Method for Detecting NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase in Liver Microsomal Fractions by Using Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and NADPH-Diaphorase Staining

By combining native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining, a simple method for detecting NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in tissue samples was established. When rat liver microsomal fractions were examined by this method, several bands with different mobility were visualized. Western blot analysis indicated that the band which appeared in the most anodal position among them represented NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis revealed that the molecular weight of the protein forming the band was around 80 kDa, which was identical to that of rat NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The intensity level of NADPH-diaphorase staining assigned to this enzyme estimated by this method increased four times in microsomal fractions prepared from rat fed ethanol chronically compared to that from controls. When a dilution series of a rat liver microsomal fraction was examined by this method and SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis, their staining intensities representing this enzyme were significantly correlated with each other. Using the naive PAGE/NADPH-diaphorase staining method, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase is detected in rat liver microsomes. This method is beneficial because compared with the conventional SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis, the quantification of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in tissue samples is allowed to be more easily done.

Downregulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase via RNA interference increases the susceptibility of Acyrthosiphon pisum to desiccation and insecticides

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase(CPR)is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances,and detoxification of insecticides.RNA interference(RNAi)of CPR in certain insects causes developmental defects and enhanced susceptibility to insecticides.However,the CPR of Acyrthosiphon pisum has not been characterized,and its function is still not understood.In this study,we investigated the biochemical functions of A.pisum CPR(ApCPR).ApCPR was found to be transcribed in all developmental stages and was abundant in the embryo stage,and in the gut,head,and abdominal cuticle.After optimizing the dose and silencing duration of RNAi for downregulating ApCPR,we found that ApCPR suppression resulted in a significant decrease in the production of cuticular and internal hydrocarbon contents,and of cuticular waxy coatings.Deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons(CHCs)decreased the survival rate of A.pisum under desiccation stress and increased its susceptibility to contact insecticides.Moreover,desiccation stress induced a significant increase in ApCPR mRNA levels.We further confirmed that ApCPR participates in CHC production.These results indicate that ApCPR modulates CHC production,desiccation tolerance,and insecticide susceptibility in A.pisum,and presents a novel target for pest control.

NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶的制备及在外来化合物代谢中的作用

ＮＡＤＰＨ－细胞色素Ｐ－４５０还原酶是肝微粒体酶系的主要组成成分。本文报道了一种简单经济制备还原酶的方法，并通过ＮＡＤＰＨ的氧化证明还原酶及细胞色素Ｐ－４５０２Ｂ１重组酶系能代谢苯、二氯乙烯和石棉。但代谢过程中的中间产物未能引起质粒ＤＮＡ电泳图谱的变化。

微粒体细胞色素P-450、NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶的纯化与重组活性

经苯巴比妥钠诱导的雄性大白鼠的肝微粒体纯化的细胞色素P-450同功酶组份,经SDS-PAGE鉴定呈电泳纯,分子量为55kD。部分纯化的NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶,含72和77kD两个蛋白质组分。上述细胞色素P-450和NADPH-细胞色素P-450还原酶与卵磷脂制备的脂质体重组后的活性试验表明,对艾氏剂有环氧化作用,对环已烷有羟化作用,对溴氰菊酯的羟化作用微弱。当重组系统中缺少细胞色素P-450组份时,对环已烷不再起作用。同时还研究了纯化的细胞色素P-450的光谱特性。

Characteristics and roles of cytochrome b5 in cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative reactions in Locusta migratoria

Cytochrome b5(Cyt-b5)is a small heme protein and known to be involved in a wide range of biochemical transformations,in eluding cytochrome P450 monooxyge nase(CYP)-mediated metabolism of endoge nous and exogenous compo un ds.Studies on Cyt-b5 are more con centrated in mammals,but are relatively rare in in sects.The characteristics and functi on of Cyt-b5 from Locusta migratoria have not been described yet.We sequeneed the full-length cDNA sequenee of Cyt-b5 from L.migratoria(LmCyt-b5)by reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR)based on locust transcriptome database.The phylogenetic analysis showed that LmCyt-b5 was closely related to the Cyt-b5 from Blattodea.LmCyt-b5 was highly expressed in ovary,Malpighian tubules,midgut,gastric caeca,and fat bodies.Silencing of LmCyt-b5 had no effect on the susceptibility of L.migratoria to four different insecticides.Suppression of LmCyt-b5 or silencing of both LmCyt-b5 and LmCPR did not significantly change the total CYP activity toward the substrate 7-ethoxycoumarin(7-EC).However,coexpression of LmCYP6FD1 with LmCPR and LmCyt-b5 together in Sf9 cells by using Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system significantly increased the catalytic activity of LmCYP6FD1 toward 7-EC as compared with the coexpression of L.mCYP6FD1 with cytochrome P450 reductase(LmCPR)or LmCyt-b5 separately.These results suggest that LmCyt-b5 plays an important role in the catalytic reaction of LmCYP6FD1 toward 7-EC in our in vitro experiments.Further study is needed to clarify the role of LmCyt-b5 in CYP-mediated catalytic reactions in L.migratoria.

Functional reconstruction of bovine P450scc steroidogenic system in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Mammalian cytochrome P450scc enzyme system catalyzes the initial step in steroid hormone biosynthesis—cholesterol hydroxylation followed by cleavage of the side-chain to yield pregnenolone. This system consists of three components—the cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1), a flavoprotein (NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase, AdR) and an iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin, Adx). In this work, the three-component electron transport chain (AdR/Adx/CYP11A1) from bovine adrenal cortex has been implemented in Escherichia coli by co-expression of the corresponding coding sequences from a tricistronic plasmid. The cDNAs of AdR, Adx and CYP11A1 are situated in a single transcription unit and separated by ribosome binding sequences. The recombinant strain created was capable of synthesizing functional proteins identical to the bovine CYP11A1, AdR and Adx on molecular weights and immuno-specificity. The experiments in vivo showed pregnenolone production from cholesterol by the transformed bacteria. Maximal productivity of 0.42 ± 0.015 mg/l pregnenolone for 24 h has been reached for the induced cells in the presence of cholesterol solubilizing agent—methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Thus, a stable transgenic E. coli strain with the functional reconstructed bovine cholesterol side-chain cleavage system has been firstly generated in this work. The findings are of importance for studies of mammalian steroidogenic system features, and may open some perspectives for further generation of novel microbial biocatalysts.

CYP2C9、VKORC1基因多态性与华法林个体化用药研究进展

尽管具有治疗指数狭窄和出血并发症频繁的弊病,华法林仍是临床上应用非常广泛的口服抗凝血药物。不同患者对华法林的反应差异很大,在达到相同治疗效果的情况下,不同个体的用药剂量可能相差20倍之多。华法林的治疗剂量受多种因素影响,包括基因多态性、体重指数、年龄等及其他药物因素等,这就要求临床医师在应用华法林时需注重个体化用药及选择最优治疗方案。多种基因可影响华法林的药物代谢,其中细胞色素P450 2C9(CYP2C9)及维生素K环氧化物还原酶复合体1(VKORC1)基因多态性是目前研究的重点。本文将综述以上两个基因的基因多态性及其与华法林个体化用药相关性的研究进展。

结核分枝杆菌铁氧还蛋白还原酶FdrA和FprA在CYP125A1的电子传递链中的作用分析

目的体外评价结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)铁氧还蛋白还原酶FdrA和FprA的活性,探索它们分别与两种铁氧还蛋白的偶联作用,并分析它们在CYP125A1的电子传递链中的作用。方法采用大肠杆菌作为宿主克隆结核分枝杆菌FdrA、FprA和CYP125A1编码基因并进行蛋白外源表达;以NADH或NADPH为电子供体,2,6-二氯酚靛酚(DCPIP)为电子受体评价FdrA及FprA的活性;应用细胞色素C为电子受体研究FdrA或FprA与不同铁氧还蛋白的偶联作用;分析CYP125A1对4-胆甾烯-3-酮的代谢作用进而研究FdrA和FprA在CYP125A1的电子传递链中的作用。结果 FdrA对NADH亲和力较高,Fdx对FdrA活性有明显提升作用,菠菜铁氧还蛋白(spFDX)对其活性没有提升作用,FdrA/Fdx和FdrA/spFDX均不能支持CYP125A1的活性。FprA对NAPDH亲和力较高,Fdx和spFDX均对FprA活性有明显提升作用,Fdx尤甚,FprA/spFDX可以支持CYP125A1的活性,FprA/Fdx不能支持CYP125A1的活性。结论 FprA是结核分枝杆菌CYP125A1的电子传递链蛋白,FdrA可能不是CYP125A1的电子传递链蛋白。

Bioinformatics analysis for structure and function of CPR of Plasmodium falciparum

Objective:To analyse the structure and function of NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase(CYPOR or CPR) from Plasmodium falciparum(Pf),and to predict its’ drug target and vaccine target. Methods:The structure,function,drug target and vaccine target of CPR from Plasmodium falciparum were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatics methods.Results:PfCPR,which was older CPR,had close relationship with the CPR from other Plasmodium species,but it was distant from its hosts,such as Homo sapiens and Anopheles.PfCPR was located in the cellular nucleus of Plasmodium falciparum.335aa-352aa and 591aa - 608aa were inserted the interior side of the nuclear membrane,while 151aa-265aa was located in the nucleolus organizer regions.PfCPR had 40 function sites and 44 protein-protein binding sites in amino acid sequence.The teriary structure of laa-700aa was forcep-shaped with wings.15 segments of PfCPR had no homology with Homo sapien CPR and most were exposed on the surface of the protein.These segments had 25 protein-protein binding sites.While 13 other segments all possessed function sites. Conclusions:The evolution or genesis of Plasmodium falciparum is earlier than those of Homo sapiens.PfCPR is a possible resistance site of antimalarial drug and may involve immune evasion, which is associated with parasite of sporozoite in hepatocytes.PfCPR is unsuitable as vaccine target,but it has at least 13 ideal drug targets.

Bioinformatics analysis and prediction for structure and function of nitric oxide synthase and similar proteins from Plasmodium berghei

ObjectiveTo search and analyze nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and similar proteins from Plasmodium berghei(Pb).MethodsThe structure and function of nitric oxide synthase and similar proteins from Plasmodium berghei were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatics.ResultsPbNOS were not available, but nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′–phosphate reduced tetrasodium (NADPH)–cytochrome p450 reductase(CPR) were gained. PbCPR was in the nucleus of Plasmodium berghei, while 134aa–229aa domain was localize in nucleolar organizer. The amino acids sequence of PbCPR had the closest genetic relationship with Plasmodium vivax showing a 73% homology. The tertiary structure of PbCPR displayed the forcep–shape with wings, but no wings existed in the tertiary structure of its' host, Mus musculus(Mm). 137aa–200aa, 201aa–218aa, 220aa–230aa, 232aa–248, 269aa–323aa, 478aa–501aa and 592aa–606aa domains of PbCPR showed no homology with MmCPRs', and all domains were exposed on the surface of the protein.ConclusionsNOS can't be found in Plasmodium berghei and other Plasmodium species. PbCPR may be a possible resistance site of antimalarial drug, and the targets of antimalarial drug and vaccine. It may be also one of the mechanisms of immune evasion. This study on Plasmodium berghei may be more suitable to Plasmodium vivax. And 137aa–200aa, 201aa–218aa, 220aa–230aa, 232aa–248, 269aa–323aa, 478aa–501aa and 592aa–606aa domains of PbCPR are more ideal targets of antimalarial drug and vaccine.

New insights into the role of cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) in microsomal redox biology

Cytochrome P450 reductase(POR)is an essential electron transfer protein located on the endoplasmic reticulum of most cell types,and has long been appreciated for its role in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism.Additional roles and electron acceptors for POR have been described,but it is largely with the recent availability of POR-null tissues that these supplemental roles for POR have been able to be explored.These studies have confirmed POR as the principal redox partner for the microsomal P450s responsible for drug and xenobiotic metabolism as well as cholesterol and bile acid synthesis,and for heme oxygenase,which catalyzes the initial step in the breakdown of heme.Surprisingly,these studies have revealed that squalene monooxygenase,an enzyme essential to cholesterol synthesis,has a second unknown redox partner in addition to POR,and that 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase,previously proposed to require POR as an electron donor,functions fully independently of POR.These studies have also helped define the role of cytochrome b5 in P450 catalysis,and raise the question as to the extent to which POR contributes to b5-dependent redox pathways.

Gene Expression Modulation of Two Biosynthesis Pathways via Signal Transduction in <i>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</i>

G-protein-linked pathways have evolved to allow responses to extracellular agonists (hormones, neurotransmitters, odors, chemoattractants, light and nutrients) in eukaryotic cells, ranging from simpler systems, including yeasts, filamentous fungi and slime molds, to more complex organisms, such as mammals. Although the role of G-protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in filamentous fungi has been studied for over a decade, downstream elements are less known, and the study of target genes has evolved mainly in recent years. Here, we examined the involvement of G-protein subunits and MAPK in controlling the expression of two distinct target genes. These genes were selected from an array database according to their unique expression profile and the role of closely related genes found in other Ascomycetes. One of these genes is BPH, which encodes the enzyme responsible for cytochrome P450-dependent benzoate hydroxylation in microsomes. The other gene is CIPA, which encodes isoflavone reductase (IfR), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of phytoalexin, which catalyzes an intermediate step in pisatin biosynthesis. The expression profile of these two genes was determined in a series of signaling deficiency mutants that were grown on different media using a DNA microarray. Comparison of the expression profile in the two wild type strains and mutants deficient in the G-protein α or β subunits or in MAPK, revealed a unique control mechanism for the BPH and CIPA genes. The two genes are highly expressed during the infection of the host plant leaves and may associate with the fungal response to the host. Signaling via G-protein or MAPK was shown to be related to cascades that altered the expression of these genes in response to the growth condition. This work demonstrates that signal transduction pathways are controlling genes that, although sharing an environmental dependent response, participate in distinct biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, the transcriptional profile may point to distinct and shared roles of the signaling components.

二硫化碳对妊娠母鼠及胎鼠肝混合功能氧化酶活性影响的研究

研究表明,未经苯巴比妥钠处理的妊娠母鼠,腹腔注射染毒组胎肝细胞色素P-450、细胞色素b_5和蛋白质含量均明显低于对照组。125和11mg/m^3吸入染毒组胎肝细胞色素P-450和蛋白质含量也明显低于对照组。但细胞色素b_5仅125mg/m^3染毒组低于对照组。腹腔注射CS_2染毒时,妊娠母鼠和胎鼠肝NADPH-细胞色素C-还原酶均显著高于对照组。

Functional expression and regulation of eukaryotic cytochrome P450 enzymes in surrogate microbial cell factories

Cytochrome P450(CYP)enzymes play crucial roles during the evolution and diversification of ancestral monocel-lular eukaryotes into multicellular eukaryotic organisms due to their essential functionalities including catalysis of housekeeping biochemical reactions,synthesis of diverse metabolites,detoxification of xenobiotics,and con-tribution to environmental adaptation.Eukaryotic CYPs with versatile functionalities are undeniably regarded as promising biocatalysts with great potential for biotechnological,pharmaceutical and chemical industry applica-tions.Nevertheless,the modes of action and the challenges associated with these membrane-bound proteins have hampered the effective utilization of eukaryotic CYPs in a broader range.This review is focused on comprehen-sive and consolidated approaches to address the core challenges in heterologous expression of membrane-bound eukaryotic CYPs in different surrogate microbial cell factories,aiming to provide key insights for better studies and applications of diverse eukaryotic CYPs in the future.We also highlight the functional significance of the previously underrated cytochrome P450 reductases(CPRs)and provide a rational justification on the progression of CPR from auxiliary redox partner to function modulator in CYP catalysis.

中国汉族人群CYP2C9及VKORC1基因多态性及其对华法林用药剂量的相关性研究

目的分析中国汉族人群CYP2C9和VKORC1的基因多态性及其与华法林稳定维持剂量的相关性。方法回顾性研究。收集2017年10月至2018年4月在北京大学人民医院进行凝血分析检测的458例中国汉族患者,男性213例,女性245例,年龄范围26~94岁。采用PCR-荧光探针法检测CYP2C9*3位点和VKORC1-1639A>G位点基因多态性,458例患者中服用华法林进行抗凝治疗且凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(INR)达标(在2.0~3.0范围内)的患者130例,记录患者基本信息、华法林用药剂量及凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(INR),应用SPSS统计分析数据,与美国FDA推荐的不同基因型患者华法林推荐剂量的参考表格进行对比,并且对华法林预测剂量公式进行简单验证。结果458例抗凝患者中CYP2C9*1/*1(AA)基因型频率90.8%,CYP2C9*1/*3(AC)基因型频率8.5%,CYP2C9*3/*3(CC)基因型频率0.7%;VKORC1-1639GG基因型频率0.9%,VKORC1-1639AG基因型频率14.2%;VKORC1-1639AA基因型频率84.9%。在达到抗凝指标(国际标准化比值INR 2.0~3.0)后,结果显示CYP2C9*1/*3与*3/*3基因型患者平均每日剂量为(2.92±1.29);3(2.75,3.375)mg,低于野生型CYP2C9*1/*1基因型患者所需的平均每日华法林剂量(3.91±1.63);3(3,5)mg,差异有统计学意义(P=0.018)。VKORC1纯合突变基因型VKORC1-AA患者平均每日剂量为(3.68±1.64);3(3,4.31)mg,低于杂合基因突变型的平均每日剂量(4.54±1.29);4.5(3.28,6)mg,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。不同VKORC1+CYP2C9基因型患者的华法林应用剂量与美国FDA参考表格的推荐剂量具有一致性。Miao2007公式的预测准确度较IWPC公式低,且94.1%的患者华法林剂量被低估。结论携带CYP2C9*3突变基因或VKORC1-AA纯合突变基因型的患者所需华法林剂量较低,CYP2C9和VKORC1基因多态性与华法林稳定维持剂量具有一定的相关性。