target for effective management of this migratory insect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672071)Special Funds of Central Colleges Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses (No. 2452015096)
文摘Fraxinellone, a naturally occurring degraded limonoid, is mainly isolated from Dictamnus dasycarpus and Melia azedarach. In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery of plant natural products-based insecticidal agents, twenty-two new ethers from furyl-ring-based acylation derivatives were prepared by structural modifications of fraxinellone. Their insecticidal activity was evaluated against the pre-thirdinstar larvae of Mythimna separata Walker in vivo. Among them, compounds 5 e and 5 j exhibited more potent insecticidal activity than toosendanin with the final mortality rates greater than 60%. Their structure-activity relationships were also discussed.
