A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are sti...A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are still unclear.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N supplied in three different forms (NO_(3)^(–)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(–)/NH_(4)^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)only).Compared with sole NO_(3)^(–)or NH_(4)^(+),the mixed N supply increased the total root length of maize but did not affect the number of axial roots.The main reason was the increased total lateral root length,while the average lateral root (LR) length in each axle was only slightly increased.In addition,the average LR density of 2nd whorl crown root under mixed N was also increased.Compared with sole nitrate,mixed N could improve the N metabolism of roots (such as the N influx rate,nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS)enzyme activities and total amino content of the roots).Experiments with exogenously added NR and GS inhibitors suggested that the increase in the average LR length under mixed N was related to the process of N assimilation,and whether the NR mediated NO synthesis participates in this process needs further exploration.Meanwhile,an investigation of the changes in root-shoot ratio and carbon (C) concentration showed that C transportation from shoots to roots may not be the key factor in mediating lateral root elongation,and the changes in the sugar concentration in roots further proved this conclusion.Furthermore,the synthesis and transportation of auxin in axial roots may play a key role in lateral root elongation,in which the expression of ZmPIN1B and ZmPIN9 may be involved in this pathway.This study preliminarily clarified the changes in root morphology and explored the possible physiological mechanism under a mixed N supply in maize,which may provide some theoretical basis for the cultivation of crop varieties with high N efficiency.展开更多
Compared with sole nitrate (NO_(3)^(-)) or sole ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply,mixed nitrogen (N) supply may promote growth of maize seedlings.Previous study suggested that mixed N supply not only increased photosynthes...Compared with sole nitrate (NO_(3)^(-)) or sole ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply,mixed nitrogen (N) supply may promote growth of maize seedlings.Previous study suggested that mixed N supply not only increased photosynthesis rate,but also enhanced leaf growth by increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for C and N utilization.However,whether this process depends on N absorption is unknown.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N forms (NO_(3)^(-)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(-)/NH_(4)^(+) and NH_(4)^(+) only).The study results suggested that maize growth rate and N content of shoots under mixed N supply was little different to that under sole NO_(3)^(-)supply at 0–3 d,but was higher than under sole NO_(3)^(-)supply at 6–9 d.^(15)N influx rate under mixed N supply was greater than under sole NO_(3)^(-) or NH_(4)^(+) supply at 6–9 d,although NO_(3)^(-) and NH_(4)^(+) influx under mixed N supply were reduced compared to sole NO_(3)^(-) and NH_(4)^(+) supply,respectively.qRT-PCR determination suggested that the increased N absorption under mixed N supply may be related to the higher expression of NO_(3)^(-) transporters in roots,such as ZmNRT1.1A,ZmNRT1.1B,ZmNRT1.1C,ZmNRT1.2 and ZmNRT1.3,or NH_(4)^(+) absorption transporters,such as Zm AMT1.1A,especially the latter.Furthermore,plants had higher nitrate reductase (NR)glutamine synthase (GS) activity and amino acid content under mixed N supply than when under sole NO_(3)^(-) supply.The experiments with inhibitors of NR reductase and GS synthase further confirmed that N assimilation ability under mixed N supply was necessary to promote maize growth,especially for the reduction of NO_(3)^(-) by NR reductase.This research suggested that the increased processes of NO_(3)^(-)and NH_(4)^(+) assimilation by improving N-absorption ability of roots under mixed N supply may be the main driving force to increase maize growth.展开更多
An insufficient amount of NH_(3) (ammonia)will reduce the conversion efficiency of NO_(x),which may lead to excess NO_(x) emissions,resulting in NH3SCR failure.In this article,SCR failure caused by a low NH_(3)NO_(x) ...An insufficient amount of NH_(3) (ammonia)will reduce the conversion efficiency of NO_(x),which may lead to excess NO_(x) emissions,resulting in NH3SCR failure.In this article,SCR failure caused by a low NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio is studied systematically by experiments.The main reasons for a low NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio in SCR include insufficient urea injection,hydrothermal aging of catalysts and urea crystallization.It was found from an insufficient urea injection experiment that with the increase of NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio,the NO_(x) conversion efficiency of the SCR system increased,but the ammonia leakage also increased.The main influencing factors of NO_(x) conversion efficiency are different under different NH3NOx ratios.A flow reactor system was used in the catalyst hydrothermal aging experiment to investigate the effect of hydrothermal aging on catalyst activity.After a 24 h hydrothermal aging experiment at 800℃,the NO_(x) conversion efficiency of the copperbased zeolite catalysts decreased significantly at the boundary of medium and low temperature regions.And the NO_(2)-NO_(x) ratio in the mixture had a significant effect on the catalytic performance.Thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(TGFTIR)was used to analyze the composition of urea deposits in a urea deposits analysis experiment.It was found that the main components of urea deposits were urea and isocyanic acid(HNCO).Preventing HNCO polymerization,especially the formation of CYA,can decrease the formation of urea deposits.展开更多
Nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))is one of the most critical contaminants in the air,and the control of NO_(x)emission from diesel vehicles is very important.Cu-based small-pore zeolites have already been applied for NO_(x)abate...Nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))is one of the most critical contaminants in the air,and the control of NO_(x)emission from diesel vehicles is very important.Cu-based small-pore zeolites have already been applied for NO_(x)abatement on diesel vehicles.Among the small-pore zeolites,Cu-SSZ-50 catalysts with good NH_(3)-SCR catalytic activity were believed to have potential for application.In this study,a one-pot synthesis method for Cu-SSZ-50 catalysts was developed for the first time,using the co-templates of Cu-TEPA and 2,6-dimethyl-N-methylpyridinium hydroxide.In this synthesis method,Cu-SSZ-50 with various Cu contents can be obtained by adjusting the amount of Cu-TEPA without the need for a further after-treatment process.The addition of Cu-TEPA affected the framework atoms and Cu species,and a lower Si/Al ratio and more SCR active Cu species were obtained.The synthesized catalyst with a Cu/Al ratio of 0.40 exhibited over 90%NO_(x)conversion between 200℃and 450℃for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR).Meanwhile,over 80%NO_(x)conversion could be obtained from 250℃to 450℃after hydrothermal aging at 750℃for 16 h.In addition,both L-H and E-R mechanisms were proven to exist for the one-pot-synthesized Cu-SSZ-50 by in situ DRIFTS experiments.The simple synthesis procedure,excellent catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability brighten the prospects for the application of Cu-SSZ-50.展开更多
The energy transfer and upconversion of Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped TeO2-TiO2-K2O glasses upon excitation with 976nm lasers diode were studied. The tellurite glasses were prepared by conventional melting methods. Their opti...The energy transfer and upconversion of Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped TeO2-TiO2-K2O glasses upon excitation with 976nm lasers diode were studied. The tellurite glasses were prepared by conventional melting methods. Their optical properties and sensitization upconversion spectra were performed. The dependence of green upconversion luminescence intensity on the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ and Er 3+ concentration were discussed in detail. When the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ is 25/1 and Er 3+ concentration is 0.1% （mole fraction）, or when the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ is 10/1 and Er 3+ concentration is 0.15%, the optimal upconversion luminescence intensity is obtained. The obtained glasses can be one of the potential candidates for lasers-diode pumping microchip solid-state lasers.展开更多
城市生活垃圾填埋产生恶臭气体H_(2)S和NH_(3),对环境和健康造成不良影响。研究EM菌除臭剂以不同比例稀释对填埋气体中H_(2)S、NH_(3)及臭气浓度的处理效果。结果表明:为有效降低垃圾填埋气的H_(2)S和NH_(3)浓度,EM菌与水最佳稀释比例为...城市生活垃圾填埋产生恶臭气体H_(2)S和NH_(3),对环境和健康造成不良影响。研究EM菌除臭剂以不同比例稀释对填埋气体中H_(2)S、NH_(3)及臭气浓度的处理效果。结果表明:为有效降低垃圾填埋气的H_(2)S和NH_(3)浓度,EM菌与水最佳稀释比例为1∶10。当EM菌与水以1∶10比例稀释后,300 g EM菌稀释液应用于垃圾堆体,垃圾填埋气中H_(2)S去除率达到95%左右,48 h后NH_(3)浓度降低为0,臭气浓度降幅达到65%以上,处理效果最好且成本最低。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31421092)the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(1610232023023)。
文摘A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are still unclear.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N supplied in three different forms (NO_(3)^(–)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(–)/NH_(4)^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)only).Compared with sole NO_(3)^(–)or NH_(4)^(+),the mixed N supply increased the total root length of maize but did not affect the number of axial roots.The main reason was the increased total lateral root length,while the average lateral root (LR) length in each axle was only slightly increased.In addition,the average LR density of 2nd whorl crown root under mixed N was also increased.Compared with sole nitrate,mixed N could improve the N metabolism of roots (such as the N influx rate,nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS)enzyme activities and total amino content of the roots).Experiments with exogenously added NR and GS inhibitors suggested that the increase in the average LR length under mixed N was related to the process of N assimilation,and whether the NR mediated NO synthesis participates in this process needs further exploration.Meanwhile,an investigation of the changes in root-shoot ratio and carbon (C) concentration showed that C transportation from shoots to roots may not be the key factor in mediating lateral root elongation,and the changes in the sugar concentration in roots further proved this conclusion.Furthermore,the synthesis and transportation of auxin in axial roots may play a key role in lateral root elongation,in which the expression of ZmPIN1B and ZmPIN9 may be involved in this pathway.This study preliminarily clarified the changes in root morphology and explored the possible physiological mechanism under a mixed N supply in maize,which may provide some theoretical basis for the cultivation of crop varieties with high N efficiency.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31672221 and 31421092)the Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2022C03 and 20211302)。
文摘Compared with sole nitrate (NO_(3)^(-)) or sole ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply,mixed nitrogen (N) supply may promote growth of maize seedlings.Previous study suggested that mixed N supply not only increased photosynthesis rate,but also enhanced leaf growth by increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for C and N utilization.However,whether this process depends on N absorption is unknown.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N forms (NO_(3)^(-)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(-)/NH_(4)^(+) and NH_(4)^(+) only).The study results suggested that maize growth rate and N content of shoots under mixed N supply was little different to that under sole NO_(3)^(-)supply at 0–3 d,but was higher than under sole NO_(3)^(-)supply at 6–9 d.^(15)N influx rate under mixed N supply was greater than under sole NO_(3)^(-) or NH_(4)^(+) supply at 6–9 d,although NO_(3)^(-) and NH_(4)^(+) influx under mixed N supply were reduced compared to sole NO_(3)^(-) and NH_(4)^(+) supply,respectively.qRT-PCR determination suggested that the increased N absorption under mixed N supply may be related to the higher expression of NO_(3)^(-) transporters in roots,such as ZmNRT1.1A,ZmNRT1.1B,ZmNRT1.1C,ZmNRT1.2 and ZmNRT1.3,or NH_(4)^(+) absorption transporters,such as Zm AMT1.1A,especially the latter.Furthermore,plants had higher nitrate reductase (NR)glutamine synthase (GS) activity and amino acid content under mixed N supply than when under sole NO_(3)^(-) supply.The experiments with inhibitors of NR reductase and GS synthase further confirmed that N assimilation ability under mixed N supply was necessary to promote maize growth,especially for the reduction of NO_(3)^(-) by NR reductase.This research suggested that the increased processes of NO_(3)^(-)and NH_(4)^(+) assimilation by improving N-absorption ability of roots under mixed N supply may be the main driving force to increase maize growth.
基金the National Key Research&Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0211202).Authors would like to thank editors and anonymous reviewers for their suggestions to improve the paper.
文摘An insufficient amount of NH_(3) (ammonia)will reduce the conversion efficiency of NO_(x),which may lead to excess NO_(x) emissions,resulting in NH3SCR failure.In this article,SCR failure caused by a low NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio is studied systematically by experiments.The main reasons for a low NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio in SCR include insufficient urea injection,hydrothermal aging of catalysts and urea crystallization.It was found from an insufficient urea injection experiment that with the increase of NH_(3)NO_(x) ratio,the NO_(x) conversion efficiency of the SCR system increased,but the ammonia leakage also increased.The main influencing factors of NO_(x) conversion efficiency are different under different NH3NOx ratios.A flow reactor system was used in the catalyst hydrothermal aging experiment to investigate the effect of hydrothermal aging on catalyst activity.After a 24 h hydrothermal aging experiment at 800℃,the NO_(x) conversion efficiency of the copperbased zeolite catalysts decreased significantly at the boundary of medium and low temperature regions.And the NO_(2)-NO_(x) ratio in the mixture had a significant effect on the catalytic performance.Thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(TGFTIR)was used to analyze the composition of urea deposits in a urea deposits analysis experiment.It was found that the main components of urea deposits were urea and isocyanic acid(HNCO).Preventing HNCO polymerization,especially the formation of CYA,can decrease the formation of urea deposits.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52200136,52225004 and 51978640)the Science and Technology Innovation“2025”major program in Ningbo(No.2020Z103)。
文摘Nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))is one of the most critical contaminants in the air,and the control of NO_(x)emission from diesel vehicles is very important.Cu-based small-pore zeolites have already been applied for NO_(x)abatement on diesel vehicles.Among the small-pore zeolites,Cu-SSZ-50 catalysts with good NH_(3)-SCR catalytic activity were believed to have potential for application.In this study,a one-pot synthesis method for Cu-SSZ-50 catalysts was developed for the first time,using the co-templates of Cu-TEPA and 2,6-dimethyl-N-methylpyridinium hydroxide.In this synthesis method,Cu-SSZ-50 with various Cu contents can be obtained by adjusting the amount of Cu-TEPA without the need for a further after-treatment process.The addition of Cu-TEPA affected the framework atoms and Cu species,and a lower Si/Al ratio and more SCR active Cu species were obtained.The synthesized catalyst with a Cu/Al ratio of 0.40 exhibited over 90%NO_(x)conversion between 200℃and 450℃for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR).Meanwhile,over 80%NO_(x)conversion could be obtained from 250℃to 450℃after hydrothermal aging at 750℃for 16 h.In addition,both L-H and E-R mechanisms were proven to exist for the one-pot-synthesized Cu-SSZ-50 by in situ DRIFTS experiments.The simple synthesis procedure,excellent catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability brighten the prospects for the application of Cu-SSZ-50.
基金Projects(2004Z2-D0131 and 2004A10602002) supported by the Science and Technology Programof Guangzhou , Guang-dong Province project(60307004 and 50472053) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(04200036) sup-ported by the Natural Foundation of Guangdong Province
文摘The energy transfer and upconversion of Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped TeO2-TiO2-K2O glasses upon excitation with 976nm lasers diode were studied. The tellurite glasses were prepared by conventional melting methods. Their optical properties and sensitization upconversion spectra were performed. The dependence of green upconversion luminescence intensity on the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ and Er 3+ concentration were discussed in detail. When the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ is 25/1 and Er 3+ concentration is 0.1% （mole fraction）, or when the mole ratio of Yb 3+ to Er 3+ is 10/1 and Er 3+ concentration is 0.15%, the optimal upconversion luminescence intensity is obtained. The obtained glasses can be one of the potential candidates for lasers-diode pumping microchip solid-state lasers.
文摘城市生活垃圾填埋产生恶臭气体H_(2)S和NH_(3),对环境和健康造成不良影响。研究EM菌除臭剂以不同比例稀释对填埋气体中H_(2)S、NH_(3)及臭气浓度的处理效果。结果表明:为有效降低垃圾填埋气的H_(2)S和NH_(3)浓度,EM菌与水最佳稀释比例为1∶10。当EM菌与水以1∶10比例稀释后,300 g EM菌稀释液应用于垃圾堆体,垃圾填埋气中H_(2)S去除率达到95%左右,48 h后NH_(3)浓度降低为0,臭气浓度降幅达到65%以上,处理效果最好且成本最低。
