Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes with Ammonia Borane Catalyzed by Copper N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes

Herein,we present a method for the homogeneous hydrogenation of nitroarenes to produce anilines using low catalyst loading(1 mo%)of copper N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as the catalyst and ammonia borane as the source of hydrogen.A wide range of nitroarenes,featuring diverse functional groups,were selectively transformed into their corresponding primary aromatic amines with high yields.This process can be readily scaled up and exhibits compatibility with various sensitive functional groups,including halogen,trifluoromethyl,aminomethyl,alkenyl,cyano,ester,amide,and hydroxyl.Notably,this catalytic methodology finds application in the synthesis of essential drug compounds.Mechanistic investigations suggest that the in-situ-generated Cu-H species may serve as active intermediates,with reduction pathways involving species such as azobenzene,1,2-diphenylhydrazine,nitrosobenzene,and N-phenylhydroxylamine.

Vanadium(V) Complexes Containing Unsymmetrical N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Highly Efficient Synthesis and Catalytic Behavior towards Ethylene/Propylene Copolymerization

The highly efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of NHC·VOCl_(3) containing symmetrical or unsymmetrical Nheterocyclic carbene(NHC) ligands by the transmetallation reaction of NHC·AgCl with VOCl_(3).The total isolated yield of VOCl_(3)[1,3-(2,4,6-Me_(3)C_(6)H_(2))_(2)(NCH=)_(2)C:](V4') reached 86% by transmetallation reaction,which is much higher than that(48%) by direct coordination method.This methodology has also been used to synthesize the novel vanadium complexes containing unsymmetrical NHC ligands of VOCl_(3)[PhCH_(2)NCH=CHNR)C:](V5',R=2,4,6-Me_(3)C_(6)H_(2);V6',R=2,4-Me_(2)-6-Ph-C_(6)H_(2);V7',R=2,6-^(i)Pr_(2)-C_(6)H_(3)) with high yield,which could not be obtained by direct coordination method.The catalytic activity and copolymerization ability would be improved by introducing unsymmetrical NHC ligands due to their less steric bulky effect.The vanadium complex V5' containing unsymmetrical NHC ligand exhibits higher catalytic activity(3.7×10^(5)g_(copolymer)·mol^(-1) of V·h^(-1)) than that of V4' containing symmetrical NHC ligand.Moreover,the higher propylene incorporation ratio(45.6 mol%) in the copolymers of ethylene with propylene could be obtained by using V5' than that(39.9%) by using V4'.The results would provide a highly efficient strategy for the synthesis of early transition metal complexes containing versitile NHC ligands,affording the catalyst with both high catalytic activity and copolymerization ability for the synthesis of high performance polyolefin elastomers.

Direct C-H Bond Activation of Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole with Aryl Bromides Catalyzed by Palladium（Ⅱ）-N-heterocyclic Carbene Complexes

Herein, we report that a series of novel palladium（II）-NHC complexes （NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene） were synthesized. The structures of all novel complexes were characterized by ^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis techniques. These palladium（ll）-NHC complexes were tested as efficient catalysts in the direct C-H bond activation of benzoxazole and benzothiazole with aryl bromides in the presence of 1 mol% catalyst loading at 150 ℃ for 4 h. Under the given conditions, various aryl bromides were successfully applied as the arylating reagents to achieve the 2-arylbenzoxazoles and 2-arylbenzothiazoles in acceptable to high yields.

Axially Chiral C2-Symmetric N-Heterocyclic Carbene （NHC） Palladium Complex-Catalyzed Asymmetric Fluorination and Amination of Oxindoles

Chiral C2-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene （NHC） palladium diaquo complex 5b prepared from （S）-BINAM was found to be a fairly effective catalyst for the enantioselective asymmetric fluorination of oxindoles to give the corresponding products in moderate enantioselectivities along with good to excellent yields.

Cross-Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Malononitrile Catalyzed by Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex System

Eight N heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), generated in situ from their imidazolium salts, as ligands of palladium complexes were used for the catalytic coupling of iodobenzene with malononitrile anion. It was found that 1,3 bis(2,4,6 trimethylphenyl) imidazolium chloride (IMesHCl) Pd 2(dba) 3 catalytic system has the highest activity to obtain phenyl malononitrile among the imidazolium salts. The substituted iodoarenes reacted with malononitrile anions by using the catalytic system to give cross coupling products in yields from 50% to 96%.

Acyclic Palladium（Ⅱ）-N-heterocyclic Carbene Metallacrown Ether Complexes： Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity

Novel acyclic Pd（II）-N-heterocyclic carbene （NHC） metallacrown ethers 5a, 5b have been synthesized. Reaction of the imidazolium salts hearing a long polyether chain with Ag2O afforded Ag-NHC complexes, which then reacted as carbene transfer agent with PdCl2（MeCN）2 to give the desired acyelic Pd（Ⅱ）-NHC metallacrown ether complexes 5a and 5b. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra show fia and fib exist as mixtures ofcis and trans isomers in solution. The trans isomer of 5a was characterized by X-ray diffraction, which clearly demonstrated two pseudo-crown ether cavities in trans-5a. Pd（Ⅱ）-NHC complexes 5a and 5b have been shown to be highly effective in the Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of a variety of aryl bromides in neat water without the need of inert gas protection.

Controlling the solid-state luminescence of gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes through changes in the structure of molecular aggregates

Thermally stable, solid-state luminescent organic materials are highly desired for the development of practical applications.Herein we synthesized new gold(I) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, which have the ability to form strong metalorganic bond. Consequently, their thermochemical stability is enhanced at temperatures around 300 °C. Precise design of the molecular structure of the ligands, with a focus on ensuring low steric hindrance around Au atoms in order to limit disturbances to Au/Au interactions, provided a complex with a densely packed crystal with a shorter intermolecular Au–Au distance(3.17 ?)than the typical distance. In the solid state, this complex exhibited strong aurophilic interactions, which generated intense phosphorescence even in air at room temperature(quantum yield=16%) in spite of absence of any phosphorescence in solution.This behavior is characteristic for solid-state luminescence referred to as aggregation-controlled emission. Furthermore, the gold(I) complex displays capacity for mechano-and vapo-chromism—that is, the ability to change color reversibly in response to the application of external stimuli. We believe that the proposed design framework, which involves controlling thermal stability and luminescence property separately, provides a new opportunity for the development of practical applications using solid-state luminescent organic molecules.

Binaphthyl-bridged bis-imidazolinium salts as N-heterocyclic carbene ligand precursors in the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction

Two new bis-imidazolinium salts (4a, 4b) have been synthesized as precursors of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) from the commercially available (R)-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthalene. The two bis-imidazolinium salts were used as efficient precursor of NHC ancillary ligands in the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction. Good to excellent yields and high stereoselectivities were obtained with ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide as starting materials. The structure of bis-imidazolinium salt 4b was further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Photoluminescent nickel(Ⅱ)carbene complexes with ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states

While nickel(II)complexes have been widely used as catalysts for carbon-carbon coupling reactions,the exploration of their photophysical and photochemical properties is still in the infancy.Here,a series of square-planar Ni(II)complexes[(diNHC)NiX2]bearing chelating benzimidazole-based bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)ligands and varying anionic coligands(1,X=Cl;2,X=Br;3,X=I)are synthesized and structurally characterized.In solid state,both 1 and 2 exhibit orange-red photoluminescence under ambient conditions.The photophysical and electrochemical measurements along with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the low-energy emissions can be attributed to singlet excited states with ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer(LLCT)character.This work suggests that strong-field N-heterocyclic carbene ligands play a crucial role to achieve the luminescence of Ni(II)complexes.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water at low overpotentials with cobalt complexes supported by redox-active bipyridyl-NHC donors

Three cobalt complexes bearing tunable,redox-active bipyridyl N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC)-based ligands have been studied for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from aqueous solutions.The effect of structural modifications to the ligand framework is investigated across the catalyst series,which includes a non-macrocyclic derivative(1-Co)and 16-(2-Co)and 15-(3-Co)membered macrocycles.A structure-activity relationship is demonstrated,in which the macrocyclic complexes have greater activity compared to their non-macrocyclic counterpart with the most rigid catalyst,supported by the 15-membered macrocycle,performing best overall.Indeed,3-Co catalyzes H2 evolution from aqueous pH 4 acetate buffer with a Faradaic efficiency of 97%at a low overpotential of 330 mV.Mechanistic studies are consistent with formation of a cobalt-hydride species that is subsequently protonated to evolve H2 via a heterolytic pathway.

Visible-light-induced N-heterocyclic carbene mediated cascade transformation of N-alkenoxypyridinium salts

While N-alkenoxypyridinium salts are widely used for the synthesis ofα-functionalized ketones via umpolung strategy,such approaches are usually limited to special nucleophiles at high temperatures.Herein,we developed an alternative photoinduced N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC)-mediated functionalization of N-alkenoxypyridinium salts with various nucleophiles,including tetramethylammonium azide,secondary amines,aryl and alkyl thiols,and even the challenging C(sp^(3))-nucleophiles,under mild conditions.A cascade radical-radical coupling/nucleophilic substitution sequence was proposed,wherein the NHC enabled the formation of a photoactive electron donor-acceptor complex forα-iodo ketone synthesis.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an Indenylnickel(II) NHC Complex (Ind)NiBr(1,3-bisbenzylimidazol-2-ylidene)

The complex （Ind）NiBr（1,3-bisbenzylimidazol-2-ylidene） （Ind = indenyl） 1 has been prepared in ca. 65% yield via the reaction of （Ind）2Ni with an equivalent of 1,3-bis-benzylimidazolium bromide in THF/CH2Cl2 at 45℃, supported by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal determination. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group Pi with a = 7.072（1）, b = 11.264（2）, c = 14.541（3）°A, α = 102.21（3）,β = 93.44（3）,γ = 90.81（3）°, V = 1129.7（4）°A^3, Z = 2, Mr = 502.08, Dc = 1.476 g/cm^3, F（000） = 512, μ= 2.642 mm^-1, R = 0.0490 and wR = 0.1137 for 3913 observed reflections （I〉 2σ（I））. The center nickel atom is coordinated by a bromide ligand, a carbene carbon and three carbon atoms of the five-membered indenyl group to form either a highly distorted square pyramid or a highly distorted square plane.

Synthesis and Characterization of Dinuclear Rare Earth Complexes Bearing N-heterocyclic Olefin Moieties

The oxygen-bridged dinuclear rare earth complexes(Ln=Nd(1),Y(2))bearing N-heterocyclic olefin moieties were synthesized by treating the imidazolidinium salt[SIMes-H]Br with potassium amide and rare earth bis(trimethylsilyl)amides.Complex 1 was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and complex 2 was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy.Both complexes were characterized by elemental analysis.Crystal data of complex 1:C74H138O2N8Si8Nd2,Mr=1685.12,orthorhombic,space group Pbca,a=25.1105(7),b=11.9188(2),c=29.6151(7)?,V=8863.4(4)?^3,Z=4,Dc=1.263 g·cm^-3,μ=1.311 mm^-1,F(000)=3544,the final R=0.0418 and wR=0.0770 for all data.The ring-opening of tetrahydrofuran molecule was proven,the possible mechanism for the formation of N-heterocyclic olefin(NHO)-rare earth complexes was speculated and the electronic and steric properties of SIMes and rare earth amides were discussed.This work provides a better understanding of N-heterocyclic carbene rare earth chemistry.

糖基氮杂环卡宾钯催化Suzuki反应研究

以D-葡萄糖为起始原料,经4步反应,合成了2种氮杂环卡宾吡啶配位钯络合物[1-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-甲基-咪唑啉-2-亚基-溴化钯(Ⅱ)-吡啶和1-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-正丁基-咪唑啉-2-亚基-溴化钯(Ⅱ)-吡啶].这两种结构新颖的钯络合物,在水溶液中能够快速催化Suzuki偶联反应,仅使用0.05 mol%催化剂用量,就能取得优异的收率.

负载NHC-Pd配合物催化Suzuki偶联反应的研究进展

钯催化的Suzuki偶联反应作为有效的构建碳-碳键的方法,在天然产物、药物全合成和有机合成工业中被广泛应用。而目前广泛应用的含钯均相催化剂尽管反应活性高,但昂贵的钯金属盐或配合物不易回收,痕量残留于目标产品或者废液中,导致目标产品重金属污染和环境污染等弊端,极大地增加了该反应的成本和降低了产品的安全性。氮杂环卡宾钯配合物(NHC-Pd)在催化Suzuki偶联反应中具有反应活性高、稳定好等优点常被用作异相催化剂的催化中心。该文从异相催化剂的载体材料如高分子聚合物材料、多孔硅材料、碳基材料、金属-有机框架及磁性纳米粒子材料等出发,综述了近年来NHC-Pd在异相催化Suzuki偶联反应中的最新研究进展,指出了这些催化剂存在的问题并对其发展方向进行了展望。

新型氮杂环卡宾钯催化剂的合成及应用

以对甲基苯胺和二苯甲醇为原料,设计并合成了饱和氮杂卡宾(SIPr*),并与金属钯络合制得催化剂(SIPr*)Pd(cin)Cl。将催化剂用于Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应研究了其活性。结果表明:在反应条件(以氢氧化钾为碱,二氧六环为溶剂,0.5 mol%催化剂,于110℃反应30 min)下拓展了20种底物,收率均较高,TOF可达792 h-1。

聚乙二醇负载氮杂环卡宾钯化合物催化水相中的Suzuki偶联反应

含溴原子的环钯化合物[PdCl{[(η5-C5H5)]Fe[(η5-C5H3)-NC5H3-Br]}(C3N2H2)(C6H3-2C3H7)2](化合物1)与聚乙二醇(PEG)-10000反应,合成出聚乙二醇负载氮杂环卡宾环钯化合物1-PEG(10000).用红外光谱和核磁共振对其结构进行表征.以水为溶剂,K3PO4为碱,1-PEG(10000)能高效催化各种氯代芳烃的Suzuki偶联反应,该催化体系循环使用3次,还能保持较高的催化活性.

氮杂环卡宾-钯(Ⅱ)-1-甲基咪唑配合物催化苯并■唑与对甲苯磺酸芳酯的C—H键直接芳基化反应

2-芳基苯并唑是一类非常重要的有机化合物。以氮杂环卡宾-钯(Ⅱ)-1-甲基咪唑[NHC-Pd(Ⅱ)-Im]配合物为催化剂,通过催化苯并唑与对甲苯磺酸芳酯的C—H键直接芳基化,高效合成了2-芳基苯并唑类化合物。使用0.05倍物质的量的NHC-Pd(Ⅱ)-Im配合物为催化剂,3.5倍物质的量的LiOtBu为碱,以甲苯为溶剂,不同取代基的苯并唑和对甲苯磺酸芳酯在130℃下反应12h,以71%~92%的收率得到相应的C—H键直接芳基化产物。

二茂铁烯丙基钯卡宾络合物的合成及其催化性能

采用"一锅法"用1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)氯化咪唑对二茂铁烯丙基钯二聚体Ⅰ在室温下进行解聚,不仅简便、高效地合成了二茂铁烯丙基钯卡宾络合物Ⅱ,而且避免了使用不稳定的卡宾。通过IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS、HRMS和X射线单晶衍射对其结构进行鉴定。络合物Ⅱ对空气和湿气稳定,且对芳基氯代物参与的Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应和Buchwald-Hartwig胺化反应展现较高的催化活性。在反应温度70℃、0.4%(以氯代芳烃物质的量为基准计算得到,下同)络合物Ⅱ催化芳基氯代物与芳基硼酸的偶联反应时,产物收率为92%~100%;在反应温度100℃、0.5%络合物Ⅱ催化氯苯与多样化胺的偶联反应时,获得38%~99%的收率。

双核酰胺官能化NHC—钯(Ⅱ)配合物的合成及催化Suzuki-Miyaura交叉偶联反应研究

以苯并咪唑、对甲基苯胺和氯乙酰氯为原料合成二(1-苯并咪唑基)甲烷和2-氯-N-(p-甲苯基)乙酰胺,并采用溶剂热法制备了一种新型酰胺官能化氮杂环卡宾钯配合物[(amide-NHC)Pd_(2)Cl_(4)]。通过PXRD、TGA、FT-IR和SCD对其进行表征。结果表明,目标配合物属于单斜晶系、P2_(1)/c空间群。将[(amide-NHC)Pd_(2)Cl_(4)]配合物应用于Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应,当催化剂摩尔分数为2%时,催化产率高达98.74%。