Electrochemical Preparation and Photoelectric Properties of Cu_2O-loaded TiO_2 Nanotube Arrays

TiO2 nanotube （TNT） arrays were fabricated by anodic oxidation of titanium foil in a fluoride- based solution, on which Cu20 particles were loaded via galvanostatic pulse electrodeposition in cupric acetate solutions in the absence of any other additives. The structure and optical properties of Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays （Cu2O-TNTs） were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and UV-Vis absorption, and the photoelectrochemical performance was measured using an electrochemical work station with a three-electrode configuration. The results show that the Cu2O particles distribute uniformly on the highly ordered anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays. The morphologies of Cu2O crystals change from branched, truncated octahedrons to dispersive single octahedrons with increasing deposition current densities. The Cu2O- TNTs exhibited remarkable visible light responses with obvious visible light absorption and greatly enhanced visible light photoelectrochemical performance. The I-V characteristics under visible light irradiation show a distinct plateau in the region between approximately -0.3 and 0 V, resulting in higher open-circuit voltages and larger short-circuit currents with increased Cu2O deposition.

Photocatalytic decompositions of gaseous HCHO and methylene blue with highly ordered TiO_2 nanotube arrays

The highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) were fabricated by the anodic oxidation method. Their morphology, structure and crystalline phase were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The effects of morphology, specific surface area, pore structures and photo catalytic activity of the TiO2 NTs were investigated. UV-vis spectra analysis showed that its light absorption had been extended to the visible light range. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous HCHO and MB aqueous solution. The samples had better adhesion strength in the dark and showed a higher photocatalytic activity than nanoparticles. Especially, with ultraviolet light pretreatment, the nanotubes exhibited more stable active for photocatalytic decomposition and the photodecomposition rate remained at high level after 3 cycles of the photocatalysis experiment. Thus, how the number of surface active group center dot OH increased and the mechanism for the great improvement for the photocatalytic activity are discussed. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Simple Method to Fabricate Au Nanoparticle-Decorated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Enhanced Visible Light Photocurrent

Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared by a simple method, which is a thermal annealing thin gold film deposited on anodie oxidized TiO2 nanotube arrays. These electron microscope images present that Au nanoparticles are well dispersed within the wall and on the surface of the XiO2 nanotubes. Meanwhile, the morphologies of Au nanoparticles can be controlled by changing the thickness of the deposited gold film. Associ- ated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances, the prepared Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could work as visible light responsive photocatalysts to produce a greatly enhanced photocurrent density. By varying the initial gold film thickness, such Au nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays could be optimized to obtain the highest photocurrent generation efficiency in the visible and UV light regions.

Fast Growth of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays on Si Substrate under High-Field Anodization

Highly ordered TiO_2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) on Si substrate possess broad applications due to its high surfaceto-volume ratio and novel functionalities, however, there are still some challenges on facile synthesis. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective high-field(90–180V) anodization method to grow highly ordered TiO_2 NTAs on Si substrate,and investigate the effect of anodization time, voltage, and fluoride content on the formation of TiO_2 NTAs. The current density–time curves, recorded during anodization processes, can be used to determine the optimum anodization time. It is found that the growth rate of TiO_2 NTAs is improved significantly under high field, which is nearly 8 times faster than that under low fields(40–60 V). The length and growth rate of the nanotubes are further increased with the increase of fluoride content in the electrolyte.

Synthesis and photoelectrical performance of nanoscale PbS and Bi2S3 co-sensitized on TiO2 nanotube arrays

TiO2 films have been widely applied in photo- voltaic conversion techniques. TiO2 nanotube arrays （TiO2 NAs） can be grown directly on the surface of metal Ti by the anodic oxidation method. Bi2S3 and PbS nanoparticles （NPs） were firstly co-sensitized on TiOa NAs （denoted as PbS/Bi2S3（n）/TiO2 NAs） by a two-step process containing hydrothermal and sonication-assisted SILAR method. When the concentration of Bi3＋ is 5 mmol/L, the best photoelectrical performance was obtained under simulated solar irradiation. The short-circuit photocurrent （Jsc） and photoconversion efficiency （η） of PbS/Bi2S3（5）/TiO2 NAs electrode were 4.70 mA/cm and 1.13 %, respectively.

Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by g-C_3N_4/TiO_2 Nanotube Array Heterostructures

Well-ordered TiO_2 nanotube arrays(TNTAs)decorated with graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_3N_4) were fabricated by anodic oxidization and calcination process.First, TNTAs were prepared via the anodic oxidation of Ti foil in glycerol solution containing fluorinion and 20%deionized water. Subsequently, g-C_3N_4 film was hydrothermally grown on TNTAs via the hydrogen-bonded cyanuric acid melamine supramolecular complex. The results showed that g-C_3N_4 was successfully decorated on the TNTAs and the g-C_3N_4/TNTAs served as an efficient and stable photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The facile deposition method enables the fabrication of efficient and low-cost photoanodes for renewable energy applications.

Fe、N共掺杂TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及可见光光催化活性

应用电化学阳极氧化法结合浸渍和退火后处理制备了Fe和N共掺杂的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化剂,并用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)仪对其进行了表征.结果表明,Fe、N共掺杂对TiO2纳米管阵列的形貌和结构没有明显影响,Fe和N均掺入了TiO2晶格.紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射光谱显示Fe和N共掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列的吸收带边较纯TiO2纳米管阵列和单一掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列红移,可见光吸收增强.以可见光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)考察了材料的光催化活性,Fe和N共掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列对RhB的降解速率较纯TiO2纳米管阵列和单一掺杂TiO2纳米管阵列明显提高,证明了Fe、N共掺杂产生的协同效应提高了TiO2纳米管阵列在可见光照射下的光催化活性.

Ti/TiO_2界面的整流特性研究

采用电化学阳极氧化法在钛片表面构筑了一层结构有序、纳米级的TiO2纳米管阵列膜层,考察了制备电压对TiO2纳米管阵列形貌和尺寸的影响,应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对膜层的形貌进行了表征,测量了Ti/TiO2界面的整流特性,研究了TiO2纳米管阵列膜层结构与Ti/TiO2界面的整流特性的关系。结果表明:制备电压对TiO2纳米管阵列的结构起到关键的作用,二氧化钛纳米管之所以具有整流特性是由于Ti/TiO2界面具有类似p-n结的性质。利用二氧化钛纳米管的整流特性,人们可以制备出各种性能优良的材料和器件。

基于TiO_2纳米管阵列的延伸型场效应晶体管pH传感器

基于延伸栅极型晶体管(EGFET)的pH传感器是新型溶液pH检测技术。该文将TiO_2纳米管阵列作为EGFET的延伸栅极,并详细研究了EGFET的pH敏感特性。得益于TiO_2纳米管阵列高比表面积和良好的化学稳定性,EGFET具有较宽的pH响应范围pH2～pH12,灵敏度为54.2 mV/pH,接近理论能斯特限值(59mV/pH),并且具有较低的迟滞(14. 3 mV)以及漂移率(2. 2 mV/h)。与传统玻璃式pH电极相比,EGFET pH传感器具有方便携带、快速响应、易与集成电路集成等特点,应用前景广泛。

TiO2纳米管阵列气敏性能研究进展

TiO 2纳米管阵列作为一种新型的TiO 2纳米材料,具有独特的管状阵列相貌结构和庞大的比表面积,是一种优异的金属氧化物半导体气敏材料.主要介绍了TiO 2纳米管阵列气敏性能的研究进展,包括金属氧化物半导体气敏材料敏感机理、TiO 2纳米管阵列对非氢气气体敏感性能和TiO 2纳米管阵列氢敏性能.

Pool boiling on the superhydrophilic surface with TiO_2 nanotube arrays

Surface with TiO2 nanotube arrays(TNTAs)is superhydrophilic and of great specific area.This paper investigates the pool boiling characteristics at the thermal interface with TNTAs.The results show that the TNTAs interface can enhance the pool boiling heat transfer compared to the pure Ti metal plate.The bubbles formed at the initial nucleation state are very small and released in higher frequency.The pool boiling heat transfer enhancement at the TNTAs interface may be attributed to the high density of nucleate site,high intrinsic heating area of nanotubes layer,superhydrophilicity and the vertically oriented nanotube structure.

Vertically oriented TiO_2 nanotube arrays with different anodization times for enhanced boiling heat transfer

Pool boiling of saturated water on a plain Ti surface and surfaces covered with vertically-oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) has been studied.The technique of potentiostatic anodization using non-aqueous electrolytes was adopted to fabricate three types of TiO2 NTAs distinguished by their anodization time.Compared to the bare Ti surface,the incipient boiling wall superheat on the TiO2 NTAs was decreased by 11 K.Both the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of pool boiling on the TiO2 NTAs were higher than those from boiling on a bare Ti surface.The measured maximum critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient values were 186.7 W/cm2 and 6.22 W/cm2K,respectively.Different performances for the enhancement of heat transfer by the three types of TiO2 NTAs were attributed to the different degrees of deformation in the nanostructure during boiling.Long-term performance of the nanomaterial-coated surfaces for enhanced pool boiling showed degradation of the TiO2 NTAs prepared with an anodization time of 3 hours.

Synthesis and Characterization of Niobium-doped TiO_2 Nanotube Arrays by Anodization of Ti-20Nb Alloys

Well crystallized niobium-doped TiO; nanotube arrays （TiNbO-NT） were successfully synthesized via the anodization of titanium/niobium alloy sheets, followed with a heat treatment at 550 ℃ for 2 h. Morphology analysis results demonstrated that both the titanium/niobium alloy microstructure and the dissolution strength of electrolyte played major roles in the formation of nanotube structure. A single-phase microstructure was more favorable to the formation of uniform nanotube arrays, while modulating the dissolution strength of electrolyte was required to obtain nanotube arrays from the alloys with multi-phase microstructures. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and X-ray photoelectron （XPS） analysis results clearly demonstrated that niobium dopants （Nb^5＋） were successfully doped into TiO2 anatase lattice by substituting Ti^4＋ in this approach.

Enhanced CH4 yield by photocatalytic CO2 reduction using TiO2 nanotube arrays grafted with Au, Ru, and ZnPd nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticle （NP） co-catalysts on metal oxide semiconductor supports are attracting attention as photocatalysts for a variety of chemical reactions. Related efforts seek to make and use Pt-free catalysts. In this regard, we report here enhanced CH4 formation rates of 25 and 60 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 by photocatalytic CO2 reduction using hitherto unused ZnPd NPs as well as Au and Ru NPs. The NPs are formed by colloidal synthesis and grafted onto short n-type anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays （TNAs）, grown anodically on transparent glass substrates. The interfacial electric fields in the NP-grafted TiO2 nanotubes were probed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy （UPS）. Au NP-grafted TiO2 nanotubes （Au-TNAs） showed no band bending, but a depletion region was detected in Ru NP-grafted TNAs （Ru-TNAs） and an accumulation layer was observed in ZnPd NP-grafted TNAs （ZnPd-TNAs）. Temperature programmed desorption （TPD） experiments showed significantly greater CO2 adsorption on NP-grafted TNAs. TNAs with grafted NPs exhibit broader and more intense UV-visible absorption bands than bare TNAs. We found that CO2 photoreduction by nanoparticle-grafted TNAs was driven not only by ultraviolet photons with energies greater than the TiO2 band gap, but also by blue photons close to and below the anatase band edge. The enhanced rate of CO2 reduction is attributed to superior use of blue photons in the solar spectrum, excellent reactant adsorption, efficient charge transfer to adsorbates, and low recombination losses.

Highly-ordered dye-sensitized TiO_2 nanotube arrays film used for improving photoelectrochemical electrodes

Thin titanium oxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) films were synthesized by anodization of titanium foil in an aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solution using a platinum foil counter electrode.TNAs up to 6.8 μm in length,120 nm in inner pore diameter,and 20 nm in wall thickness were obtained by 40 V potentials anodization for 24 h.Their microstructures and surface morphologies were characterized by XRD,TEM,SAED and UV-vis spectroscopy.The photoelectrochemical properties of as-prepared unsensitized and dye-sensitized TNAs electrodes were examined under simulated solar light (AM 1.5,100 mW/cm2) illumination.The results showed that the photocurrent of the dye-sensitized TNAs electrodes reached 6.9 mA/cm2,which was 6 times more than that of the dye-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) electrodes.It implied that the electron transport process and the charge recombination suppression within TNAs electrodes were much more favorable in comparison with that in the TNPs electrodes.Electrodes applying such kind of titania nanotubes will have a potential to further enhance the efficiencies of TNAs-based dye-sensitized solar cells.

Nonsolvent-induced phase separation-derived TiO_(2) nanotube arrays/porous Ti electrode as high-energy-density anode for lithium-ion batteries

TiO_(2) nanotube arrays,growing on three-dimensional(3 D)porous Ti membrane,were synthesized using a facile nonsolvent-induced phase separation and anodization process.The length of those three-dimensional nanotube arrays could be tuned by prolonging the anodizing time.When the anodizing time is 8 h,the three-dimensional TiO_(2) nanotube arrays/porous Ti electrode exhibits well cycling stability and ultra-high specific capacity,which is used in lithium-ion batteries,attributed to the high utilization rate of the substrate and the high growth intensity of the active materials.Three-dimensional TiO_(2) nano tube arrays/porous Ti electrode,at 100μA·cm^(-2) with 8 h anodizing time,shows a typical discharge plateau at 1.78 V and exhibits the specific capacity with 2126.7μAh·cm^(-2),The novel nanotube arrays@3 D porous architecture effectively shortens the electron/ion transmission path,which could pave way for optimizing the design of highperformance anode materials for next-generation energy storage system.

Fabrication, modification and environmental applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays （TNTAs） and nanoparticles

Among the semiconductors, titanium dioxide has been identified as an effective photocatalyst due to its abundance, low cost, stability, and superior electronic energy band structure. Highly ordered nanotube arrays of titania were produced by anodization and mild sonication. The band gap energy of the titania nanotube arrays was reduced to 2.6 eV by co-doping with Fe, C, N atoms using an electrolyte solution containing K3Fe（CN）6. The photo- conversion of phenol in a batch photoreactor increased to more than 18% based on the initial concentration of phenol by using a composite nanomaterial consisting of titania nanotube arrays and Pt/ZIF-8 nanoparticles. A layer-by- layer assembly technique for the deposition of titania nanoparticles was developed to fabricate air filters for the degradation of trace amounts of toluene in the air and preparation of superhyrophobic surfaces for oil-water separation and anti-corrosion surfaces.

Enhanced Visible-Light-Induced Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange by CdS Sensitized TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Electrode

In this work, CdS sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays （CdS/TiO2NTs） electrode was synthesized with the CdS deposition on the highly ordered titanium dioxide nanotube arrays （TiO2NTs） by sequential chemical bath deposition method （S-CBD）. The as-prepared CdS/TiO2NTs was characterized by field-emission scanning electron mi- croscopy （FE-SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results indicated that the CdS nanoparticles were effectively deposited on the surface of TiOeNTs. The amperometric I-t curve on the CdS/TiO2NTs electrode was also presented. It was found that the photocurrent density was enhanced significantly from 0.5 to 1.85 mA/cm2 upon illumination with applied potential of 0.5 V at the central wavelength of 253.7 nm. The photoelectrocatalytic （PEC） activity of the CdS/TiO2NTs electrode was investigated by degradation of methyl orange （MO） in aqueous solution. Compared with TiO2NTs electrode, the degradation efficiencies of CdS/TiO2NTs electrode increased from 78% to 99.2% under UV light in 2 h, and from 14% to 99.2% under visible light in 3 h, which was caused by effective separation of the electrons and holes due to the effect of CdS, hence inhibiting the recombination of electron/hole pairs of TiO2NTs.

Plasmonic-enhanced electrochemical detection of volatile biomarkers with gold functionalized TiO_2 nanotube arrays

Titania nanotubular arrays （TNA） synthesized via electrochemical anodization is a stable and versatile material, widely studied for photocatalytic and sensing applications, whereas nano-sized gold particles are a known plasmonic material. Semiconductor-metal nanocomposites in isolated, embedded, or encapsulated form, when irradiated with proper light frequency can exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance （LSPR） effect. This effect can result in improved light adsorption and electrical properties of a material. In this study, we report the enhanced visible light photo-response of LSPR induced volatile organic biomarker vapor sensing at room temperature using a Au-embedded TNA electrochemical sensor. Two mechanisms are proposed. One based on classical physics （band theory）, which explains operation under non-irradiated conditions. The second mechanism is based on the coupling of classical and quantum physics （molecular orbitals）, and explains sensor operation under irradiated conditions.

Novel Photodetectors Based on Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Film/TiO2 Nanotube Array Heterodimensional Contacts

A new kind of photodetector based on a double-walled carbon nanotube （DWCNT） film and a TiO2 nanotube array with hetrodimensional non-ohmic contacts has been fabricated. Due to the dimensionality difference effect, the DWCNT film/TiO2 nanotube array photodetector exhibits a much higher photocurrent-to-dark current ratio and photoresponse relative to an Au film/TiO2 nanotube array device, even at small bias voltage. The photocurrent-to-dark current ratio reached four orders of magnitude and a high photoresponse of 2467 A/W was found upon irradiation at 340 nm. Furthermore, the photosensitive regions could be extended into the visible range. The photocurrent-to-dark current ratio reached approximately three orders of magnitude upon irradiation at 532 nm, where the photon energy is much lower than the band gap of TiO2.