Allocation patterns of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO_(2)elevation and nitrogen deposition in Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings

Stored nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC)indicate a balance between photosynthetic carbon(C)assimilation and growth investment or loss through respiration and root exudation.They play an important role in plant function and whole-plant level C cycling.CO_(2)elevation and nitrogen(N)deposition,which are two major environmental issues worldwide,aff ect plant photosynthetic C assimilation and C release in forest ecosystems.However,information regarding the eff ect of CO_(2)elevation and N deposition on NSC storage in diff erent organs remains limited,especially regarding the trade-off between growth and NSC reserves.Therefore,here we analyzed the variations in the NSC storage in diff erent organs of Chinese fi r(Cunninghamia lanceolata)under CO_(2)elevation and N addition and found that NSC concentrations and contents in all organs of Chinese fi r saplings increased remarkably under CO_(2)elevation.However,N addition induced diff erential accumulation of NSC among various organs.Specifi cally,N addition decreased the NSC concentrations of needles,branches,stems,and fi ne roots,but increased the NSC contents of branches and coarse roots.The increase in the NSC contents of roots was more pronounced than that in the NSC content of aboveground organs under CO_(2)elevation.The role of N addition in the increase in the structural biomass of aboveground organs was greater than that in the increase in the structural biomass of roots.This result indicated that a diff erent tradeoff between growth and NSC storage occurred to alleviate resource limitations under CO_(2)elevation and N addition and highlights the importance of separating biomass into structural biomass and NSC reserves when investigating the eff ects of environmental change on biomass allocation.

Changes in soil microbial communities induced by warming and N deposition accelerate the CO 2 emissions of coarse woody debris

Warming and nitrogen(N)deposition are two important drivers of global climate changes.Coarse woody debris(CWD)contains a large proportion of the carbon(C)in the total global C pool.The composition of soil microbial communities and environmental changes(i.e.,N deposition and warming)are the key drivers of CWD decomposition,but the interactive impact between N deposition and warming on the composition of soil microbial communities and CWD decomposition is still unclear.In a laboratory experiment,we study and simulate respiration during decomposition of the CWD(C 98)of Cryptomeria japonica(CR)and Platycarya strobilacea(PL)in response to warming and N deposition over 98 days.Resuts show that either warming or N addition signifi cantly accelerated the C 98 of the two tree species by altering the soil microbial community(bacterial:fungi and G+:G–).The combined treatment(warming+N)resulted in a decomposition eff ect equal to the sum of the individual eff ects.In addition,the species composition of bacteria and fungi was obviously aff ected by warming.However,N deposition had a remarkable infl uence on G+:G–.Our results indicated that N deposition and warming will observably alter the composition and growth of the microbial community and thus work synergistically to accelerate CWD decomposition in forest ecosystems.We also present evidence that N deposition and warming infl uenced the composition and balance of soil microbial communities and biogeochemical cycling of forest ecosystems.

Effect of Simulated N Deposition on Soil Exchangeable Cations in Three Forest Types of Subtropical China

The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control(0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N(50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N(100 kg N ha-1 year-1)and high N(150 kg N ha-1 year-1),and only three treatments(i.e.,control,low N,medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-use history.

Preliminary Response of Soil Fauna to Simulated N Deposition in Three Typical Subtropical Forests

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control (no addition of N), a low N (5 g m-2 year-1), and a medium N (10 g m-2 year-1) was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) forest (PF), a pine-broadleaf mixed forest (MF) and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF), of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4+ and NO3- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition: A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/（m^2·a）. Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths （0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm）. Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/（m^2·a） for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3^- in the soil.

Response of Nitrogen Leaching to Nitrogen Deposition in Disturbed and Mature Forests of Southern China

Current nitrogen (N) leaching losses and their responses to monthly N additions were investigated under a disturbed pine (Pinus massoniana) forest and a mature monsoon broadleaf forest in southern China. N leaching losses from both disturbed and mature forests were quite high (14.6 and 29.2 kg N ha-1 year-1, respectively), accounting for 57% and 80% of their corresponding atmospheric N inputs. N leaching losses were substantially increased following the first 1.5 years of N applications in both forests. The average increases induced by the addition of 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 were 36.5 and 24.9 kg N ha-1 year-1, respectively, in the mature forest, accounting for 73.0% and 24.9% of the annual amount of N added, and 14.2 and 16.8 kg N ha-1 year-1 in the disturbed forest, accounting for 28.4% and 16.8% of the added N. Great N leaching and a fast N leaching response to N additions in the mature forest might result from long-term N accumulation and high ambient N deposition load (greater than 30 kg N ha-1 year-1 over the past 15 years), whereas in the disturbed forest, it might result from the human disturbance and high ambient N deposition load. These results suggest that both disturbed and mature forests in the study region may be sensitive to increasing N deposition.

Effects of six years of simulated N deposition on gross soil N transformation rates in an old-growth temperate forest

Elevated atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has been detected in many regions of China, but its effects on soil N transformation in temperate forest ecosystems are not well known. We therefore simulated N deposition with four levels of N addition rate(N0, N30, N60, and N120) for6 years in an old-growth temperate forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains in Northeastern China. We measured gross N transformation rates in the laboratory usingN tracing technology to explore the effects of N deposition on soil gross N transformations taking advantage of N deposition soils. No significant differences in gross soil N transformation rates were observed after 6 years of N deposition with various levels of N addition rate. For all N deposition soils, the gross NH~+ immobilization rates were consistently lower than the gross N mineralization rates,leading to net N mineralization. Nitrate(NO~-) was primarily produced via oxidation of NH~+(i.e., autotrophic nitrification), whereas oxidation of organic N(i.e., heterotrophic nitrification) was negligible. Differences between the quantity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not significant for any treatment, which likely explains the lack of a significant effect on gross nitrification rates. Gross nitrification rates were much higher than the total NO~- consumption rates,resulting in a build-up of NO~-, which highlights the high risk of N losses via NO~- leaching or gaseous N emissions from soils. This response is opposite that of typical N-limited temperate forests suffering from N deposition,suggesting that the investigated old-growth temperate forest ecosystem is likely to approach N saturation.

Variations in diversity,composition,and species interactions of soil microbial community in response to increased N deposition and precipitation intensity in a temperate grassland

Background Global climate change has resulted in precipitation regimes exhibiting an increasing trend in rainfall intensity but a reduction in frequency.In addition,nitrogen(N)deposition occurs simultaneously in arid and semi-arid regions.Microbial biomass,diversity,composition,and species interactions are key determinants of ecological functions.We examined the effects of changes in precipitation intensity and N addition on the soil bacterial and fungal communities in a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia,China.Methods The microbial biomass(bacterial PLFAs and fungal PLFAs)was determined through phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)analysis,and microbial diversity(Shannon index and evenness index)was determined with high-throughput sequencing(16S and ITS).Species interactions were determined using a molecular ecological network analysis.The relationships between microbial community(bacterial community and fungal community)and environmental variables were examined by Mantel tests.Results We found that N addition decreased fungal PLFA under moderate,high,and extreme precipitation intensity treatments and increased fungal community complexity under the high precipitation intensity treatment.Furthermore,N addition increased bacterial diversity under moderate and high precipitation intensity treatments.N addition caused greater environmental stress to the fungal community,which was dominated by deterministic processes.Conclusions The effects of N deposition on soil bacterial and fungal communities were altered by precipitation intensity.The changes in soil bacterial and fungal communities were different,implying that composition and functional traits adapt differently to projected global changes at a regional scale.

Co-N共掺杂碳纳米管-多孔碳构筑及其氧还原电催化性能

采用一步化学气相沉积法,以乙腈蒸气为氮源,以钴离子交换合成的沸石(CoY)为模板,制备了Co-N共掺杂碳纳米管-多孔碳氧还原催化剂(Co-N/CNT-C)。利用SEM、TEM、XRD、BET和电化学测试对催化剂组成、结构和电催化性能进行了表征。结果表明:Co-N/CNT-C-600在碱性电解质中的半波电位和极限电流密度与商业Pt/C催化剂相近,达到0.80 V和4.31 mA·cm^(-2),且循环稳定性和耐久性优于Pt/C催化剂。优异的催化性能归因于以下两点:Co-N/CNT-C-600中大量碳纳米管作为纳米级电子导体,有效加速了反应过程中的电子传递速率;被锚定在碳纳米管和多孔碳内部的催化活性位点,有效防止了连续电极反应过程中金属离子的迁移和团聚。

原位构筑三维有序自支撑Co-N-C一体化电极并用于高效电催化氧还原反应

开发高效非贵金属氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂是降低质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)成本,实现其大规模商业化应用的关键.目前,过渡金属-氮-碳(TM-N-C)被认为是最有希望替代Pt的非贵金属催化剂.然而,尽管在半池测试中展现出较好的ORR性能,但当将其组装到PEMFC核心部件膜电极(MEA)中时,其单池性能远低于Pt/C催化剂.因此,未来需要进一步优化TM-N-C在全电池环境中的性能.本文提出了一种原位策略,成功构筑了TM-N-C三维有序一体化ORR电极.通过结合碳纸亲水处理和化学气相沉积技术,在含氧官能团修饰的碳纸(OCP)上原位构建了Co,N共掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNTs@Co)自支撑三维有序一体化电极.该独特的三维有序网络结构不仅使反应物(H_(2),O_(2)和H_(2)O)和质子(H+和e–)的传输通道处于有序状态,降低了实际工况条件下的浓差极化,还避免了催化层传统制备过程(如涂覆、喷涂和流延法)引起的催化剂活性位点团聚或包埋,从而提高了催化剂的利用率.X射线光电子能谱分析表明,优化后的一体化电极试样(N-CNTs-20@Co/OCP,其中20代表CNT生长时间为20 min)具有最高的吡啶N和石墨化N含量,而吡啶N和石墨化N被普遍认为是N掺杂碳材料在电催化ORR中的活性位点.因此,该N-CNTs-20@Co/OCP一体化电极在酸性(0.1 mol L^(‒1)HClO_(4))和碱性(0.1 mol L^(‒1)KOH)介质中均展现出与商用Pt/C(20 wt%)喷涂在CP(0.2 mgPt cm^(‒2))上制备的传统电极相当的ORR性能.密度泛函理论计算进一步揭示了其性能提升的机制:Co纳米颗粒被封装在碳纳米管内部并作为电子供体,通过电子隧穿效应,强化了N-CNTs@Co/OCP催化剂表面对氧的吸附,进而提高了电催化ORR性能.此外,封装在碳纳米管内部的Co纳米颗粒避免了与电解液的直接接触,从而显著提高了催化剂的稳定性.综上,本文不仅为基于非贵金属ORR催化剂三维有序一体化电极的构筑提供了有益的理论储备和实验技术积累,而且对于降低燃料电池成本以及推动燃料电池产业化进程提供了一定的参考.

Determining Total N Deposition Using ^(15)N Dilution Technique in the North China Plain

本文采用定量氮沉降总量的ITNI（Integrated Total Nitrogen Input）系统,利用15N稀释原理和生物监测技术,定量研究了华北平原大气氮沉降的农田输入总量及其在推荐施肥中的作用。结果表明,以玉米和小麦为指示植物,监测到在玉米-小麦轮作体系中整个华北平原大气氮沉降的输入总量高达80-90 kgN ha-1yr-1,对玉米和小麦植物有效性的沉降氮总量约为50 kgN ha-1yr-1。以黑麦草为指示植物,监测到华北平原大气氮沉降的输入总量约为100 kgN ha-1yr-1,对其植物有效性的沉降氮约为76 kgN ha-1yr-1,占总沉降氮的77%。由于华北平原小麦季扬尘较多,因此干沉降可能是该时期大气氮沉降输入总量的主要贡献。

p-Si/n-Ga_(2)O_(3)异质结制备与特性研究

本实验采用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)工艺,在p(111)型Si衬底上制备了p-Si/n-Ga_(2)O_(3)结构的PN结。通过X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜等对样品进行了晶体结构、表面形貌、表面粗糙度等的表征分析;通过磁控溅射与蒸镀方法在样品上生长Ti/Au电极并进行I-V特性曲线、开启电压、开关电流比、反向饱和电流、理想因子、零偏压下的势垒高度等结特性测试,研究了掺杂浓度与薄膜厚度对PN结特性的影响,并对其原因进行了分析;通过二步生长法和缓冲层温度优化实验,减少了Si衬底与β-Ga_(2)O_(3)之间的晶格失配与热失配带来的影响,对薄膜与器件特性进行了优化。最终获得了表面粗糙度最低可达到4.21 nm的高质量n型β-Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜,以及具有较低理想因子(42.1)的PN结。

Interactive effect of climate warming and nitrogen deposition may shift the dynamics of native and invasive species

Aims Projections of invasive species expansion under a warmer world often do not explicitly consider the concurring nitrogen(N)deposition.It remains largely unknown how the convoluted effect of climate warming and N deposition will shift the native and invasive species dynamics.Here,we hypothesize that the concurring in creases in N and temperature would promote growth of invasive species greater than that of native species.Methods A controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted to quantify the growth response of an invasive species(Solidago canadensis L.)and a co-existing native species(Artemisia argyi Levi,et Van)under the effects of climate warming,N deposition and their interactions.Important Findings Due to the strong positive effect of N addition,the interactive effect of temperature increase and N addition resulted in an overall significant increase in growth of both in vasive and native species,demonstrating that these manipulations may make microhabitats more favorable to plant growth.However,the relative increases in biomass,height and diameter of invasive S.canadensis were signifiesntly lower than those of native A.argyi.This suggests that the vegetative growth superiority of invasive S.canadensis over the native species A.argyi is reduced by the enhanced N availability in the warmer world.Therefore,the inclusion of N deposition may mitigate the projection of invasive species S.canadensis expansion under climate warming.

Simulated NH_4^+-N Deposition Inhibits CH_4 Uptake and Promotes N_2O Emission in the Meadow Steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

Few studies are conducted to quantify the effects of enhanced N deposition on soil nitrous oxide （N2O） emission and methane （CH4） uptake in the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen （N） deposition rates （0, 10, and 20 kg N ha-1 year-1 as （NH4）2SO4） on soil N2O and CH4 fluxes. The seasonal and diurnal variations of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were determined using the static chamber-gas chromatography method during the two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009. Soil temperature, moisture and mineral N （NH4＋-N and NO3-N） concentration were simultaneously measured. Results showed that low level of （NH4）2SO4 （10 kg N ha-1 year-1） did not significantly affect soil CH4 and N20 fluxes and other variables. High level of （NH4）2SO4 （20 kg N ha-1 year-1） significantly increased soil NO3-N concentration by 24.1% to 35.6%, decreased soil CH4 uptake by an average of 20.1%, and significantly promoted soil N2O emission by an average of 98.2%. Soil N2O emission responded more strongly to the added N compared to CH4 uptake. However, soil CH4 fluxes were mainly driven by soil moisture, followed by soil NO3--N concentration. Soil N2O fluxes were mainly driven by soil temperature, followed by soil moisture. Soil inorganic N availability was a key integrator of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emission. These results suggest that the changes of availability of inorganic N induced by the increased N deposition in soil may affect the CH4 and N2O fluxes in the cold semi-arid meadow steppe over the short term.

Effects of Atmosphere Deposition on Nitrogen Content of Two Poaceae Plants

[Objective] It was to study nitrogen use efficiency under the condition of deposition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), further revealing the difference in gene variation.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted under 3 treatments of rainwater, ammonium-N (aN) and nitrate-N (nN).[Result] In the treatments of aN and nN, the biomass and N contents in plants were obviously higher than those in rainwater treatment, while the largest biomass(36.116 g) was observed in nN treatment. The absorption to aN was best to perennial ryegrass while nN to barley. According to the differential analysis of N content, treatments of both aN and nN was nitrogen superfluous, which led to release excessive N to the atmosphere, and the rainwater treatment and the control were N deficient, the largest N absorption from atmosphere was 0.698 g in rainwater treatment.[Conclusion] Average N use efficiency contributed by atmosphere N deposition ranged from 1.321%-6.116%, while the control of barley had the highest of 6.116%.

抑制剂NBPT对紫色土稻油轮作体系氨挥发和产量的影响

【目的】施用尿素时使用脲酶抑制剂有利于减少稻田氨挥发损失提高稻田氮肥利用效率,但对水稻-油菜轮作体系下氨挥发损失的影响并不是很清楚。研究紫色土丘陵区域稻油轮作模式体系下,不同脲酶抑制剂n-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)添加量对氨挥发、氮沉降和产量的影响,可为四川省紫色土丘陵区域农业面源污染防治提供技术支撑。【方法】结合当地农民施肥习惯,设置了5个处理,分别为T0(不施肥)、T1(尿素)、T2(添加为纯氮施用量的0.1%脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理的尿素)、T3(添加为纯氮施用量的0.2%脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理的尿素)和T4(添加为纯氮施用量的0.5%脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理的尿素),均为基肥一次性施入,分别在水稻季和油菜季开展试验。【结果】T1、T2、T3和T4处理在水稻季累积氨挥发损失率为26.54%、18.28%、14.88%和12.78%,在油菜季为5.22%、1.57%、1.36%和1.31%。与T1相比,T2、T3和T4处理在水稻季累积氨挥发降低了31.14%、43.96%和51.82%,在油菜季降低了70%、74.04%和74.89%。但是在水稻季和油菜季T2、T3和T4之间处理累积氨挥发损失没有显著性变化。在整个稻油轮作体系,铵态氮沉降量约为硝态氮沉降量的1.86倍,占整个无机氮沉降的63.94%。此外,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4处理能够显著增加作物产量和氮肥农学利用效率,但T2、T3和T4处理之间作物产量和氮肥农学利用效率并不存在显著性差异。【结论】与单纯施用尿素相比,使用脲酶抑制剂NBPT能够显著降低氨挥发损失、提高作物产量和氮肥利用率。铵态氮为农田氮沉降的主要沉降形式。

施N对云南松凋落叶和枝早期分解过程中养分动态变化的影响

【目的】探讨N沉降条件下森林生态系统凋落物养分的变化规律,以期为亚热带云南松林的保护、生态系统的恢复及其可持续经营发展提供理论依据,并为在全球N沉降普遍持续增加背景下的养分循环变化特征提供基础数据。【方法】本研究以滇中亚高山云南松林凋落叶和枝为研究对象,自2018年2月至2019年1月,采用凋落物分解袋法进行原位分解试验,设置不同施氮水平(对照-CK,0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)、低N-LN,5 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)、中N-MN,15 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)和高N-HN,30 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)),探究云南松林凋落物营养元素的动态变化、元素释放以及元素周转率对不同施N水平的响应特征。【结果】1)经过12个月的N沉降实验,云南松林凋落叶和枝在不同施N水平下总体表现为:LN降低、MN和HN提高了C、N、P、K的元素含量;2)凋落叶和枝的元素释放在N沉降过程中表现不同,凋落叶和枝C元素总体表现为直接释放;凋落叶N元素在分解初期(第1个月)呈短暂富集,随后呈释放模式;凋落枝N元素在分解1—10个月均表现为富集状态,在第6个月时残留率达到最高值;凋落叶和枝的P和K的释放过程一致,残留率表现为初期(前3个月)上升,达到峰值后不断下降;3)不同施N处理下,凋落叶和枝整体上呈LN处理促进元素释放,MN和HN处理抑制元素释放;N沉降对各元素周转期影响则表现为:LN缩短了各元素周转期(0.05~0.79 a),MN与HN则分别延长了各元素周转期(0.42~1.93 a和0.07~2.19 a)。【结论】施N并未改变云南松凋落叶和枝分解过程中C、N、P、K元素的释放模式;但随着施N浓度的增加,对分解过程中C、N、P、K元素释放速率表现出持续的抑制作用;施N浓度高于15 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)均延长了各元素周转期,可能会延缓养分向土壤系统的归还,研究结果为不同水平N沉降对森林碳循环的关键过程提供了理论依据。

Atomic Layer Deposition-Assisted Construction of Binder-Free Ni@N-Doped Carbon Nanospheres Films as Advanced Host for Sulfur Cathode

Rational design of hybrid carbon host with high electrical conductivity and strong adsorption toward soluble lithium polysulfides is the main challenge for achieving high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs).Herein,novel binder-free Ni@N-doped carbon nanospheres(N-CNSs)films as sulfur host are firstly synthesized via a facile combined hydrothermal-atomic layer deposition method.The cross-linked multilayer N-CNSs films can effectively enhance the electrical conductivity of electrode and provide physical blocking“dams”toward the soluble long-chain polysulfides.Moreover,the doped N heteroatoms and superficial NiO layer on Ni layer can work synergistically to suppress the shuttle of lithium polysulfides by effective chemical interaction/adsorption.In virtue of the unique composite architecture and reinforced dual physical and chemical adsorption to the soluble polysulfides,the obtained Ni@N-CNSs/S electrode is demonstrated with enhanced rate performance(816 mAh g?1 at 2 C)and excellent long cycling life(87%after 200 cycles at 0.1 C),much better than N-CNSs/S electrode and other carbon/S counterparts.Our proposed design strategy offers a promising prospect for construction of advanced sulfur cathodes for applications in LSBs and other energy storage systems.

Influence of nitrogen wet deposition on nitrogen output in a typical watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

In order to explore the influence of wet nitrogen(N)deposition on N output in watersheds,this study selected a typical small watershed(Chenjiagou,CJG)in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)area based on one-year observation of rainfallrunoff N forms.Characteristics and sources of N output were clarified by chemical statistics and isotopic abundance,and the contribution of N deposition to the N output was quantified by the output coefficient method.The N flux of wet deposition was estimated at 18.53 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1),and originated mostly from agricultural activities.Watershed N was significantly accumulated from upper to lower reaches due to frequent human activities.Seasonal changes of riverine N were strongly affected by chemical fertilizer,with the highest concentration in spring and the lowest in winter.Nitrate was mainly derived from chemical fertilizer,accounting for 38.83% of all sources.N concentration in processes of different rainfall events had a hysteresis effect corresponding to the flow rate.Three rainfall events greatly changed DTN(Dissolved total N)outputs:rainstorm caused 91.26 kg DTN output,which was 11 times that of moderate rain(8.46 kg)and 4 times that of heavy rain(20.80 kg).N deposition contributed 19.89% of riverine N output in the watershed.The results can provide theoretical support for the control of N pollution in the TGR area.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti-B-N coatings deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Ternary Ti-B-N coatings were synthesized on AISI 304 and Si wafer by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique using a gaseous mixture of TiCl4,BCl3,H2,N2,and Ar.By virtue of X-ray diffraction analysis,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscope,and high-resolution transmission electron microscope,the influences of B content on the microstructure and properties of Ti B N coatings were investigated systematically.The results indicated that the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-B-N coatings largely depend on the transformation from FCC-TiN phase to HCP-TiB2 phase.With increasing B content and decreasing N content in the coatings,the coating microstructure evolves gradually from FCC-TiN/a-BN to HCP-TiB2 /a-BN via FCC-TiN+HCP-TiB2/a-BN.The highest microhardness of about 34 GPa is achieved,which corresponds to the nanocomposite Ti-63%B-N (mole fraction) coating consisting of the HCP-TiB2 nano-crystallites and amorphous BN phase.The lowest friction-coefficient was observed for the nanocomposite Ti-41%B-N (mole fraction) coating consisting of the FCC-TiN nanocrystallites and amorphous BN