Excess ammonia(NH_(3))in the circulation of dairy animals can reduce animal health and the quality of products for human consumption.To develop effective prevention and treatment methods,it is essential to examine the...Excess ammonia(NH_(3))in the circulation of dairy animals can reduce animal health and the quality of products for human consumption.To develop effective prevention and treatment methods,it is essential to examine the molecular mechanisms through which excess NH_(3) may affect the mammary gland.The present study used bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs)to evaluate the effects of exogenous NH_(4)Cl on the abundance of circular RNAs(circRNAs)using high-throughput sequencing.Among the identified circRNAs,circ02771 was the most significantly upregulated by exogenous NH_(4)Cl(P<0.05),with a fold change of 4.12.The results of the apoptosis and proliferation assays,transmission electron microscopy,H&E staining,and immunohistochemistry revealed that circ02771 increased apoptosis and inflammation.A double luciferase reporter assay revealed that circ02771 targeted miR-194b,and the overexpression of circ02771(pcDNA-circ02771)reduced(P<0.05)the expression of miR-194b and led to apoptosis and inflammation.Circ02771 also enhanced the expression of transforming growth factor beta-induced factor homeobox 1(TGIF1),which is a target gene of miR-194b.Overall,this study suggests that the circ02771/miR-194b/TGIF1 axis plays a role in mediating the effects of NH_(4)Cl on BMECs.Therefore,this axis provides a novel target to help control hazards within the mammary gland from high circulating NH_(4)Cl levels.展开更多
在高一化学教材必修(2)第二章第一节"化学能与热能"里有一个这样的演示实验:将约20 g Ba(OH)2·8H2O晶体研细后与约10 g NH4Cl晶体一起放入烧杯中,并将烧杯放入滴有几滴水的玻璃片或小木块上,用玻璃棒快速搅拌闻气味,用手触...在高一化学教材必修(2)第二章第一节"化学能与热能"里有一个这样的演示实验:将约20 g Ba(OH)2·8H2O晶体研细后与约10 g NH4Cl晶体一起放入烧杯中,并将烧杯放入滴有几滴水的玻璃片或小木块上,用玻璃棒快速搅拌闻气味,用手触摸杯壁下部,试着用手拿起烧杯,观察现象。一、实验存在的问题1.实验成功的关键是小烧杯与下面的玻璃片要粘结在一起,否则会被认为不成功。展开更多
基金supported by the Independent Innovation in Jiangsu Province of China(CX(21)3119)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31802035,31702095 and 31872324)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Natural Science Fund(BK20181221)Yangzhou Liangde Antibody Bio Tech.,China。
文摘Excess ammonia(NH_(3))in the circulation of dairy animals can reduce animal health and the quality of products for human consumption.To develop effective prevention and treatment methods,it is essential to examine the molecular mechanisms through which excess NH_(3) may affect the mammary gland.The present study used bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs)to evaluate the effects of exogenous NH_(4)Cl on the abundance of circular RNAs(circRNAs)using high-throughput sequencing.Among the identified circRNAs,circ02771 was the most significantly upregulated by exogenous NH_(4)Cl(P<0.05),with a fold change of 4.12.The results of the apoptosis and proliferation assays,transmission electron microscopy,H&E staining,and immunohistochemistry revealed that circ02771 increased apoptosis and inflammation.A double luciferase reporter assay revealed that circ02771 targeted miR-194b,and the overexpression of circ02771(pcDNA-circ02771)reduced(P<0.05)the expression of miR-194b and led to apoptosis and inflammation.Circ02771 also enhanced the expression of transforming growth factor beta-induced factor homeobox 1(TGIF1),which is a target gene of miR-194b.Overall,this study suggests that the circ02771/miR-194b/TGIF1 axis plays a role in mediating the effects of NH_(4)Cl on BMECs.Therefore,this axis provides a novel target to help control hazards within the mammary gland from high circulating NH_(4)Cl levels.
文摘在高一化学教材必修(2)第二章第一节"化学能与热能"里有一个这样的演示实验:将约20 g Ba(OH)2·8H2O晶体研细后与约10 g NH4Cl晶体一起放入烧杯中,并将烧杯放入滴有几滴水的玻璃片或小木块上,用玻璃棒快速搅拌闻气味,用手触摸杯壁下部,试着用手拿起烧杯,观察现象。一、实验存在的问题1.实验成功的关键是小烧杯与下面的玻璃片要粘结在一起,否则会被认为不成功。