云南松苗木N、P、K元素含量间异速生长关系对N、P添加的响应

为了解云南松苗木不同器官N、P、K的分布特征,分析云南松不同器官N、P、K含量间的分配差异,进一步探讨各器官N、P、K元素间的异速生长关系。采用N、P二因素三水平的方法开展不同施肥试验,并对苗木采样测定,研究云南松苗木N、P、K元素含量间异速生长关系对N、P添加的响应。结果表明,云南松苗木对N、P、K在不同器官间具有不同的分配策略,总体K变动较小,N、P波动较大且相似,在各器官中N、K分配表现为萌条>叶>茎>根;P表现为萌条>茎>叶>根。与对照相比,单施N、P和N、P配施均对云南松苗木生长的影响产生一定差异,总体来看N、P配施更能促进苗木的养分合理分配,有效缓解单施N、P对植株的限制作用,使养分处于一个平衡状态,进而促进苗木的生长。随施肥时间的推移,各器官营养元素间的异速生长关系也随之发生变化,且各器官表现为N、P的积累速度相接近,总体表现为K的积累速度低于N、P。总体而言,随施肥时间的改变,云南松苗木各器官之间元素的异速生长轨迹发生了显著变化,形成不同的营养元素分配模式。

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects forest plant and soil system carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometric flexibility:A meta-analysis

Background:Nitrogen(N)deposition affects forest stoichiometric flexibility through changing soil nutrient availability to influence plant uptake.However,the effect of N deposition on the flexibility of carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)in forest plant-soil-microbe systems remains unclear.Methods:We conducted a meta-analysis based on 751 pairs of observations to evaluate the responses of plant,soil and microbial biomass C,N and P nutrients and stoichiometry to N addition in different N intensity(050,50–100,>100 kg·ha^(-1)·year^(-1)of N),duration(0–5,>5 year),method(understory,canopy),and matter(ammonium N,nitrate N,organic N,mixed N).Results:N addition significantly increased plant N:P(leaf:14.98%,root:13.29%),plant C:P(leaf:6.8%,root:25.44%),soil N:P(13.94%),soil C:P(10.86%),microbial biomass N:P(23.58%),microbial biomass C:P(12.62%),but reduced plant C:N(leaf:6.49%,root:9.02%).Furthermore,plant C:N:P stoichiometry changed significantly under short-term N inputs,while soil and microorganisms changed drastically under high N addition.Canopy N addition primarily affected plant C:N:P stoichiometry through altering plant N content,while understory N inputs altered more by influencing soil C and P content.Organic N significantly influenced plant and soil C:N and C:P,while ammonia N changed plant N:P.Plant C:P and soil C:N were strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation(MAT),and the C:N:P stoichiometric flexibility in soil and plant under N addition connected with soil depth.Besides,N addition decoupled the correlations between soil microorganisms and the plant.Conclusions:N addition significantly increased the C:P and N:P in soil,plant,and microbial biomass,reducing plant C:N,and aggravated forest P limitations.Significantly,these impacts were contingent on climate types,soil layers,and N input forms.The findings enhance our comprehension of the plant-soil system nutrient cycling mechanisms in forest ecosystems and plant strategy responses to N deposition.

Effect of(Cr,V)_(2)(C,N)on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of WC-10Co Cemented Carbides

WC-10Co cemented carbides with finer WC and narrower grain size distributions are produced by using(Cr,V)_(2)(C,N)as grain growth inhibitors.As a result,with the increase of(Cr_(0.9),V_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)and(V_(0.9),Cr_(0.1))_(2)(C,N),the grains size of WC and mean free path of Co phase decrease,and adjacency of WC increases.Refinement and homogenization of grains enhance the transverse rupture strength(TRS)and the hardness.Meanwhile,the deflection and bridging of cracks keep the fracture toughness at a respectable level.The WC-10Co-0.6(Cr_(0.9),V_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)-0.025(V_(0.9),Cr_(0.1))_(2)(C,N)cemented carbides exhibit excellent comprehensive mechanical properties with the TRS of 4602.6 MPa,hardness of 1835 kg/mm^(2),and fracture toughness of 10.39 MPa·m^(1/2),respectively.However,the large pores are caused by excess N larger than 0.03 wt%and deteriorates the mechanical properties.We provide a new approach to WC-Co cemented carbides preparation with a narrow grain size distribution by adding novel grain growth inhibitors.

Concentrations of foliar and surface soil in nutrients Pinus spp. plantations in relation to species and stand age in Zhanggutai sandy land, northeast China

The concentrations of the foliar and surface soil nutrients and the variation with species and stand age were studied inPinus spp. plantations in Zhanggutai area, northeast China. The results showed that the total N, total P and C: N ratio of the soil inP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands were significantly higher in comparison with those inP. tabulaeformis andP. densiflora stands. ForP. sylvestris var.mongolica, the foliar P concentration appeared to decrease with age, and the foliar N and K concentrations did not show a consistent change with age. As for the different tree species of the similar age, the foliar N and P concentrations were significantly different (p<0.05), being withP. sylvestris var.mongolica>P. densiflora>P. tabulaeformis. The foliar N: P ratio ofP. densiflora significantly was higher thanP. sylvestris var.mongolica andP. tabulaeformis, while the foliar K was no obvious difference between the three tree species. There were significant correlation (p<0.05) between soil total N and P, soil organic matter and total P, foliar N and P, but it did not show significant correlations between soil and foliar nutrient concentrations, which might attribute to the excessive litter raking, overgrazing and low soil moisture in this area. Based on the foliar N: P ratio, we introduced a combination threshold index of N: P ratio with their absolute foliar nutrient concentrations to determine the possible limiting nutrient. According to the critical N: P ratio and their absolute foliar N, P concentrations, theP. sylvestris var.mongolica stands showed a decreased N limitation degree with age, theP. densiflora stands showed unlimited by N and P in the whole, and theP. tabulaeformis stands showed co-limited by N and P. No significant difference in soil nutrient concentrations of the surface soils was found between 45, 29, 20-yr-oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantation stands. Keywords coniferous trees - foliar nutrient concentration - limiting nutrients - N - P ratio - Zhanggutai sandy land CLC number S718.55 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0011-08 Foundation item: This research was supported by Key Knowledge Innovation Project (KZCX3-SW-418) of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Biography: CHEN Guang-sheng (1978-), male, master candidate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

Effects of different N sources on growth, nutrient uptake and ionic balance of Larlix gmelini seedlings

The effect of different sources and levels of N on dry matter production, nutrient uptake and ionic balance ofLarlix gmelini was studied. The results showed that the growth of the plants fertilized with ammonium was not as good as the control treatment. The growth of the plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate did not differ significantly from that in control or nitrate treatment, but was better than that in the ammonium treatment. Total cation concentrations in shoots varied little with N level in the ammonium and ammonium nitrate treatments, while those in the shoot increased with N level in the nitrate treatment. The treatments had little effect on the anion concentrations in the shoot. In the roots, the concentrations of both cations and anions changed little except for SO4 2? and Ca2+. There existed a higher carboxylate production in the plants fertilized with nitrate. The ratio between the production of carboxylate and the production of organic N Δ(C-A)/ΔNorg was constant with N supply in the plants receiving nitrate, but obviously declined with N supply for ammonium-fed plants. Δ (C-A)/ΔNorg values were intermediate between those of the nitrate and the ammonium-fed plants as for the mixed N source.

Effect of nutrient level on phytoplankton community structure in different water bodies

Increasing levels of pollution within water bodies can cause eutrophication and an associated rapid growth in and reproduction of phytoplankton. Although most frequently occurring in bodies of water such as lakes and dams, in recent years an increasing number of river systems in China have suffered serious algal blooms. The community structure of phytoplankton may differ, however, dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient levels within the water body. The field investigation results obtained from a stagnant river in Suzhou City and Taihu Lake, China, showed that in water with higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Chlorophyta became the predominant species and in water with lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Cyanobacteria became the predominant species. Growth experiments with competitive species, Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz and Scenedesmus quadricauda （Turp.）, were conducted at three different nutrient levels. The biomass of algae in pure and mixed cultures was measured under conditions of different N/P ratios at oligotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic nutrient levels. The results indicated that the most suitable state for the growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa and S. quadricauda were eutrophic conditions in both pure and mixed cultures. Under competition, however, the lower medium nutrient levels favoured M. aeruginosa, while the higher medium nutrient levels better suited S. quadricauda. Under similar hydrodynamic conditions, the community structure of phytoplankton in the water body was determined by the dominant species in competition for nutrients.

Dynamics of Nutrient Accumulation in Maize Plants Under Different Water and N Supply Conditions

The dynamics of accumulations of plant dry matter, nutrient uptake and N fertilizer recovery were studied with different water and N supply, using summer maize (Zea mays L. var. Shandan9) as an indicator crop. The total dry matter (including roots) and N, P, K uptake amounts were continuously increased with plant growth, and their accumulations with time during plant-growing period were shaped in S curves that could be described by exponential regression equations. Differentiating the regression equations fitting the curves over time for first derivatives, the momentary rate was obtained of the dry matter and nutrient uptake. Results show that the dry matter and the nutrient uptake were not in the same rate at all time, but changed from one time to another. Usually, the rate increased rapidly at early stages, and gradually decreased after reaching their peak. Of N, P and K, the uptake rate of N and K was higher, and their increase and decrease were both fast while P was reversed. The time of the maximum absorptive rate appeared earlier for K, followed by N, and then by P. In any case, the maximum nutrient uptake rate appeared earlier than did the dry matter. The momentary N recovery rate was similar in trend to those of dry matter and N uptake, and its maximum recovery rate occurred almost at the same time as its maximum uptake rate. Supplemental irrigation raised the cumulative and momentary rates of N. Although water and N supplies increased dry matter and nutrient uptake rates, they did not alter their changing trends during the plant-growing period.

Biological Nutrient Removal in a Full Scale Anoxic/Anaerobic/Aerobic/ Pre-anoxic-MBR Plant for Low C/N Ratio Municipal Wastewater Treatment

A novel full scale modified A2O （anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic/pre-anoxic）-membrane bioreactor （MBR） plant combined with the step feed strategy was operated to improve the biological nutrient removal （BNR） from low C/N ratio municipal wastewater in Southern China. Transformation of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and membrane fouling were investigated. Experimental results for over four months demonstrated good efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand （COD） and NH4^＋-N removal, with average values higher than 84.5%and 98.1%, re-spectively. A relatively higher total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency （52.1%） was also obtained at low C/N ratio of 3.82, contributed by the configuration modification （anoxic zone before anaerobic zone） and the step feed with a distribution ratio of 1：1. Addition of sodium acetate into the anoxic zone as the external carbon source, with a theoretical amount of 31.3 mg COD per liter in influent, enhanced denitrification and the TN removal efficiency in-creased to 74.9%. Moreover, the total phosphate （TP） removal efficiency increased by 18.0%. It is suggested that the external carbon source is needed to improve the BNR performance in treating low C/N ratio municipal waste-water in the modified A^2O-MBR process.

Characteristics of nutrients in the Jiulong River and its impact on Xiamen Water, China

Water samples were collected at 20 sites on 4 occasions in 2009 （twice in May, and once in both August and November） along the Jiulong River, South China to examine how nutrient inputs from the Jiulong River could affect the nutrient status of the Xiamen Water. Samples were analyzed for nitrite （NO2-N）, nitrate （NO3-N）, ammonium （NH4-N）, phosphate （PO4-P）, silicate （SiO3-Si）, salinity, and temperature, to determine the nutrient and trophic status of the river. The results indicate that nutrients are derived mainly from river runoff. NO3-N was the main form of DIN in most parts of the river. In addition, NO3-N, DIN, and SiO3-Si behave conservatively. There is a surplus of DIN and SiO3-Si in the river, and PO4-P is a limitation on phytoplankton growth. The concentration of DIN is typically above 0.60 mg/dm3, and higher than 1.00 mg/dm3 in most parts of the river. The concentration of PO4-P is typically above 0.02 mg/dm3, while the concentration of SiO3-Si is higher than 1.00 rag/din3. Between 2003 and 2008, samples were collected 3 times per year （May, August and November） at 27 sites in the Xiamen Water and analyzed for NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, salinity, and temperature. We discovered that the Jiulong River was the key source of DIN into the Xiamen Water, but not PO4-P, indicating the reason of the N/P molar ratio imbalance in the Xiamen Water. In the future, the effects of high DIN concentrations on the phytoplankton communities and marine ecosystems of the Xiamen Water shall be studied.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on leaf nutrient concentrations and nutrient resorption efficiency of two dominant alpine grass species

Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)are two essential nutrients that determine plant growth and many nutrient cycling processes.Increasing N and P deposition is an important driver of ecosystem changes.However,in contrast to numerous studies about the impacts of nutrient addition on forests and temperate grasslands,how plant foliar stoichiometry and nutrient resorption respond to N and P addition in alpine grasslands is poorly understood.Therefore,we conducted an N and P addition experiment(involving control,N addition,P addition,and N+P addition)in an alpine grassland on Kunlun Mountains(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China)in 2016 and 2017 to investigate the changes in leaf nutrient concentrations(i.e.,leaf N,Leaf P,and leaf N:P ratio)and nutrient resorption efficiency of Seriphidium rhodanthum and Stipa capillata,which are dominant species in this grassland.Results showed that N addition has significant effects on soil inorganic N(NO_(3)^(-)-N and NH_(4)^(+)-N)and leaf N of both species in the study periods.Compared with green leaves,leaf nutrient concentrations and nutrient resorption efficiency in senesced leaves of S.rhodanthum was more sensitive to N addition,whereas N addition influenced leaf N and leaf N:P ratio in green and senesced leaves of S.capillata.N addition did not influence N resorption efficiency of the two species.P addition and N+P addition significantly improved leaf P and had a negative effect on P resorption efficiency of the two species in the study period.These influences on plants can be explained by increasing P availability.The present results illustrated that the two species are more sensitive to P addition than N addition,which implies that P is the major limiting factor in the studied alpine grassland ecosystem.In addition,an interactive effect of N+P addition was only discernable with respect to soil availability,but did not affect plants.Therefore,exploring how nutrient characteristics and resorption response to N and P addition in the alpine grassland is important to understand nutrient use strategy of plants in terrestrial ecosystems.

Nutrient Use Efficiency of Three Fast Growing Hardwood Species across a Resource Gradient

Attitudes regarding traditional energy sources have shifted toward renewable resources. Specifically, short-rotation woody crop supply systems have become more prevalent for biomass and biofuel production. However, a number of factors such as environmental and inherent resource availability can limit tree production. Given the intensified demand for wood biomass production, forest and plantation management practices are focusing on increasing productivity. Fertilizer application, while generally one of the least expensive silvicultural tools, can become costly if application rates exceed nutrient uptake or demand of the trees especially if it does not result in additional biomass production. We investigated the effect of water and varying levels of nitrogen application (56, 112, and 224 kg&#183N&#183ha&#451&#183yr&#451) on nutrient content, resorption efficiency and proficiency, N:P and the relationship with ANPP, as well as leaf- and canopy-level nutrient use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for Populus deltoides, Quercus pagoda, and Platanus occidentalis. P. deltoides and P. occidentalis reached their maximum nitrogen budget with the application of water suggesting old agricultural fields may have sufficient nutrient levels to sustain short-rotation woody crops negating the application of additional nitrogen for these two species. Additionally, for P. deltoides and Q. pagoda application of nitrogen appeared to increase the uptake of phosphorus however, resorption efficiency for these two species were more similar to studies conducted on nutrient poor sites. Nutrient resorption proficiency for all three nutrients and all three species were at levels below the highest rates of nitrogen application. These findings suggest maximum biomass production may not necessarily be tied to maximum nutrient application.

Responses of nutrient biogeochemistry and nitrogen cycle to seasonal upwelling in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island

The coastal upwelling has profound influence on the surrounding ecosystem by supplying the nutrient-replete water to the euphotic zone.Nutrient biogeochemistry was investigated in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 and autumn 2016.From perspectives of nutrient dynamics and physical transport,the nutrient fluxes entered the upper 50 m water depth(between the mixed layer and the euphotic zone)arisen from the upwelling were estimated to be 2.5-5.4 mmol/(m^(2)·d),0.15-0.28 mmol/(m^(2)·d),and 2.2-7.2 mmol/(m^(2)·d)for dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),phosphate(DIP),and dissolved silicate(DSi),respectively,which were around 6-to 12-fold those in the background area.The upwelled nutrients supported an additional plankton growth of(14.70±8.95)mg/m^(2)for chlorophyll a(Chl a).The distributions of nitrateδ^(15)N andδ^(18)O above the 300 m water depth(top of the North Pacific Intermediate Water)were different among the upwelling area,background area in summer,and the stations in autumn,and the difference of environmental and biogeochemical conditions between seasons should be the reason.The higher DIN/DIP concentration ratio,nitrate concentration anomaly,and lower nitrate isotope anomaly(Δ(15,18))in the upper ocean in summer than in autumn indicated the stronger nitrogen fixation and atmospheric deposition,and the following fixed nitrogen regeneration in summer.The higher values of Chl a and nitrateδ^(15)N andδ^(18)O within the euphotic zone in autumn than the background area in summer suggested the stronger nitrate assimilation in autumn.The differences in relatively strength of the assimilation,nitrogen fixation and atmospheric deposition,and the following remineralization and nitrification between the two seasons made the higherδ^(18)O:δ^(15)N and larger difference of enzymatic isotope fractionation factors^(15)εand^(18)εfor nitrate assimilation in summer than in autumn above the North Pacific Tropical Water.

Species divergence in seedling leaf traits and tree growth response to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in an evergreen broadleaved forest of subtropical China

Tree competitiveness generally depends on trait plasticity in response to environmental change.The effects of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)on leaf trait variability by species is poorly understood,especially in China’s subtropical forests.This study examined the seedling leaf traits and net primary productivity of all trees>5 cm DBH of two dominant species,Schima superba and Castanopsis carlesii,in an evergreen broadleaved forest fertilized with nitrogen(+N),phosphorus(+P),and nitrogen plus phosphorus(N+P).The effect of N on seedling leaf traits was stronger than P,while fertilization in general was species dependent.Leaf mass per unit area decreased with N for S.superba seedlings but not for C.carlesii.Leaf N,P,and N/P ratios changed with N addition for both species.All four N fractions of carboxylation,bioenergetics,cell wall,and other N metabolites in C.carlesii leaves responded significantly to fertilization,while only the cell wall in S.superb a leaves responded.Other leaf functional traits,including light-saturated photosynthetic rates,water,N,and P use efficiencies,chlorophyll and non structural carbohydrate contents increased with N addition in S.superb a and by P addition in C.carlesii.Canopy closure at the stand-level increased due to N.Litter biomass and relative growth rate of S.superb a was not affected by any treatments,while both for C.carlesii significantly decreased with N+P addition.Collectively,nutrient limitation may vary at a small scale among species in a subtropical forest based on their responses of seedling traits and net primary productivity to fertilization.Seedling traits are not correlated with the net primary productivity of larger trees except for N fractions,because low light conditions induced by fertilization reduces the proportion of N allocated to photosynthesis in seedlings.In addition,acclimation differences of tree species may increase the uncertainty of community succession.

The Nutrient Expert decision support system improves nutrient use efficiency and environmental performance of radish in North China

Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization decision support system,but the updated NE system for radish has rarely been evaluated.This study aims to validate the feasibility of NE for radish fertilization management from agronomic,economic,and environmental perspectives.A total of 46 field experiments were conducted over four seasons from April 2018 to November 2019 across the major radish growing regions in North China.The results indicated that NE significantly reduced N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O application rates by 98,110,and 47 kg ha^(-1) relative to those in the farmers’practice(FP),respectively,and reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) inputs by 48 and 44 kg ha^(-1),respectively,while maintaining the same K_(2)O rate as soil testing(ST).Relative to FP and ST,NE significantly increased radish yield by 2.7 and 2.6 t ha^(-1)(4.2 and 4.0%)and net returns by 837 and 432 USD ha^(-1),respectively.On average,NE significantly improved the agronomic efficiency(AE)of N,P,and K(relative to FP and ST)by 42.4 and 31.0,67.4 kg kg^(-1) and 50.9,and 20.3 and 12.3 kg kg^(-1);enhanced the recovery efficiency(RE)of N,P,and K by 11.4 and 7.0,14.1 and 7.5,and 11.3 and 6.3 percentage points;and increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of N,P,and K by 162.9 and 96.8,488.0 and 327.3,and 86.9 and 22.4 kg kg^(-1),respectively.Furthermore,NE substantially reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) surpluses by 105.1 and 115.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and decreased apparent N loss by 110.8 kg ha^(-1) compared to FP.These results indicated that the NE system is an effective and feasible approach for improving NUE and promoting cleaner radish production in North China.

Macronutrients Uptake in Soybean as Affected by <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i>Inoculation and Phosphorus (P) Supplements

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (with & without), phosphorus supplementation at the levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P·ha-1. Both treatments were replicated four times in a split plot design. The macronutrients considered were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Results showed that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly contribute to the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole soybean plant. Likewise, phosphorus supplementation significantly enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole plant. The use of effective strains of rhizobia and P supplementation was an effective way of enhancing the growth of soybean, eventually the uptake of macronutrients in plant organs.

Relationship between Leaf Micro- and Macro-Nutrients in Top Canopy Trees in a Mixed Forest in the Upper Rio Negro in the Amazon Region

The mixed forests of the upper Rio Negro at the northern of the Amazon basin grow in oxisol soils that are extremely infertile. These areas exhibit deficiencies in several macro-nutrients, and may also be characterized by the shortage or toxic excess of some micronutrients. The overall goal of this research is to collect more comprehensive information regarding the micronutrient composition of the upper Rio Negro forests as well as discern the relationship between leaf micro- and macro-nutrients that may contribute to the homeostasis and balance of the ionome. Firstly, the nutrient composition within the oxisol soil and leaf tissues of two top canopy tree species from the mixed forests was determined. We then analyzed the relationship between leaf micronutrient composition with N and P levels of the two species and that of species inhabiting the Amazon caatinga. Extractable soil Zn, B, Mn and Cu were very low in the mixed forest. In contrast, Fe and Al levels were potentially toxic. The analysis of leaf N/P ratios revealed for the first time the co-limitation of N and P in the mixed forest. This contrasts with species from the adjacent Amazon caatinga toposequence that are characterized by strong N limitation. All micronutrients within leaves of species inhabiting the mixed forest were also found to have low concentrations. Moreover, Fe and Al were detected at concentrations well below those reported for accumulator species. This suggested that leaf ion homeostasis was maintained under potentially toxic soil Fe and Al conditions. Leaf micronutrient (Fe, Zn and B) contents mirrored that of leaf N and P contents, and comparable Fe/N, Fe/P, Zn/N, Zn/P, B/N as well as B/P ratios were found across species and forest types. Therefore, forest species exhibited the capability to maintain leaf nutrient balances under soil conditions with deficient or toxic levels of micronutrients.

小长山岛3种大型海藻组织碳、氮含量和δ^(15)N值的环境指示意义

大型海藻组织碳、氮含量及δ^(15)N值的变化对于指示营养盐来源及营养盐评价研究具有重要的意义。为探究大型海藻组织碳、氮含量及δ^(15)N值的变化特征,于2020年7月至2021年6月逐月分析了小长山岛潮间带孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)、角叉菜(Chondrus ocellatus)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)3种大型海藻组织的碳、氮含量和δ^(15)N值的变化,并对其生长环境中海水的理化因子进行了测定。结果发现:孔石莼组织的氮含量与海水中的NO_(3)-N和DIN含量之间存在显著的相关性,角叉菜组织的氮含量与海水中的NH 3-N含量之间也存在显著的相关性。然而,大型海藻组织的碳含量和C/N比值与海水中的碳、氮营养盐之间并无显著的相关性。孔石莼组织的δ^(15)N值与海水中的NO_(3)-N和DIN含量之间也存在显著的相关性。因此,孔石莼适于用作NO_(3)-N和DIN来源的指示藻种。结果指示小长山岛潮间带海水中具有供大型海藻生长利用的充足的营养盐,其主要受到生活污水和养殖排放的影响。

甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育过程中氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收及累积特征

探讨甘蔗脱毒原种苗不同生长时期氮、磷、钾营养元素的累积需求状况,为甘蔗脱毒原种苗田间繁育栽培过程中养分管理提供参考。试验分别在2020、2021年进行,调查中糖1号甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期生长情况,测定其生物量及其在各生育阶段根、茎、叶中氮、磷、钾各营养元素的含量,并分析氮、磷、钾的累积量、阶段吸收量、日吸收速率。结果表明:甘蔗脱毒原种苗从种苗假植到种茎最佳收获时需6~7个月可达15茎节,在7、8月至9月下旬(茎1期至茎2期)蔗茎生长速度最快,以茎4期(10月下旬至11月下旬)干物质量累积增加最快,此阶段为生物量累积的关键阶段。在甘蔗脱毒原种苗全生育期中各元素含量及累积量从高到低依次为钾>氮>磷,在根茎叶各器官中蔗叶、蔗茎始终为氮、磷、钾含量相对较高的器官,氮、磷、钾累积量在茎伸长生长1期前主要贮存于蔗叶中,而后以蔗茎为新的主要贮存器官。甘蔗对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例在苗期和分蘖期分别为24.84%、26.18%、27.74%,在茎1~3期(7月下旬至10月下旬)分别为55.54%、58.61%、52.30%,茎4、5期(10月下旬至12月下旬)分别为19.62%、15.20%、19.96%。因此,可根据各元素的阶段吸收量进行合理施肥,进而提高甘蔗脱毒健康种苗的品质和经济效益。试验明确了甘蔗脱毒原种苗生长过程中对氮、磷、钾的需求状况,可为今后甘蔗脱毒健康种苗田间规模化繁育生产的科学合理施肥提供依据,提高脱毒原种苗田间繁育效率和养分资源利用效率。

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地植被群落凋落物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征

为了解典型喀斯特峰丛洼地植被群落凋落物养分空间分异以及其生态化学计量特征,分析了4个不同演替阶段植被凋落物现存量、C、N、P含量及C、N、P元素比值关系在不同坡位间的差异。结果表明:(1)不同演替阶段群落凋落物现存量和C、N、P含量、N∶P值随植被正向演替而升高;C∶N值和C∶P值随植被正向演替而下降。(2)凋落物C含量、C∶N值、C∶P值和N∶P值在不同坡位表现为上坡位较高、下坡位较低;P含量的变化规律与之相反,N含量则没呈现很明显的规律性(P<0.05)。典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明演替阶段和坡位对凋落物积累、养分分布和存储影响最大,坡度、坡向和裸岩率也有较大影响。(3)N∶P值是制约凋落物分解和养分循环的重要因素。凋落物在P素较低的情况下具有较高的N及木质素含量(即较高的N∶P值),分解速率较低,较低的N∶P值使凋落物更易分解。N素在3个坡位的不显著差异以及P素的显著差异反映了P含量波动对喀斯特峰丛洼地植被凋落物N∶P值和分解速率变化的影响。推测下坡位及幼龄林群落由于具有较低的N∶P值,其凋落物分解速率相对较快,养分的存储量较少。因此,上坡位、成熟林群落的凋落物有利于积累养分。

长期N添加对典型草原几个物种叶片性状的影响

通过一个连续4 a(2003—2006年)N添加的野外控制试验(0、1、2、4、8、16、32、64 g/m2等8个水平),探讨了N供给改变对内蒙古典型草原几个常见物种叶片性状的影响。结果表明,沿施N水平,冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、星毛委陵菜(Potentillaacaulis)和砂韭(Allium bidentatum)比叶面积(SLA)呈指数增加,而克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)和糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)SLA无明显变化规律;5个物种绿叶N浓度和枯叶N浓度均呈增加趋势,而绿叶P浓度和枯叶P浓度的变化趋势呈明显的物种差异性。物种间,冷蒿具有较高的SLA和叶片养分浓度,克氏针茅具有较低的SLA和叶片养分浓度。以上结果表明,N供给增加降低了植物保持N的能力,对植物P保持能力的影响随物种不同而异,反映了植物P策略对N供给改变的弹性适应。因此,大气N沉降增加改变着植物N和P利用策略,进而影响着植被-土壤系统N和P循环,而其物种差异性将对群落结构产生深远影响。