Effects of ambient DIN:DIP ratio on the nitrogen uptake of harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense in turbidistat

The effects of varying nitrogen （N）： phosphorus （P） ratios on the growth and N-uptake and assimilation of the harmful dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were examined in turbidistat culture experiments. Algal cultures were supplied with media containing PO4^3- in various concentrations to obtain a wide range of N：P ratios. Experiments to determine rates of N uptake and assimilation of different N sources （NO^3-, NH4^＋, urea and glycine by P. minimum and NO3^-, NH4^＋ by P. donghaiense） were conducted using ^15-N tracer techniques at each N：P ratio. The growth rates suggested nutrient limitation at both high and low N：P ratios relative to the Redfield ratio. On a diel basis, the growth of both species was regulated by the light-dark cycle, which may be a result of regulation of both lightdependent growth and light-independent nutrient uptake. Maximum growth rates of both species always occurred at the beginning of light phase. In P-rich medium （low N：P ratio）, both species had higher N assimilation rates, suggesting N limitation. Low assimilation coefficients at high N：P ratios suggested P limitation of N uptake and assimilation. NO3 ^-and NH4^＋ contributed more than 90% of the total N uptake of P. minimum. Reduced N sources were more quickly assimilated than NO3^-. Highest average daily growth rates were recorded near an N：P ratio of 12 for both species. The N uptake rates of cultures at N：P ratios near Redfield ratio were more balanced with growth rates. The linkage between growth rates and N uptake/assimilation rates were conceptually described by the variation of cell N quota. The N：P ratios affect the N uptake and growth of Prorocentrum spp., and may regulate their bloom progression in eutrophic ecosystems.

Experimental Study in Out-Door Tanks of N and P Uptake by the Aquatic Communities of Lake Kinneret

Two trials (1st Trial-46 and 2nd Trial-64 hrs duration) experiment in 8 out-door tanks (5 m3) were carried out with similar design: 4 fish densities (0, 1, 5, and 10), 2 densities of zooplankton (high and low) and 4 increasing levels of P and N concentrations of nutrient enrichments. The consecutive changes of N and P concentrations were measured at 3 (Trial 1) and 4 (Trial 2) time intervals. It was found that nutrient uptake of the entire community, which is the differences between initial and final concentrations, was mostly affected by the initial enrichment. The ecological implications are discussed.

Macronutrients Uptake in Soybean as Affected by <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i>Inoculation and Phosphorus (P) Supplements

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (with & without), phosphorus supplementation at the levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P·ha-1. Both treatments were replicated four times in a split plot design. The macronutrients considered were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Results showed that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly contribute to the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole soybean plant. Likewise, phosphorus supplementation significantly enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole plant. The use of effective strains of rhizobia and P supplementation was an effective way of enhancing the growth of soybean, eventually the uptake of macronutrients in plant organs.

Mycorrhizal fungi mitigate nitrogen losses of an experimental grassland by facilitating plant uptake and soil microbial immobilization

Nitrogen(N)is one of the most limited nutrients of terrestrial ecosystems,whose losses are prevented in tightly coupled cycles in finely tuned systems.Global change-induced N enrichment through atmospheric deposition and application of vast amounts of fertilizer are now challenging the terrestrial N cycle.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)are known drivers of plant-soil nutrient fluxes,but a comprehensive assessment of AMF involvement in N cycling under global change is still lacking.Here,we simulated N enrichment by fertilization(low/high)in experimental grassland microcosms under greenhouse conditions in the presence or absence of AMF and continuously monitored different N pathways over nine months.We found that high N enrichment by fertilization decreased the relative abundance of legumes and the plant species dominating the plant community changed from grasses to forbs in the presence of AMF,based on aboveground biomass.The presence of AMF always maintained plant N:phosphorus(P)ratios between 14 and 16,no matter how the soil N availability changed.Shifts in plant N:P ratios due to the increased plant N and P uptake might thus be a primary pathway of AMF altering plant community composition.Furthermore,we constructed a comprehensive picture of AMF’s role in N cycling,highlighting that AMF reduced N losses primarily by mitigating N leaching,while N_(2)O emissions played a marginal role.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced N_(2)O emissions directly through the promotion of N_(2)O-consuming denitrifiers.The underlying mechanism for reducing N leaching is mainly the AMF-mediated improved nutrient uptake and AMF-associated microbial immobilization.Our results indicate that synergies between AMF and other soil microorganisms cannot be ignored in N cycling and that the integral role of AMF in N cycling terrestrial ecosystems can buffer the upcoming global changes.

A Preliminary Study on Dynamics and Models of N,P,K Absorption for High-Yield Cotton

The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K absorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: The contents of N, P2O5, K2O in cotton leaves, stems, squares and bolls decreased obviously with the time over the whole growth duration and the falling extent was greater in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of N in leaves, squares and bolls, in particular in the leaves of fruit-bearing shoot was higher in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of P2O5 in squares and bolls and that of K2O in stems were higher in high-yield cotton than in CK during the whole growing period. The accumulations of N, P2O5 and K2O in the cotton plants could be described with a logistic curve equation. There was the fastest nutrient uptake at about 90 d for N, 92 d for P2O5 and 85 d for K2O after emergence, respectively. Total nutrient accumulation of N, P2O5 and K2O was 385.8, 244. 7 and 340.3 kg ha-1, respectively. Approximately 12. 5 kg N, 8. 0 kg P2O5 and 11.1 kg K2O were needed for producing 100 kg lint with the leaves and stems under the super high yield condition of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang.

The Effects of Manure, Lime and P Fertilizer on N Uptake and Yields of Soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merrill） in the Central Highlands of Kenya

Soybean （Glycine max （L.）） is one of the most important legume crops being introduced in the CHK （Central Highlands of Kenya） expected to increase yields. However, low levels of soil N （nitrogen） and other plant nutrients and soil acidity are seen as the major causes impairing goal achievement. To evaluate the influence of manure, lime, P （phosphorus） fertilizer and their combination on N uptake and soybean performance, an experiment was conducted in Embu ATC （Agricultural Training College） comprising 9 treatments, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replicates in plots of 4 m×4.5 m. The study included manure （0, 5 and 10 t-ha-1）, lime （0 and 2 t.ha-1） and P fertilizer （0, 30 and 60 kg.P.hal）. The treatments significantly influenced N uptake and soybean yields. Both parameters responded well to application of manure both alone or combined to lime and TSP （triple super phosphate）. From these it was concluded that organic and inorganic resources have potential to enhance N uptake and soybean and other crops yields in CHK.

Effects of Regulation of C/N Ratio Wheat Straw Application on Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Tobacco

[Objective]The aim was to study the effects of regulation of C/N ratio wheat straw application on tobacco nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake. [Method]Effects of regulation C/N ratio wheat straw application on the flue-cured tobacco yield,output value,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium content and cumulative uptake of the upper,middle and bottom leaf were studied by using the field plot experiments at Banqiao town,Qujing city,Yunnan Province during the 2008-2009 summer growing seasons. [Result]The results showed that the application of wheat straw alone or after C/N regulation,could significantly increase tobacco production,potassium content,the potassium and nitrogen accumulation amount of leaf,and was more conducive to the potassium uptake of tobacco leaf with wheat straw application after C/N regulation. Compared with non-straw application,the yield of tobacco increased by 6.59%,3.58%,5.98%,8.80% with application of wheat straw alone,wheat straw and vetch,wheat straw and oilseed cake,wheat straw and urea nitrogen,the potassium content in tobacco leaf increased by 3.85%,7.76%,8.82%,11.21%,respectively,the total potassium cumulative amount of leaf increased by 10.71%,11.62%,15.32% ,21.01% and the total nitrogen cumulative amount increased by 9.76%,1.22%,8.14%,14.00%. However,the differences of tobacco leaf nitrogen content among the different treatments were not significant,the phosphorus uptake of tobacco leaf decreased. [Conclusion]application of high C/N ratio wheat straw in flue-cured tobacco production,which should be concerned not only to adjust C/N ratio by adding nitrogen,but also considering additional phosphorus application.

Feasibility of Rock Phosphate and Other Amendments in Preventing P Deficiency in Barley on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan

In?the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available P, and the only alternative is to use external sources to prevent P nutrient deficiency on these soils. A 3-year (2012 to 2014) field experiment was established in spring 2012 on a P-deficient soil near Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of organic amendments (alfalfa pellets, compost manure, thin stillage and distiller grain dry of wheat), inorganic amendments (rock phosphate granular, rock phosphate fine, wood ash and bone meal ash) and microbial inoculants/products (JumpStart&reg;and MYKE&reg;PRO), applied alone or in a combination with N and/or P commercial fertilizers, in preventing P deficiency and increasing seed yield, N and P uptake of barley. Compared to unfertilized control, N only treatment did not result in any significant increase in seed yield, while application of P alone increased seed yield significantly but to a lesser degree than when both N and P fertilizers were applied together in all 3 years. Rock phosphate did not result in any seed yield benefit, even when applied along with N fertilizer. Wood ash fine increased seed yield of barley significantly only in the presence of N fertilizer, with highest seed yield in the presence of both N + P fertilizers. Seed yield of barley increased moderately with alfalfa pellets, significantly with compost manure, and considerably with distiller grain dry of wheat, but highest seed yield was obtained from thin stillage, which was essentially similar to that obtained from the N + P fertilizer combination. There was no yield benefit from JumpStart or MykePro in any year and only slight benefit from bone meal ash in 2013. The addition of N fertilizer to MykePro or bone meal ash treatments increased seed yield, but highest yield was obtained when both N and P fertilizers were added, suggesting a lack of available P for optimum seed yield. With few exceptions, the response trends of total N and P uptake in seed + straw to the amendments studied were generally similar to those of seed yield. In conclusion, the organic amendment “thin stillage” provided balanced nutrition and produced yield and nutrient uptake of barley similar to balanced N + P fertilizer treatment, and it was closely followed by “distiller grain dry of wheat”, with moderate benefit from compost manure and some benefit from alfalfa pellets. In this extremely P-deficient soil, rock phosphate was not found effective in preventing P deficiency in barley, while wood ash and bone meal ash provided moderate increase in barley yield, with little yield benefit from JumpStart and MykePro, when other nutrients were not limiting in the soil.

Plant Biomass, Primary Production and Mineral Cycling of a Mixed Oak Forest in Linnebjer, Sweden

Plant biomass, primary production and mineral cycling were studied in a mixed deciduous forest (Quercus robur L., Tilia cordata L. and Corylus avellana L.) in southern Sweden. Plant biomass amount above and below ground was 201 and 37 t&middotha-1, respectively. Primary production above and below ground was an estimated 13.3 and 2.3 t&middotha-1, respectively. Carbon was the dominant element in the forest ecosystem, comprising 133 t&middotha-1. Other major elements were: N > Ca > K > Si > Mg > S > Mn > P > Fe and Na (range 1123 to 18 kg&middotha-1), followed by some trace elements. Yearly litterfall restored 6.0 t&middotha-1 organic matter or 2.3 t&middotha-1 carbon. Approximately 45% decomposed and returned to the soil during the year. Monitoring of other elements revealed that the ecosystem received inputs through dry and wet deposition, in particular 34.4 kg&middotha-1 S and 9.4 kg&middotha-1 of N yearly as throughfall. Determination of yearly biomass increase showed that the oak forest ecosystem was still in an aggradation or accumulation phase.

Effect of Fertilizer N Forms on Physiological Metabolism and Potassium Uptake of Flue-Cured Tobacco

The growth, chlorophyll composition, photosynthesis, respiration, K uptake and root K+ secretion offlue-cured tobacco as thected by different concentrations of N supplied as urea, NaNO3 and NH4NO3 werestudied under the experimental condition of sand culture. The results showed that the content of K in thefiue-cured tobacco was not merely related with root vitality and uptake but also closely related with root cellmembrane structure and K+ secretion.

Effects of Amino Acids Replacing Nitrate on Growth,Nitrate Accumulation,and Macroelement Concentrations in Pak-choi (Brassica chinensis L.)

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to determine the influence of replacing 20% of nitrate-N in nutrient solutions with 20 individual amino acids on growth, nitrate accumulation, and concentrations of nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） in pak-choi （Brassica chinensis L.） shoots. When 20% of nitrate-N was replaced with arginine （Arg） compared to the full nitrate treatment, pak-choi shoot fresh and dry weights increased significantly （P ≤ 0.05）, but when 20% of nitrate-N was replaced with alanine （Ala）, valine （Val）, leucine （Leu）, isoleucine （Ile）, proline （Pro）, phenylalanine （Phe）, methionine （Met）, aspartic acid （Asp）, glutamic acid （Glu）, lysine （Lys）, glycine （Gly）, serine （Ser）, threonine （Thr）, cysteine （Cys）, and tyrosine （Tyr）, shoot fresh and dry weights decreased significantly （P ≤ 0.05）. After replacing 20% of nitrate-N with asparagine （Asn） and glutamine （Gin）, shoot fresh and dry weights were unaffected. Compared to the full nitrate treatment, amino acid replacement treatments, except for Cys, Gly, histidine （His）, and Arg, significantly reduced （P ≤0.05） nitrate concentrations in plant shoots. Except for Cys, Leu, Pro, and Met, total N concentrations in plant tissues of the other amino acid treatments significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05）. Amino acids also affected total P and K concentrations, but the effects differed depending on individual amino acids. To improve pak-choi shoot quality, Gln and Asn, due to their insignificant effects on pak-choi growth, their significant reduction in nitrate concentrations, and their increase in macroelement content in plants, may be used to partially replace nitrate-N.

Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Ability of Ectomycorrhizal FUngus Laccaria biclor S238N to Increase the Growth of Douglas FIr Seedlings and Their Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake

Ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N,isolated from a forest soil in central France in 1990s,has demonstrated unequivocally and ability to promote pine growth.In the present nursery bed experiment,the ability of this ectomycorrhizal fungus to increase growth and P and K uptake of Douglas Fir seedlings (Zone 22) was examined.Growth of inoculated seedlings was over twice(plant height) and three times (biomass)that of non-inoculated ones.Similarly,both the concentrations and the amounts of P and K uptake by seedlings were significantly increased by fungal inoculation,indicating the improvement of P and K nutrition in mycorrhizal seedlings.In contrast,Al-P in the soils was decreased obviously by plants,especially by mycorrhizas,suggesting utilization of this soil P pool by plants and more efficient Al-P mobilization by mycorrhizas than by nomycorrhizas.Moreover,K extracted by 1mol/L HCl following consecutive extraction of H2O and CH3COONH4,which may not be plant available,could be utilized by fungus colonied roots.This could be explained by the release of protons and oxalate by hypae which leads to replacement of interlayer K in nonexpanded 2:1 clay minerals and bio-weathering of phyllosilicates.

Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Application on Growth and Dry Matter Accumulation in Mulberry

In this paper, the effect of different fertilizer treatments on the main indexes of growth and development and dry matter accumulation of perennial mulberry, which is cut and pruned in summer, were studied with ‘3414’ field experiment design. The results showed that N, P, and K at proper amounts could promote mulberry growth and development, improve its dry matter content, increase its dry matter accumulation. The effects of N, P, K on leaf yield per plant were respectively expressed as follows： N2 N3 N1 N0 , P2 P1 P3 P0 , K2 K1 K3 K0 . It can be concluded that the recommended fertilizer amounts of dry matter accumulations in mulberry leaf were 694.36 kg/hm2 of N, 198.15 kg/hm2 of P, and 274.26 kg/hm2 of K and the dry matter achieved the maximum at 8 045.04 kg/hm2 . The recommended fertilizer amounts of accumulated dry matter in branch were 1 000.05 kg/hm2 of N, 242.04 kg/hm2 of P, and 218.01 kg/hm 2 of K, and the dry matter achieved the maximum at 5 969.05 kg/hm2 . The recommended fertilizer amount in young shoots were 883.76 kg/hm2 of N, 204.48 kg/hm2 of P and 426.59 kg/hm2 of K and dry matter achieved the maximum at 1 410.24 kg/hm2 . This paper could provide reference for the construction of highly-qualified mulberry field in Sichuan hilly area.

Effects of N, P and K on Output and Nutrient Cycle of Vegetables in Greenhouses

ObjectiveThe aim was to increase farmers’ income and reduce the waste of fertilizer by exploring effects of N, P and K fertilizations on vegetable yields and the accumulation of N, P and K in vegetable and soils. MethodThe fertilization tests were conducted on tomato, cauliflower and celery in greenhouses. ResultWhen N, P and K were not applied in tomato, cauliflower or celery, the yields reduced in 6.0%-13.8% and total annual income reduced by 39 220, 36 902 and 22 023 yuan/hm 2 respectively, suggesting that N, P and K are limiting factors of yield. The absorbed N amounts of tomato and cauliflower were higher compared with celery; the absorbed P amount of cauliflower was higher compared with tomato and celery; the absorbed K amount of tomato was the highest, followed by celery and cauliflower. The absorbed N in tomato fruit was lower than that of cauliflower and the absorbed N amount of other parts of tomato was also lower. Furthermore, the absorbed amounts of P and K by tomato and cauliflower fruits were higher than it absorbed by the other parts, especially the absorbed of K was significantly high. Total absorbed amounts of N, P and K from high to low were cauliflower, tomato and celery. After harvesting of tomato, cauliflower and celery, N, P and K in soils were all higher compared with soils before planting. Influenced by fertilizers, residual N content in soils grown with tomato and residual P content in soils grown with celery both doubled compared with base soils. Cauliflower plants were not applied with organic fertilizer, and residual N and K contents in soils were lower compared with tomato and celery. ConclusionResidual P content in soils is higher, which is a kind of waste and would cause pollution on soils. It is necessary to improve the proportion of organic and inorganic fertilizers in fertilization.

Effects of N,P and K Fertilizers on Growth of Clover Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia and Soil Fertility after Plantation

In order to develop organic rice and increase paddy soil fertility by cloverorganic rice rotation, the effects of N, P and K fertilizers on growth of clover nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and soil fertility after plantation were investigated, thereby providing certain reference for reasonable cultivation of clover and improvement of soil fertility. A two-year experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2013. The clover was cultivated after rice every year, and different levels of N, P and K fertilizers were applied before winter. In the treatment group, no fertilizer was applied. The effects of different fertilizers and different application amounts on clover yield, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia quantity, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia weight and soil fertility after plantation were analyzed. The results showed that the application of N, P and K fertilizers in the early stage had significantly effect on the growth of clover. When the application amount of N fertilizer was 75 kg/hm^2（N 46%）, the clover yield, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia quantity and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia weight were highest. The soil nitrogen content after plantation increased with the increase of the application amount of N fertilizer, while the P and K content decreased and then increased with the increased application amounts. Soil available P content increased with the increased application amounts of N and P fertilizers, but it did not change significantly with the increased application amount of K fertilizer. Soil available K content increased first and then decreased with the increased application amounts of N and P fertilizers.When the application amounts of N and P fertilizers were 150（N 46%） and 300（P_2O_5 12%） kg/hm^2, soil available K content reached the maximum. Soil organic matter content increased with the increased application amounts of N, P and K fertilizers. Therefore, in the cultivation of clover, appropriate application of N, P and K fertilizers in the early stage can improve clover yield and soil fertility.

A Threshold Scheme under Peer-to-Peer Network

Resource sharing among peers is one of important application in Peer-to-Peer（P2P） network. Inexistenee of server makes P2P network to be a less trustable tool for property owners to distribute their resource. In order to protect intelligent property, reputation management strategy is adopted in many P2P network. As long as a P2P network reputation strategy is confirmed, application designer can employ a special detailed distribution scheme to fulfill content distribution within the net. Shmir （k, n） threshold scheme, for example, is an encryption scheme to enhance the distribution se curity of this kind of design. （k＊, n） threshold scheme is a new tool similar to Shmir scheme is proposed in this paper. The new scheme based on polynomial expansion and its security is decided by the one way function used in the secret distribution procedure. The scheme efficiency and its features as well as comparison between new and Shmir scheme are also discussed in this paper.

GENERALIZED FORELLI-RUDIN TYPE OPERATORS BETWEEN SEVERAL FUNCTION SPACES ON THE UNIT BALL OF C^(N)

In this paper,we investigate sufficient and necessary conditions such that generalized Forelli-Rudin type operators T_(λ,τ,k),S_(λ,τ,k),Q_(λ,τ,k)and R_(λ,τ,k)are bounded between Lebesgue type spaces.In order to prove the main results,we first give some bidirectional estimates for several typical integrals.

Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan

In the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available phosphorus (P). Previous research has shown that wheat species/cultivars vary in their sensitivity to P deficiency, yield response to applied P fertilizer, P uptake and P use efficiency on P-deficient soils. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 on a P-deficient soil at Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of five wheat species/cultivars (Spelt and Kamut representing “ancient”, Red Fife representing “old”, and Unity and Goodeve representing “modern” wheat species/cultivars) for seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in seed, partial factor of productivity (PFP, kg seed kg-1 of N applied), total N and P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE, kg seed kg-1 of P applied) and % recovery of applied P in seed under zero-P and with P fertilizer (triple superphosphate) applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Seed yield, PFP and PUE were determined in all 3 years, but PC, total N and P uptake, and % recovery of applied P in seed were determined only in 2012. There was a marked and significant response of seed yield and PFP of all wheat species/cultivars to P fertilizer in all 3 years, but the actual seed yield and PFP, without and with applied P fertilizer, as well as PUE, varied with species/cultivar in different years. On the average of 3 years, seed yield and PFP were greatest for Unity in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Seed yield increases from applied P were 1111, 773, 890, 1810 and 2028 kg·ha-1, respectively, for Spelt, Kamut, Red Fife, Unity and Goodeve. Total N and P uptake were lowest for Kamut and greatest for Unity or Goodeve, in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Percent recovery of applied P in seed was greatest for Goodeve or Unity and lowest for Spelt or Kamut. Protein concentration in seed usually decreased with P fertilizer, and wheat species/cultivars with higher PC in seed usually showed greater reduction in PC with P application. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the “modern” wheat species/cultivars Unity or Goodeve might be more suitable for high sustainable seed yield and total P or N uptake than the “ancient” wheat species Spelt and Kamut or the “old” wheat cultivar Red Fife, especially when adequate amount of P fertilizer is applied to optimize crop production on a P-deficient soil.

Spatial Distribution of Soil Total Nutrients of Farmland in Liaoning Province

[Objective]The aim was to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of total nutrients in soil and provide a theoretical basis for farmland management and improvement of crop yield. [Method]GIS technique was used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of total C,total N,total P and total K for different soil layers in Liaoning Province. [Result]The results showed that the content of total C,total N,total P decrease from east to west,but the content of total K was high in north district of Liaoning Province. The content of total C,total N,total P and total K was higher in soil surface （0-20 cm） than the lower （20-40 cm）. Total K varied less with soil depth,and its mean content was respectively 17.64 g/kg and 17.08 g/kg for soil surface and soil lower layer. [Conclusion]The results of the distribution of soil total nutrients in different soil layers supplied a theory basis for farmland management.