Propofol effectively inhibits lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats via downregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit expression

Status epilepticus was induced via intraperitoneal injection of lithium-pilocarpine.The inhibitory effects of propofol on status epilepticus in rats were judged based on observation of behavior,electroencephalography and 24-hour survival rate.Propofol（12.5-100 mg/kg） improved status epilepticus in a dose-dependent manner,and significantly reduced the number of deaths within 24 hours of lithium-pilocarpine injection.Western blot results showed that,24 hours after induction of status epilepticus,the levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A and 2B subunits were significantly increased in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Propofol at 50 mg/kg significantly suppressed the increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit levels,but not the increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A subunit levels.The results suggest that propofol can effectively inhibit status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine.This effect may be associated with downregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B subunit expression after seizures.

Effect of Chronic Noise Exposure on Expression of N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Receptor 2B and Tau Phosphorylation in Hippocampus of Rats

Objective To study the effect of chronic noise exposure on expression of N-methyI-D-aspartic acid receptor 2B （NR2B） and tau phosphorylation in hippocampus of rats. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were divided in control group and chronic noise exposure group. NR2B expression and tau phosphorylation in hippocampus of rats were detected after chronic noise exposure （100 dB SPL white noise, 4 h/dx30d） and their mechanisms underlying neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus of rats with TUNEL staining. Results The NR2B expression decreased significantly after chronic noise exposure which resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation and neural apoptosis in hippocampus of rats. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tau hyperphosphorylation was most prominent in dentate gyrus （DG） and CA1 region of rat hippocampus. Conclusion The abnormality of neurotransmitter system, especially Glu and NR2B containing NMDA receptor, and tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampus of rats, may play a role in chronic noise-induced neural apoptosis and cognition impairment.

当归补血汤对2型糖尿病大鼠IRS-1/PI3K/Akt2信号通路的影响研究

目的探讨当归补血汤对2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶p85亚基(PI3Kp85)、蛋白激酶B(Akt2)表达的影响。方法取8只雄性ZDF(fa/+)大鼠作为对照组;另取24只雄性ZDF(fa/fa)大鼠给予3周高脂饲料建立2型糖尿病模型,然后将造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、盐酸二甲双胍组、当归补血汤组,每组8只。盐酸二甲双胍组给予盐酸二甲双胍肠溶片300 mg/kg灌胃,当归补血汤组给予当归补血汤(配方颗粒加蒸馏水配制)12.8 g/kg灌胃,对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,均1次/d,连续8周。末次灌胃后,禁食14 h进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,计算胰岛素生成指数、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β);糖耐量试验结束后隔天禁食12 h抽取腹主动脉血,检测丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平;取各组大鼠肝脏组织,采用RT-qPCR法检测IRS-1、PI3Kp85和Akt2 mRNA表达情况,采用Western blot法检测IRS-1、p-IRS1、PI3Kp85、p-PI3Kp85、Akt2、p-Akt2蛋白表达情况。结果模型组大鼠空腹血糖水平、空腹胰岛素水平、血糖曲线下面积、HOMA-IR均明显高于对照组(P均<0.05),胰岛素生成指数、HOMA-β均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05);盐酸二甲双胍组和当归补血汤组空腹血糖水平、空腹胰岛素水平、血糖曲线下面积、HOMA-IR均明显低于模型组(P均<0.05),胰岛素生成指数、HOMA-β均明显高于模型组(P均<0.05),当归补血汤组各指标改善情况均明显优于二甲双胍组(P均<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显升高(P均<0.05),HDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,盐酸二甲双胍组和当归补血汤组大鼠血清ALT、AST、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显降低(P均<0.05),HDL-C水平均明显降低(P均<0.05);除ALT、TC外,其余指标当归补血汤组改善情况均明显优于盐酸二甲双胍组(P均<0.05)。模型组大鼠肝脏组织中IRS-1、PI3Kp85、Akt2 mRNA表达量和IRS-1、p-IRS1、PI3Kp85、p-PI3Kp85、Akt2、p-Akt2蛋白表达量均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05),盐酸二甲双胍组和当归补血汤组上述各指标表达量均明显高于模型组(P均<0.05);除Akt2 mRNA、p-Akt2外,其余指标当归补血汤组均明显高于盐酸二甲双胍组(P均<0.05)。结论当归补血汤可能通过调节IRS-1/PI3K/Akt2信号通路发挥治疗2型糖尿病的作用。

Protective effects of Bushen Tiansui decoction on hippocampal synapses in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease

Bushen Tiansui decoction is composed of six traditional Chinese medicines：Herba Epimedii,Radix Polygoni multiflori,Plastrum testudinis,Fossilia Ossis Mastodi,Radix Polygalae,and Rhizoma Acorus tatarinowii.Because Bushen Tiansui decoction is effective against amyloid beta（Aβ） toxicity,we hypothesized that it would reduce hippocampal synaptic damage and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer＇s disease.To test this hypothesis,we used a previously established animal model of Alzheimer＇s disease,that is,microinjection of aggregated Aβ25–35 into the bilateral brain ventricles of Sprague-Dawley rats.We found that long-term（28 days） oral administration of Bushen Tiansui decoction（0.563,1.688,and 3.375 g/m L;4 m L/day） prevented synaptic loss in the hippocampus and increased the expression levels of synaptic proteins,including postsynaptic density protein 95,the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2 B subunit,and Shank1.These results suggested that Bushen Tiansui decoction can protect synapses by maintaining the expression of these synaptic proteins.Bushen Tiansui decoction also ameliorated measures reflecting spatial learning and memory deficits that were observed in the Morris water maze（i.e.,increased the number of platform crossings and the amount of time spent in the target quadrant and decreased escape latency） following intraventricular injections of aggregated Aβ25–35 compared with those measures in untreated Aβ_（25–35）-injected rats.Overall,these results provided evidence that further studies on the prevention and treatment of dementia with this traditional Chinese medicine are warranted.

电针对吗啡戒断大鼠杏仁核内N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单位NR2B蛋白及基因表达的影响

目的:观察电针对吗啡戒断大鼠空间学习记忆的影响,通过对杏仁核脑区N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚单位NR 2B表达的检测,探讨电针改善大鼠吗啡戒断后学习记忆能力的分子生物学机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型组、针刺组以及电针组,每组10只。以每日20,30,40,50,50mg/kg剂量,连续5d背部皮下注射盐酸吗啡,建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,末次注射后3h给予纳洛酮快速戒断。两个治疗组选取"足三里""肾俞"穴分别施以手针和电针,每次15min,每日1次,连续治疗6d。应用Morris水迷宫测试戒断大鼠空间学习能力,应用蛋白印记(Western blot)及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测戒断大鼠杏仁核NR 2B蛋白与基因的表达水平。结果:模型组大鼠的逃避潜伏期较空白组明显延长(P<0.01),针刺及电针组则较模型组显著缩短(P<0.01),电针组较针刺组缩短更明显(P<0.05);模型组大鼠的杏仁核NR 2B蛋白表达较空白组显著降低(P<0.01),针刺组、电针组则较模型组表达升高(P<0.01),电针组高于针刺组(P<0.01);模型组NR 2BmRNA表达较空白组显著降低(P<0.01),电针组较模型组表达升高(P<0.05)。结论:吗啡戒断后大鼠空间学习能力受损,针刺及电针可以恢复大鼠学习能力且电针组疗效优于针刺组,推测可能与其对杏仁核NR 2B表达的调节有关。

电针对甲状腺区炎性痛大鼠痛行为反应及脊髓N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚型NR 2 B表达和磷酸化水平的影响

目的:观察电针对甲状腺区甲醛致痛大鼠脊髓N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚单位NR2B表达的影响,分析针麻行甲状腺手术的作用机制。方法:将50只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、合谷-内关组、扶突组、足三里-阳陵泉组,每组10只。给大鼠甲状软骨处皮下注射2.5%甲醛100μL造成局部炎性疼痛模型。各治疗组在造模后10min给予电针(2Hz/100Hz,1mA,30min)。分别在注药前0～5min,注药后5～10min、40～45min、70～75min观察动物的行为学变化。行为学观察结束后立即取C1～C3段脊髓组织,分别用RT-PCR和Westernblot法检测NMDA受体亚单位NR2BmRNA及蛋白的表达,以及NR2B的磷酸化水平。结果:注射甲醛后大鼠出现典型的二相疼痛反应,动物擦面反射明显增多,注射侧前肢辐射热测痛显示出现痛觉过敏(P<0.05);电针"扶突""合谷"-"内关"30min后,动物的痛阈明显升高,擦面次数明显减少(P<0.05);足三里-阳陵泉组的痛阈和擦面次数与模型组比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组NMDA受体NR2BmRNA和蛋白表达变化比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与对照组比,模型组NMDA受体亚单位NR2B磷酸化水平显著增加(P<0.05),电针"扶突"和"合谷"-"内关"穴能明显逆转这种反应(P<0.05),而电针"足三里"-"阳陵泉"的作用不明显(P>0.05)。结论:电针"扶突"和"合谷"-"内关"能明显抑制大鼠甲状腺区皮下注射甲醛诱导产生的擦面及缩腿痛反应,该作用可能与其下调脊髓C1～C3段NMDA受体NR2B亚基磷酸化的水平有关。与"足三里"-"阳陵泉"的作用相比,电针"扶突"和"合谷"-"内关"的镇痛作用具有相对特异性。

Effect of electroacupuncture on expression of NR2B in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats

Objective To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） on learning and memory abilities and expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor subunit （NR2B） in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats and to investigate the molecular biological mechanisms. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely control group （group A）, model group （group B）, model with acupuncture group （group C） and model with electroacupunture group （group D）, with 9 in each group. All rats except those in group A were subcutaneously injected with morphine hydrochloride injectio on the back with daily dosage increased day by day. Naloxone was given 3 h after the last injection to establish the models of morphinewithdrawal rats. After the models were established, the rats were treated with acupuncture and electroacupuncture respectively at bilateral ＂Shenshu＂ （肾俞 BL 23） and ＂Zusanli＂ （足三里 ST 36） for 15 min per time, once daily for 6 days. Space learning and memory abilities of the rats were measured by Morris water maze, and protein and gene expression levels of NR2B in prefrontal cortex were measured by Western Blot and RT-PCR. Results In place navigation test, the escape latency in group B, group C and group D was significantly prolonged compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, the escape latency in group C and group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group B （P〈0.01） and the escape latency in group D was significantly shortened compared with that of group C （P〈0.05）; during spatial probe test, the number of times crossing the platform of group B, group C and group D decreased compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, and compared with group B, the number of times crossing the platform of group C increased and the number of group D significantly increased （P〈0.01）. Decreased protein expression level of NR2B was found in group B when compared with that of group A （P〈0.01）, increased protein expression levels of NR2B were found in group C and group D when compared with that of group B （P〈0.01）, however, the expression level in group D was higher than that in group C （P〈0.01）. mRNA expression level of NR2B in prefrontal cortex in morphine-withdrawal rats decreased （P〈0.05）, however, compared with that of group B, the expression level increased in group D （P〈0.05）, and there was no statistical significance in increased expression level in group C （P〉0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture and eletroacupunture can improve space learning and memory abilities of merphine-withdrawal rats, with better efficacy of eletroacupuncture than that of acupuncture, the mechanisms of which may be associated with the regulation of NR2B expression in prefrontal cortex.

Dissecting the novel abilities of aripiprazole: The generation of anti-colorectal cancer effects by targeting Gαq via HTR2B

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a type of malignant tumor that seriously threatens human health and life,and its treatment has always been a difficulty and hotspot in research.Herein,this study for the first time reports that antipsychotic aripiprazole(Ari)against the proliferation of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo,but with less damage in normal colon cells.Mechanistically,the results showed that5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor(HTR2B)and its coupling protein G protein subunit alpha q(Gaq)were highly distributed in CRC cells.Ari had a strong affinity with HTR2B and inhibited HTR2B downstream signaling.Blockade of HTR2B signaling suppressed the growth of CRC cells,but HTR2B was not found to have independent anticancer activity.Interestingly,the binding of Gaq to HTR2B was decreased after Ari treatment.Knockdown of Gaq not only restricted CRC cell growth,but also directly affected the antiCRC efficacy of Ari.Moreover,an interaction between Ari and Gaq was found in that the mutation at amino acid 190 of Gaq reduced the efficacy of Ari.Thus,these results confirm that Gaq coupled to HTR2B was a potential target of Ari in mediating CRC proliferation.Collectively,this study provides a novel effective strategy for CRC therapy and favorable evidence for promoting Ari as an anticancer agent.

乙型肝炎病毒感染者外周血CD4＋T细胞CD25、CD127不同亚群表达的检测及临床意义

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者外周血CD4＋T细胞表面CD25、CD127不同亚群的表达情况及临床意义。方法 用荧光抗体CD127-FITC、CD4-PECY5、CD25-PE标记T细胞。用流式细胞仪分别测定53例慢性乙型肝炎患者和53例HBV携带者CD4＋T细胞表面CD25、CD127不同亚群的表达情况。对20例HBV-DNA阳性乙型肝炎病毒感染者干扰素治疗进行随访。结果与健康对照组[7.26％（6.15％，8.50％）]比较，慢性乙型肝炎患者[11.23％（9.10％，14.86％）]、HBV携带者[13.34％（ 10.73％，18.90％）]CD25-CD 127-均显著升高，差异均有统计学意义（Q=4.559,P＜0.05；Q=6.230，尸＜0.05）。慢性乙型肝炎患者CD25hiCD127low/-[8.78％ （7.62％，10.44％）]显著高于健康对照[6.76％（5.73％，8.23％）]和HBV携带者[6.99％（5.77％，9.34％）]，差异均有统计学意义（Q=3.497，P＜0.05；Q=3.103,P＜0.05）。HBV-DNA阳性组CD25-CD127-显著低于阴性组，两者差异有统计学意义[（12.92±5.20）％比（15.78±6.91）％，t=2.290,P=0.024]，而CD25＋/-CD127＋显著高于阴性组，两者差异有统计学意义[（79.27±5.20）％比（76.02±7.04）％,t=2.194，P=0.030]。与治疗前比较，干扰素治疗12周CD25hiCD127low/-显著升高[（9.29±2.51）％比（11.08±2.38）％，t=2.820，P=0.011]，而CD4＋CD25-CD127-显著降低，两者差异有统计学意义[（13.86±5.72）％比（ 10.86±3.60）％，t=2.469，P=0.024]。结论 HBV感染者外周血CD4＋T细胞中CD25-CD127-亚群的表达与病毒的感染和清除有关；CD25hiCD 127low/-亚群的表达升高与发病有关。外源性干扰素可升高CD25hiCD127low/-的表达，降低CD25-CD127-的表达，从而抑制免疫反应。

电针对坐骨神经慢性缩窄损伤大鼠脊髓N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体表达的影响

目的：通过观察坐骨神经慢性缩窄损伤（CCI）大鼠脊髓相应节段N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体表达的变化和电针干预对其的影响，探讨电针干预神经病理性痛的脊髓机制。方法：清洁级雄性SD大鼠，随机分为3组，每组20只。假手术组仅分离坐骨神经，但不进行结扎；模型组采用CCI法制备神经病理性痛模型；电针组于CCI术后11～17d应用韩氏穴位神经刺激仪进行电针干预，针灸美容针刺入大鼠损伤侧“委中”穴与“环跳”穴，刺激时间a0rain，1次jd。免疫组化法测定大鼠脊髓NMDA受体2B亚基（NR2B）的表达；WesterIlblot法测定大鼠脊髓NMDA受体1亚基（NR1）和NR2B蛋白的表达；逆转录一聚合酶链反应法测定大鼠脊髓NR1mRNA和NR2B1TIRNA的表达。结果：与假手术组比较，模型组脊髓NR1蛋白及其mRNA表达量均升高（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）；与模型组比较，电针组脊髓NR1蛋白及其mRNA表达均被逆转（均P〈0．05）。各组脊髓NR2B蛋白及其mRNA的表达差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：电针减轻大鼠神经病理性痛的机制之一，可能与有效地下调脊髓NR1的功能有关。

桂枝芍药知母汤对尿酸钠诱导的大鼠巨噬细胞Toll-MyD88信号通路炎性信号表达的影响

目的:基于Toll-My D88信号通路观察桂枝芍药知母汤对尿酸钠诱导的大鼠巨噬细胞炎性信号表达的影响,以期分析其抗炎的药效作用机制。方法:以尿酸钠混悬液诱导大鼠巨噬细胞制备痛风性关节炎巨噬细胞模型,以桂枝芍药知母汤含药血清进行干预,ELISA法检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、钙结合蛋白S100A8的表达,DNA-蛋白质互作ELISA(DPI-ELISA)方法检测核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)活性;Western-Blot法检测髓性分化因子-88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,My D88)信号衔接蛋白、核因子κB酶抑制剂-β(inhibitor kappa B kinaseβ,IKK-β)、核因子κB抑制蛋白α亚基(NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha,IKB-α)表达水平;逆转录PCR检测Toll样受体-2(toll-like receptor-2,TLR-2)、TLR-4mRNA的表达。结果:尿酸钠混悬液诱导巨噬细胞造模2 h后,模型细胞对照组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、S100A8含量,NF-κB活性,My D88、IKK-β蛋白表达及TLR-2、TLR-4 mRNA表达较正常细胞对照组显著增高(P<0.05),IKB-α表达较正常细胞对照组显著降低(P<0.05);与模型细胞对照组比较,桂枝芍药知母汤各剂量组细胞表达TLR-2、TLR-4 mRNA水平显著降低(P<0.05);在不加受体抑制剂的实验中,桂枝芍药知母汤各剂量组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α含量,My D88、IKK-β蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),高剂量组NF-κB活性显著降低(P<0.05),高剂量组S100A8、IKB-α表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:桂枝芍药知母汤抗炎作用机制与降低TLR-2、TLR-4 mRNA表达,抑制My D88、IKK-β蛋白表达,增加S100A8、IKB-α蛋白表达水平,抑制NF-κB激活,进而降低Toll-My D88信号通路相关炎性因子表达密切有关。