减氮对华北地区麦玉轮作农田土壤N2O排放调控机理

【目的】探究减氮对华北地区麦玉轮作农田土壤N2O排放调控机制。【方法】冬小麦季和夏玉米季均以不施氮为对照(CK),设置2个施氮量,分别为常规施氮量(纯氮300 kg/hm2,N2)、减氮20%(纯氮240 kg/hm2,N1),研究施氮量对麦玉轮作农田土壤性质及N2O排放通量影响,基于逐步回归分析,研究减氮对麦玉轮作农田土壤N2O排放调控机制。【结果】(1)减氮有效降低了N2O排放通量,且夏玉米季N2O排放通量远高于冬小麦季,夏玉米季由施肥引起的N2O排放量较高。(2)冬小麦季N2O排放通量与环境因子逐步回归公式为:N2O排放通量=181.952+1.450×硝态氮+8.401×铵态氮-0.514×电导率;硝态氮、铵态氮会对冬小麦季N2O排放通量产生显著的正向影响,而电导率会对冬小麦季N2O排放通量产生显著的负向影响。(3)夏玉米季N2O排放通量与环境因子逐步回归公式为:N2O排放通量=-354.606+4.592×硝态氮+157.848×铵态氮;硝态氮、铵态氮会对夏玉米季N2O排放通量产生显著的正向影响。【结论】综上可知,适量减氮显著降低夏玉米季N2O累积排放量和增温潜势,应加强夏玉米季农田水肥管理。

Gross nitrogen transformations and N2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen)cycling in soil;however,gross N transformations and N_(2)O emission sources are still poorly understood.In this study,a laboratory 15N tracing experiment was carried out at 60%WHC(water holding capacity)and 25℃to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_(2)O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province,China.The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization,immobilization,and nitrification were 3.60,1.90,and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d)in silt loam soil,respectively,which were 3.62,4.26,and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil,respectively.The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia)in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00,whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36)was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08).This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil,and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_(3)–leaching.Under aerobic conditions,both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_(2)O emissions.Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_(2)O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0%of the total emitted N_(2)O in sandy loam soil,which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%).However,the average contribution of denitrification to total N_(2)O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%,which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%).These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.

Effects of Water Regime and Straw Application in Paddy Rice Season on N2O Emission from Following Wheat Growing Season

A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.

DNDC模型模拟不同施肥水平下旱作麦田土壤N2O排放及其敏感性分析

【目的】研究陇中黄土高原不同施肥水平下旱作麦田土壤N_(2)O的排放特征,验证DNDC模型对N_(2)O排放模拟的适应性。【方法】以甘肃省定西市旱作麦田为对象,设置不施氮肥(0 kg/hm^(2))、低量氮肥(55 kg/hm^(2))、中量氮肥(110 kg/hm^(2))、高量氮肥(220 kg/hm^(2))4种施肥梯度,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤N_(2)O排放通量排放进行田间原位观测。结合试验点连续监测得到的N_(2)O排放通量等实测数据,运用DNDC模型探究多因子对模拟N_(2)O排放的敏感程度。【结果】不同施肥水平下,旱作麦田土壤N_(2)O排放趋势基本一致,且排放通量的大小与施氮量成正相关关系;DNDC模型对4种施肥水平下N_(2)O排放的模拟效果较好,具体表现为不施氮肥(R^(2)=0.88、EF=0.84、P=0.002),低量氮肥(R^(2)=0.92、EF=0.82、P=0.001),中量氮肥(R^(2)=0.86、EF=0.81、P=0.003),高量氮肥(R^(2)=0.84、EF=0.74、P=0.004),表明DNDC模型能够用于模拟不同施肥水平下旱作麦田土壤N_(2)O排放;敏感性分析则显示,相比其他因子,土壤pH值是影响模型模拟N_(2)O排放最为敏感的参数。【结论】为陇中黄土高原旱作麦田N_(2)O排放模型模拟的参数本地化提供基础依据,为今后农田管理措施的优化提供模型基础技术支撑。

Regulatory potential of soil available carbon,nitrogen,and functional genes on N_(2)O emissions in two upland plantation systems

Dynamic nitrification and denitrification processes are affected by changes in soil redox conditions,and they play a vital role in regulating soil N_(2)O emissions in rice-based cultivation.It is imperative to understand the influences of different upland crop planting systems on soil N_(2)O emissions.In this study,we focused on two representative rotation systems in Central China:rapeseed–rice(RR)and wheat–rice(WR).We examined the biotic and abiotic processes underlying the impacts of these upland plantings on soil N_(2)O emissions.The results revealed that during the rapeseed-cultivated seasons in the RR rotation system,the average N_(2)O emissions were 1.24±0.20 and 0.81±0.11 kg N ha^(–1)for the first and second seasons,respectively.These values were comparable to the N_(2)O emissions observed during the first and second wheat-cultivated seasons in the WR rotation system(0.98±0.25 and 0.70±0.04 kg N ha^(–1),respectively).This suggests that upland cultivation has minimal impacts on soil N_(2)O emissions in the two rotation systems.Strong positive correlations were found between N_(2)O fluxes and soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(–)),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),and the ratio of soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC)to NO_(3)^(–)in both RR and WR rotation systems.Moreover,the presence of the AOA-amoA and nirK genes were positively associated with soil N_(2)O fluxes in the RR and WR systems,respectively.This implies that these genes may have different potential roles in facilitating microbial N_(2)O production in various upland plantation models.By using a structural equation model,we found that soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA gene accounted for over 50%of the effects on N_(2)O emissions in the RR rotation system.In the WR rotation system,soil moisture,mineral N,MBN,and the AOA-amoA and nirK genes had a combined impact of over 70%on N_(2)O emissions.These findings demonstrate the interactive effects of functional genes and soil factors,including soil physical characteristics,available carbon and nitrogen,and their ratio,on soil N_(2)O emissions during upland cultivation seasons under rice-upland rotations.

Refining the Factors Affecting N_(2)O Emissions from Upland Soils with and without Nitrogen Fertilizer Application at a Global Scale

Nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)is a long-lived greenhouse gas that mainly originates from agricultural soils.More and more studies have explored the sources,influencing factors and effective mitigation measures of N_(2)O in recent decades.However,the hierarchy of factors influencing N_(2)O emissions from agricultural soils at the global scale remains unclear.In this study,we carry out correlation and structural equation modeling analysis on a global N_(2)O emission dataset to explore the hierarchy of influencing factors affecting N_(2)O emissions from the nitrogen(N)and non-N fertilized upland farming systems,in terms of climatic factors,soil properties,and agricultural practices.Our results show that the average N_(2)O emission intensity in the N fertilized soils(17.83 g N ha^(-1)d^(-1))was significantly greater than that in the non-N fertilized soils(5.34 g N ha^(−1) d^(−1))(p<0.001).Climate factors and agricultural practices are the most important influencing factors on N_(2)O emission in non-N and N fertilized upland soils,respectively.For different climatic zones,without fertilizer,the primary influence factors on soil N_(2)O emissions are soil physical properties in subtropical monsoon zone,whereas climatic factors are key in the temperate zones.With fertilizer,the primary influence factors for subtropical monsoon and temperate continental zones are soil physical properties,while agricultural measures are the main factors in the temperate monsoon zone.Deploying enhanced agricultural practices,such as reduced N fertilizer rate combined with the addition of nitrification and urease inhibitors can potentially mitigate N_(2)O emissions by more than 60%in upland farming systems.

A combination of straw incorporation and polymer-coated urea offsets soil ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions in winter wheat fields

The combined effects of straw incorporation(SI)and polymer-coated urea(PCU)application on soil ammonia(NH_(3))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions from agricultural fields have not been comprehensively evaluated in Northwest China.We conducted a two-year field experiment to assess the effects of combining SI with either uncoated urea(U)or PCU on soil NH_(3)emissions,N_(2)O emissions,winter wheat yields,yield-scaled NH_(3)(/NH_(3)),and yield-scaled N_(2)O(/N_(2)O).Five treatments were investigated,no nitrogen(N)fertilizer(N_(0)),U application at 150 kg N ha-1 with and without SI(SI+U and S_(0)+U),and PCU application at 150 kg N ha^(-1) with and without SI(SI+PCU and S_(0)+PCU).The results showed that the NH_(3);emissions increased by 20.98-34.35%following Sl compared to straw removal,mainly due to increases in soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+)-N)content and water-flled pore space(WFPS).SI resulted in higher N_(2)O emissions than under the So scenario by 13.31-49.23%due to increases in soil inorganic N(SIN)contents,WFPS,and soil microbial biomass.In contrast,the PCU application reduced the SIN contents compared to the U application,reducing the NH_(3)and N_(2)O emissions by 45.99-58.07 and 18.08-53.04%,respectively.Moreover,no significant positive effects of the SI or PCU applications on the winter wheat yield were observed.The lowest /NH_(3) and /N_(2)O values were observed under the S_(0)+PCU and SI+PCU treatments.Our results suggest that single PCU applications and their combination with straw are the optimal agricultural strategies for mitigating gaseous N emissions and maintaining optimal winter wheat yields in Northwest China.

Major factors controlling nitrous oxide emission and methane uptake from forest soil

Soil samples were taken from depth of 0-12 cm in virgin broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Moun-tain in July 2000. The effects of temperature, soil water content, pH, NH4+ and NO3- on N2O emission and CH4 uptake of a for-est soil were studied in laboratory by the method of orthogonal design. It was observed under laboratory conditions in this study that there were significant correlations between N2O emission rate, CH4 oxidation rate, soil pH and temperature. Nevertheless, N2O emission rate also showed a significant positive correlation with CH4 oxidation rate. The results suggested that pH and temperature were important factors controlling N2O emission and CH4 oxidation under this experiment conditions.

肥水管理方式对蔬菜田N2O释放影响的模拟研究

通过田间静态箱监测和DNDC模型模拟的方法,对比研究了崇明岛东滩蔬菜田在常规肥水管理和精确滴灌施肥方式下N2O的排放情况,从排放特征、全年通量、单位氮肥N2O损失率以及单位作物产量排放量等方面分析了不同肥水管理方式对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,基于土壤和作物养分平衡管理的精确滴灌施肥技术,由于减少了氮肥施用量并改进了肥水分配方式,提高了肥料的利用效率,在保持农作物产量的基础上减少了N2O的排放。与常规肥水管理方式相比,滴灌施肥区2006年和2007年的N2O排放通量分别减少6.2和6.8kgN·hm-2·a-1,单位氮肥N2O损失率明显降低,2006年和2007年单位产量排放量分别削减53.2%和58.9%。

DO浓度对生活污水硝化过程中N2O产生量的影响

为确定污水脱氮过程中最优的DO浓度和曝气方式,以提高污水处理效率,降低N2O产生量,采用实际生活污水应用小试SBR反应器,重点考察了不同DO浓度条件下,硝化效率和硝化过程中N2O的产生量.结果表明,当DO浓度恒定为0.4mg.L-1时,虽然硝化过程所消耗的能量最低,但其氨氮氧化的速率较低.提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率可随之升高.低氨氮生活污水硝化过程中仍有N2O产生.DO浓度为0.4 mg.L-1和0.9 mg.L-1时,污水N2O产生量(以N计)分别为1.5 mg.L-1和1.6mg.L-1;而DO浓度为1.5 mg.L-1和2.0 mg.L-1时,N2O产生量则分别降低至0.5 mg.L-1和0.4 mg.L-1.当DO浓度高于1.5mg.L-1后,继续提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率升高的速率变缓,同时N2O产生量大幅降低.因此,从提高污水脱氮效率节能降耗和控制N2O产生量2个角度考虑,生活污水脱氮过程中控制DO浓度在1.5 mg.L-1较为适宜.

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002-2003年选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量（以N计）分别为334、670和1 004 kg/hm^2.结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著.整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放.无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤（江苏溧水）、G土壤（江苏涟水）和H土壤（江苏农科院）的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168、127和146 mg/m^2;小麦生长季,分别为134、124和168 mg/m^2.在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976、744和626 mg/m^2.稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮2个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异.以1个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%、0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同.

京郊典型设施蔬菜地土壤 N2O 排放特征

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对北京郊区设施蔬菜地典型种植模式(番茄-白菜-生菜)下土壤N2O排放特征进行了周年(2012年2月22日—2013年2月23日)观测,探讨了不同处理下(即不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯施肥处理(FP)、减氮优化施肥处理(OPT)和减氮优化施肥+硝化抑制剂处理(OPT+DCD))N2O排放特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤无机氮含量对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:每次施肥+灌溉之后设施蔬菜地会出现明显的N2O排放高峰,持续时间一般为3—5 d。不同处理N2O排放通量变化范围在-0.21—14.26 mg N2O m-2h-1,平均排放通量0.03—0.36 mg N2O m-2h-1。整个蔬菜生长季各处理N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS)均表现出极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);不施氮处理5 cm深度土壤温度与N2O排放通量呈现显著的正相关关系(P<0.05);各处理N2O排放与土壤表层硝态氮含量具有较一致变化趋势。不同处理下N2O年度排放总量差异显著,依次顺序为FP((20.66±0.91)kg N/hm2)>OPT((12.79±1.33)kg N/hm2)>OPT+DCD((8.03±0.37)kg N/hm2)。与FP处理相比,OPT处理和OPT+DCD处理N2O年排放总量分别减少了38.09%和61.13%。各处理N2O排放系数介于0.36%—0.77%,低于IPCC 1.0%的推荐值。在目前的管理措施下,合理减少施氮量和添加硝化抑制剂是减少设施蔬菜地N2O排放量的有效途径。

施肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

肥料施用是影响稻田N2O排放的重要因素之一。以国内外相关文献为基础,综述了肥料的种类、施用量、施用方式和施用时间对稻田N2O排放的影响,指出了有待研究的加强对土壤N2O排放机理的研究;进一步研究肥料施用对稻田N2O排放的影响;进一步研究施肥管理措施对稻田温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放的交互影响,寻求科学合理、切实可行的减排措施。

施肥与灌溉对春玉米土壤N2O排放通量的影响

2007年在山西省榆次县利用静态箱自动监测系统对传统和优化两种施肥方式下春玉米土壤追肥和灌溉前后N2O排放通量进行了连续测定,该地区土壤质地为壤土,气候为温带大陆性半干旱气候。结果表明,灌溉和施肥对N2O的排放影响较大,当土壤含水量较低时,施肥并不会导致N2O通量迅速升高。在不灌溉的条件下施肥前后N2O的日排放通量特征为单峰型,凌晨4:00左右为最低值,下午16:00左右达到最高值,与空气和5cm土壤温度相关性均达到了极显著水平。施肥并灌溉后N2O排放通量迅速升高,一天之内能够迅速升高约50倍。灌溉后N2O日排放通量呈"N"字型走势,在达到最大值后变为单峰型,一周后日排放出现了直线下降和水平波动两种不同的走势。经检验施肥并灌溉后一周内优化施肥方式下N2O排放通量极显著低于传统施肥方式(P<0.01),优化施肥可以作为减排农田N2O排放的措施之一。

焚烧麦杆对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

采用3种麦杆处理方式(不还田、均匀混施和原位焚烧)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH4和N2O的排放情况,以探讨原位焚烧麦杆对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,与不还田处理相比,原位焚烧显著增加稻田CH4排放量,同时显著减少稻田N2O排放量;与均匀混施处理相比,原位焚烧显著减少稻田CH4排放量,二者的N2O排放量无明显差异.

SBR工艺中pH值与DO对硝化过程中N2O释放的影响

试验采用SBR反应器处理模拟生活污水,考查溶氧DO与pH值对硝化过程中N2O释放量与硝化效率的影响。结果表明,在温度为28～30℃、反应器内MLSS约3500mg/L、水力停留时间为8.4h、污泥停留时间为25d时,pH值与DO水平对N2O的积累和硝化效率起着重要的作用。在pH值为9、DO为2mg/L时产生的N2O量最小,其最大释放浓度为3.59μL/L,氨氮的转化效率为94.36%。在此条件下,既能减排N2O这种温室气体和减少能耗,又有很好的硝化效率,为污水厂生物脱氮过程中温室气体N2O的减排与构建清洁的废水处理工艺奠定了基础。

长期施肥对华北典型潮土N分配和N2O排放的影响

利用长期定位肥料试验研究化学肥料N、有机肥料N以及化学肥料N和有机肥料N混合施用对N分配和N2O排放影响。处理包括化学肥料N、P、K的不同组合NPK、NP、NK、PK、全部施用有机肥料N(OM)、一半化学肥料N+一半有机肥料N(1/2OM)及不施肥(CK)7个处理。结果表明,等N条件下,处理间N2O排放的差异不显著,N2O排放主要发生在玉米生长期。均衡提供N、P和K显著提高土壤N储量,有机肥料N的效果显著高于化学N肥。施肥也影响N的利用效率和N在作物中的分配。均衡的养分供应有利于N在子粒中积累,而养分缺乏的处理,秸秆中N含量相对较高。进入环境的N量以NK最多,1/2OM最少。总体而言,施P肥和有机肥可减少N2O的间接排放,提高土壤N素肥力并能获得较高的产量。

稻田CH4和N2O排放消长关系及其减排措施

稻田CH4和N2O排放存在互为消长的关系,此种关系不受时间、空间及有无水稻植株的影响,考虑稻田CH4减排措施的同时必须兼顾该措施对N2O排放的促进作用。本文从水分管理、施肥管理、水稻品种、甲烷抑制剂及脲酶/硝化抑制剂、耕种方式及耕作制度等方面综述了近年来关于稻田CH4和N2O减排措施的研究,以期从农业实践中总结缓解稻田CH4和N2O排放引起的综合温室效应的生产措施。分析表明,稻田低施氮水平条件下进行中期烤田是减少CH4和N2O排放的有效措施,有机秸秆进行堆腐好氧分解后施入或在休闲期(如秋季或冬季)施入稻田表现出较好的应用前景,施用甲烷抑制剂、脲酶抑制剂及硝化抑制剂和缓释/控释肥料对降低稻田温室气体排放及提高作物产量意义重大。

湿地土壤NH3挥发、N2O释放过程及影响因素

湿地土壤NH3挥发及N2O释放过程与氮的气态损失密切相关,其对于氮循环的生态意义重大。综述了湿地土壤NH3挥发、N2O释放过程及影响因素的研究动态。当前湿地土壤NH3挥发及N2O释放研究主要集中在挥发/释放特征与一般影响因素的探讨上。影响湿地土壤NH3挥发及N2O释放的因素主要包括土壤理化学性质、环境因素、水文过程、生物群落和人类活动等。鉴于当前相关研究中存在的问题,在今后研究中应亟需加强的领域包括:①NH3挥发及N2O释放的驱动机制;②NH3挥发及N2O释放应用模型表征;③全球变暖、降水改变等对NH3挥发及N2O释放过程的影响;④人类活动对NH3挥发及N2O释放过程的作用机制。

不同时期施用生物炭对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

通过分别在水稻季(R)和小麦季(W)设置对照(RB0-N0、WB0-N0)、单施氮肥(RB0-N1、WB0-N1)、20 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB1-N1、WB1-N1)、40 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB2-N1、WB2-N1)等8个处理,研究稻麦轮作周年系统N2O和CH4排放规律及其引起的综合温室效应(Global warming potential,GWP)和温室气体强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)特征。结果表明:稻季配施20 t hm-2生物炭对N2O和CH4的排放、作物产量及GWP和GHGI均都无明显影响;稻季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低8.6%的CH4的排放和9.3%的GWP,显著增加作物产量17.2%。麦季配施20 t hm-2生物炭虽然对温室气体及GWP影响不明显,但显著增加21.6%的作物产量,从而显著降低21.7%的GHGI;麦季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低20.9%和11.3%的N2O和CH4排放,显著降低15.7%和23.5%的GWP和GHGI。因此麦季配施生物炭对减少N2O和CH4的排放、增加稻麦轮作产量及降低GWP和GHGI的效果较稻季配施生物炭效果更好。