Charge-balanced codoping enables exceeding doping limit and ultralow thermal conductivity

Materials with low thermal conductivity are applied extensively in energy management,and breaking the amorphous limits of thermal conductivity to solids has attracted widespread attention from scientists.Doping is a common strategy for achieving low thermal conductivity that can offer abundant scattering centers in which heavier dopants always result in lower phonon group velocities and lower thermal conductivities.However,the amount of equivalent heavyatom single dopant available is limited.Unfortunately,nonequivalent heavy dopants have finite solubility because of charge imbalance.Here,we propose a charge balance strategy for SnS by substituting Sn2+with Ag^(+)and heavy Bi^(3+),improving the doping limit of Ag from 2%to 3%.Ag and Bi codoping increases the point defect concentration and introduces abundant boundaries simultaneously,scattering the phonons at both the atomic scale and nanoscale.The thermal conductivity of Ag0.03Bi0.03Sn0.94S decreased to 0.535 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1)at room temperature and 0.388 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1)at 275°C,which is below the amorphous limit of 0.450 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1)for SnS.This strategy offers a simple way to enhance the doping limit and achieve ultralow thermal conductivity in solids below the amorphous limit without precise structural modification.

Realizing Cd and Ag codoping in p-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2)toward high thermoelectric performance

Mg_(3)Sb_(2)has attracted intensive attention as a typical Zintl-type thermoelectric material.Despite the exceptional thermoelectric performance in n-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2),the dimensionless figure of merit(zT)of p-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2)remains lower than 1,which is mainly attributed to its inferior electrical properties.Herein,we synergistically optimize the thermoelectric properties of p-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2)materials via codoping of Cd and Ag,which were synthesized by high-energy ball milling combined with hot pressing.It is found that Cd doping not only increases the carrier mobility of p-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2),but also diminishes its thermal conductivity(κ_(tot)),with Mg_(2.85)Cd_(0.5)Sb_(2)achieving a lowκtot value of∼0.67 W m^(−1)K^(−1)at room temperature.Further Ag doping elevates the carrier concentration,so that the power factor is optimized over the entire temperature range.Eventually,a peak zT of∼0.75 at 773 K and an excellent average zT of∼0.41 over 300−773 K are obtained in Mg_(2.82)Ag_(0.03)Cd_(0.5)Sb_(2),which are∼240%and∼490%higher than those of pristine Mg_(3.4)Sb_(2),respectively.This study provides an effective pathway to synergistically improve the thermoelectric performance of p-type Mg_(3)Sb_(2)by codoping Cd and Ag,which is beneficial to the future applications of Mg_(3)Sb_(2)-based thermoelectric materials.

Band gap narrowing of TiO_2 by compensated codoping for enhanced photocatalytic activity

In this study, we have performed first-principles screened exchanged hybrid density function theory with the HSE06 function calculations of the C-Mo, C-W, N-Nb and N-Ta codoped anatase TiO2 systems to investigate the effect of codoping on the electronic structure of TiO2. The calculated results demonstrate that （W（s）＋C（s）） codoped TiO2 narrows the band gap significantly, and have little influence on the position of conduction band edges, therefore, enhances the efficiency of the photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water and the photodegradation of organic pollutants. Moreover, the proper oxygen pressure and temperature are two key factors during synthesis which should be carefully under control so that the desired （W（s）＋C（s）） codoped TiO2 can be obtained.

Effect of the codoping of N-H-O on the growth characteristics and defects of diamonds under high temperature and high pressure

Diamond crystals were synthesized with different doping proportions of N-H-O at 5.5 GPa-7.1 GPa and 1370℃-1450℃. With the increase in the N-H-O doping ratio, the crystal growth rate decreased, the temperature and pressure conditions required for diamond nucleation became increasingly stringent, and the diamond crystallization process was affected. [111] became the dominant plane of diamonds;surface morphology became block-like;and growth texture,stacking faults, and etch pits increased. The diamond crystals had a two-dimensional growth habit. Increasing the doping concentration also increased the amount of N that entered the diamond crystals as confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, crystal quality gradually deteriorated as verified by the red-shifting of Raman peak positions and the widening of the Raman full width at half maximum. With the increase in the doping ratio, the photoluminescence property of the diamond crystals also drastically changed. The intensity of the N vacancy center of the diamond crystals changed, and several Ni-related defect centers, such as the NE1 and NE3 centers, appeared. Diamond synthesis in N-H-O-bearing fluid provides important information for deepening our understanding of the growth characteristics of diamonds in complex systems and the formation mechanism of natural diamonds, which are almost always N-rich and full of various defect centers. Meanwhile, this study proved that the type of defect centers in diamond crystals could be regulated by controlling the N-H-O impurity contents of the synthesis system.

Revisiting the Electron-Doped SmFeAsO:Enhanced Superconductivity up to 58.6 K by Th and F Codoping

In the iron-based high-To bulk superconductors, Tc above 50 K was only observed in the electron-doped 1111-type compounds. Here we revisit the electron-doped SmFeAsO polycrystals to make a further investigation for the highest Tc in these materials. To introduce more electron carriers and less crystal lattice distortions, we study the Th and F eodoping effects into the Sm-O layers with heavy electron doping. Dozens of Sm1-xThx FeAsO1-yFy samples are synthesized through the solid state reaction method, and these samples are carefully characterized by the structural, resistive, and magnetic measurements. We find that the codoping of Th and F clearly enhances the superconducting Tc more than the Th or F single-doped samples, with the highest record Tc up to 58.6K when x = 0.2 and y=0.225. Further element doping causes more impurities and lattice distortions in the samples with a weakened superconductivity.

Phase transformation and morphology tuning of β-NaYF_4:Yb^(3+),Er^(3+) nanocrystals through K^+ ions codoping

In this work, a simple method to modulate the crystal phase and morphology with a large amount of K＋ions codoping is proposed. The phase changes to the mixture of β-Na YF4 and β-KYF4 with increasing the content of K^＋ions to 80 mol%.When it exceeds 80 mol%, β-Na YF4 disappears gradually and β-KYF4 dominates with a poor crystalline. In addition, the morphology changes from nanosphere to nanoplate, and then to nanoprism, which indicates that a higher content of K^＋ions favors the growth rates along [0001] than the [10-10] of the nanocrystals. Additionally, the upconversion（UC） luminescence properties and the ratio of red/green（R/G） UC intensity of samples with different phases and morphologies are detected,which makes it possible to tune the UC fluorescence by varying the concentration of K^＋ions.

Upconversion Luminescence Properties of NaY0.92Yb0.05Er0.03F4 Enhanced by Zr^4＋ Codoping

In this paper we present a novel report on the upconversion luminescence performance of NaY0.92Yb0.05Er0.03F4 enhanced by Zr^4＋ codoping. The luminescence intensity of the tridoped hexagonal NaYF_4 synthesized by a hydrothermal method increased to the maximum, about seven times of the non-Zr^4＋ sample when the Zr^4＋ codoping concentration rose to 6 mol%, while the luminescence lifetime was also prolonged by Zr^4＋ codoping. To explore the relationships between the microstructure and upconversion properties, X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, electron energy-dispersive spectroscopy and upconversion emission spectroscopy were employed. From these characterizations, we found that the codoping of Zr^4＋ could modulate the crystal microstructure of NaYF_4 for higher upconversion luminescence intensity and longer lifetime. This study may be helpful for the design and synthesis of high-performance upconversion materials.

Waste to wealth: Oxygen-nitrogen-sulfur codoped lignin-derived carbon microspheres from hazardous black liquors for high-performance DSSCs

Carbon materials are effective substitutes for Pt counter electrodes(CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). However, many of these materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are expensive and require complex preparation process. Herein, waste lignin, recycled from hazardous black liquors,is used to create oxygen-nitrogen-sulfur codoped carbon microspheres for use in DSSC CEs through the facile process of low-temperature preoxidation and high-temperature self-activation. The large number of ester bonds formed by preoxidation increase the degree of cross-linking of the lignin chains, leading to the formation of highly disordered carbon with ample defect sites during pyrolysis. The presence of organic O/N/S components in the waste lignin results in high O/N/S doping of the pyrolysed carbon,which increases the electrolyte ion adsorption and accelerates the electron transfer at the CE/electrolyte interface, as confirmed by density functional theory(DFT) calculations. The presence of inorganic impurities enables the construction of a hierarchical micropore-rich carbon structure through the etching effect during self-activation, which can provide abundant catalytically active sites for the reversible adsorption/desorption of electrolyte ions. Under these synergistic effects, the DSSCs that use this novel carbon CE achieve a quite high power-conversion efficiency of 9.22%. To the best of our knowledge, the value is a new record reported so far for biomass-carbon-based DSSCs.

N/S codoping modification based on the metal organic frameworkderived carbon to improve the electrochemical performance of different energy storage devices

Carbon-based materials have become a research hotspot in the field of energy storage devices in recent years due to their abundant resources,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the low capacity and poor high rate performance still constitute great challenges.Metal organic framework-derived carbon has been widely researched because of its high porosity,tunable structure,and good conductivity.In this work,N/S codoped hierarchical porous carbon microspheres were prepared by a high-temperature heat treatment and atomic doping process using a zinc-based organic framework as the precursor.When used as a potassium-ion battery anode,it has a high reversible specific capacity(435.7 mAh g^(-1)),good rate performance(133.5 mAh g^(-1)at 10,000 m A g^(-1)),and long-term cycling stability(73.2%capacity retention after the 2500th cycle).The potassium storage mechanism of the derived carbon was explained by various electrochemical analysis methods and microstructure characterization techniques,and the relationship between the structural characteristics and electrochemical properties was researched.In a supercapacitor,the porous carbon material exhibits a specific capacitance of 307.2 F g^(-1)at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1)in a KOH aqueous solution and achieves a retention rate of 99.88%after 10,000 cycles.The assembled symmetric supercapacitor device delivers a high energy density of 6.69 Wh kg^(-1),with a corresponding power density of 2500 W kg^(-1).In addition,density functional theory calculations further confirmed that N/S codoping can improve the adsorption capacities of potassium and hydroxyl ions in the derived carbon.

银锰共掺杂Zn-In-Se核壳量子点的发光性能

为了得到一种高性能的白光发光二极管用荧光材料,采用热注入法合成了一种银锰共掺杂的核/壳量子点。利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见分光光度计、荧光光谱仪对样品的微观形貌、结构以及发光性能进行了测试与表征。测试结果表明:成功制备了目标量子点,所得样品呈类球形,平均粒径为(10.7±0.5)nm;该量子点能被紫外光有效激发,发射峰位于510 nm与615 nm处;与未包覆ZnSe壳层的量子点相比,核/壳量子点的发光强度与稳定性得到显著提升,并且量子产率达到了68%。核/壳结构量子点在254 nm紫外光连续辐照24 h后以及温度达到475 K时仍分别保持初始亮度的82%与50%。该量子点的优异发光性能与稳定性表明其在照明领域具有良好的应用前景。

退火对N-In共掺杂p型ZnO薄膜结构和光电性质的影响

利用射频磁控溅射结合离子注入的方法在石英玻璃衬底上成功地实现了ZnO薄膜的N-In共掺杂,借助于XRD、霍耳测试、透射谱测试等手段分析了不同退火条件下对ZnO薄膜的结构及光电性质的影响。实验结果表明,在氮气环境下,退火温度介于550-600℃,退火时间控制在5-10 min内,可以获得较稳定的p型ZnO薄膜。其中,经过580℃退火20 min的ZnO薄膜具有最佳的电学特性,即空穴浓度达到1.22×10^18cm^-3,迁移率为2.19 cm2V-1s^-1,电阻率是2.33Ωcm。另外,制备的ZnO薄膜在可见光范围内都有很好的透射率,其常温下的禁带宽度为3.25 eV,相对块材本征ZnO的禁带宽度略有减小。

三维氮磷共掺杂石墨烯的制备及电催化氧还原性能研究

氧还原反应(ORR)是燃料电池和金属-空气电池的阴极反应,其缓慢的动力学是目前掣肘燃料电池和金属空气电池发展的主要因素。为了使反应顺利进行,常常需要使用金属(包括贵金属和过渡金属)基催化剂,但这些催化剂存在价格高、稳定性差等缺陷。非金属原子掺杂的碳基催化剂近年来被认为是一种具有前景的ORR电催化剂。在此,使用单一前驱体磷酸三聚氰胺和氧化石墨烯经水热然后退火制备了三维氮磷共掺杂石墨烯材料(3DNPG)。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对3DNPG的结构与组成进行了表征。结果表明:3DNPG具有独特的三维网状结构、较大的比表面积(514.38m 2/g),特别是还具有非常高的N(15.53%)和P(6.61%)掺杂量。用作碱性溶液里ORR的催化剂时,其起始电位为0.994V,半波电位为0.817V,极限电流为5.34mA/cm^(2),在48h后电流密度保持率仍维持在99%,因此是一种兼具优异活性和循环稳定性的ORR催化剂,在燃料电池、金属-空气电池等领域具有非常重要的应用价值。

碳布支撑Sn^(2+)/Sn^(4+)共掺杂的ZnIn_(2)S_(4)柔性光催化剂用于高效降解盐酸四环素

本文采用一步溶剂热法制备了Sn^(2+)/Sn^(4+)共掺杂的ZnIn_(2)S_(4)/碳布柔性光催化剂(CC/ZIS-Sn),二维片状ZIS-Sn均匀地排列在碳布表面。通过降解盐酸四环素(TCH)溶液来评价所制备样品的光催化活性。结果表明,CC/ZIS-Sn_(0.09)复合光催化剂具有高效的光催化活性,40 min对TCH溶液(50 mL,20 mg/L)的降解率高达93.3%。适量的Sn掺杂和碳布协同作用能够调整电子结构,缩小光捕获带隙,增强ZIS光生载流子的分离和转移效率。自由基捕获实验证明空穴是光催化降解过程中的主要活性物质。此外,CC/ZIS-Sn光催化剂还具有良好的可回收性和稳定性,循环测试4次后,对TCH溶液的去除率仍达83.1%。

Modulation of Electronic States in Bimetallic-doped Nitrogen-Carbon Based Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Kinetics

Controlling the local electronic structure of active ingredients to improve the adsorption desorption characteristics of oxygen-containing intermediates over the electrochemical liquid-solid interfaces is a critical challenge in the field of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalysis.Here,we offer a simple approach for modulating the electronic states of metal nanocrystals by bimetal co-doping into carbon-nitrogen substrate,allowing us to modulate the electronic structure of catalytic active centers.To test our strategy,we designed a typical bimetallic nanoparticle catalyst(Fe-Co NP/NC)to flexibly alter the reaction kinetics of ORR.Our results from synchrotron Xray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the co-doping of iron and cobalt could optimize the intrinsic charge distribution of Fe-Co NP/NC catalyst,promoting the oxygen reduction kinetics and ultimately achieving remarkable ORR activity.Consequently,the carefully designed Fe-Co NP/NC exhibits an ultra-high kinetic current density at the operating voltage(71.94 mA/cm^(2)at 0.80 V),and the half-wave potential achieves 0.915 V,which is obviously better than that of the corresponding controls including Fe NP/NC,Co NP/NC.Our findings provide a unique perspective for optimizing the electronic structure of active centers to achieve higher ORR catalytic activity and faster kinetics.

Heteroatom tuning in agarose derived carbon aerogel for enhanced potassium ion multiple energy storage

The incorporation of heteroatoms into carbon aerogels(CAs)can lead to structural distortions and changes in active sites due to their smaller size and electronegativity compared to pure carbon.However,the evolution of the electronic structure from single-atom doping to heteroatom codoping in CAs has not yet been thoroughly investigated,and the impact of codoping on potassium ion(K+)storage and diffusion pathways as electrode material remains unclear.In this study,experimental and theoretical simulations were conducted to demonstrate that heteroatom codoping,composed of multiple heteroatoms(O/N/B)with different properties,has the potential to improve the electrical properties and stability of CAs compared to single-atom doping.Electronic states near the Fermi level have revealed that doping with O/N/B generates a greater number of active centers on adjacent carbon atoms than doping with O and O/N atoms.As a result of synergy with enhanced wetting ability(contact angle of 9.26°)derived from amino groups and hierarchical porous structure,ON-CA has the most optimized adsorption capacity(−1.62 eV)and diffusion barrier(0.12 eV)of K^(+).The optimal pathway of K^(+)in ON-CA is along the carbon ring with N or O doping.As K^(+)storage material for supercapacitors and ion batteries,it shows an outstanding specific capacity and capacitance,electrochemical stability,and rate performance.Especially,the assembled symmetrical K^(+)supercapacitor demonstrates an energy density of 51.8 Wh kg^(−1),an ultrahigh power density of 443Wkg^(−1),and outstanding cycling stability(maintaining 83.3%after 10,000 cycles in 1M KPF6 organic electrolyte).This research provides valuable insights into the design of highperformance potassium ion storage materials.

Zn-Sn共掺杂Mg_(2)TiO_(4)微波介电陶瓷的制备与表征

本研究分别用微量Zn^(2+)与Sn^(4+)取代Mg_(2)+与Ti^(4+),通过固相反应法制备了Zn-Sn共掺杂Mg_(2)TiO_(4)微波介电陶瓷,并采用阿基米德法、XRD、SEM、EDS及网络分析仪等手段,分析了材料的基本物性和介电特性。基本物性分析结果表明,烧结温度、Zn掺杂量x、Sn掺杂量y等因素对Mg_(2)TiO_(4)的晶体结构无明显影响,烧结致密性随烧结温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,其中在1300℃下烧结所得的(Zn_(0.05)Mg_(0.95))2(Sn_(0.05)Ti_(0.95))O_(4),烧结致密性最佳,达到98%。微波介电特性分析结果表明,Zn-Sn共掺杂Mg_(2)TiO_(4)的介电常数εr与品质因数Q×f值,均随烧结温度的升高而呈先增大后减小的趋势,且其谐振频率温度系数τf具有较好的稳定性,其中在1300℃下烧结所得的(Zn_(0.05)Mg_(0.95))2(Sn_(0.05)Ti_(0.95))O4,εr≈15.55,Q×f≈319690GHz,此时τf≈-52.06×10^(-6)·℃^(-1)。与前人的研究结果比较后可知,本研究制备的(Zn_(0.05)Mg_(0.95))2(Sn_(0.05)Ti_(0.95))O_(4)不仅将烧结温度大幅下降至1300℃,还能将品质因子提升至319690GHz,使其微波介电性能得到有效改善。

二价阳离子掺杂对钛酸盐基红色荧光粉性能的影响

白光LED以其所具备的环保、省电、效率高、寿命长等优点被广泛使用,而红色荧光粉是其发光所必需的。本文使用高温固相法,在1200℃下烧结4小时,制备了二价阳离子掺杂的CaTiO_(3):Eu^(3+)(CTE)红色荧光粉,研究二价阳离子(Mg^(2+),Zn^(2+))掺杂浓度对钛酸盐基红色荧光粉发光性能的影响。结构分析表明XRD图谱与CaTiO_(3)的标准PDF卡片符合得很好,表明烧结荧光粉为纯度较高的单相物质,具有较好的结晶性。经过一系列分析,结果表明,Mg^(2+)对CaTiO_(3):Eu^(3+)进行掺杂可以改善其发光性能,特别当掺杂浓度为4%时,其发光强度增强了约1.5倍。表明合适的二价阳离子掺杂有利于钛酸盐基红色荧光粉发光性能的提升,对CTE荧光粉的应用具有一定的参考意义。

In含量变化对N-In共掺杂ZnO薄膜的结构和性能的影响

采用超声雾化热解法制备ZnO薄膜，对比分析了不同In含量的N-In共掺杂ZnO薄膜的显微结构，电学和光学性质。实验结果表明在N-In共掺杂条件下In的含量对ZnO薄膜的显微结构及性能有明显的影响。In的掺入使得ZnO中总体缺陷减少，晶粒外形更规则，C轴取向性更好。引入In能使ZnO更容易向P型转变；当前驱体溶液中In的比例〉0．03后，可以显著改善ZnO薄膜的电学性能和光学性能。

钨镍共掺杂V_(2)O_(5)薄膜的光电特性研究

利用溶胶–凝胶旋涂法和后退火工艺在FTO导电玻璃上制备了钨镍共掺杂V_(2)O_(5)薄膜,研究了薄膜在不同温度和不同偏压下的光电特性和相变特性。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)测试了钨镍共掺杂V_(2)O_(5)薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌和组分,分析了不同钨镍共掺杂浓度对V_(2)O_(5)薄膜相变光电特性的影响。结果表明,当钨和镍的掺杂质量分数分别为3%和1.5%时,钨镍共掺杂的V_(2)O_(5)薄膜的相变温度为218.5℃,在可见光范围内有较高的透过率,在近红外1310 nm波长处的光学透过率达48.83%,与未掺杂V_(2)O_(5)薄膜的光学透过率相比提高了10.29%,薄膜电阻降低了30.53%,热致回线宽度收窄为15℃,说明钨镍共掺杂的V_(2)O_(5)薄膜具有良好的可逆相变光电特性,有望在新型光电器件领域得到较好的应用。