瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击对SBR系统污染物去除的影响

探究了瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击对SBR系统污染物去除效果的影响,在反应运行的第19、33、45天,通过提高单周期瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N质量浓度至41.05、60.02、80.15 mg/L,对SBR系统进行冲击。结果表明,进水NH4+-N质量浓度从41.05 mg/L增加到80.15 mg/L时,COD、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N去除效果没有明显变化,TN出水质量浓度从10.25 mg/L增加到21.49 mg/L,TN的出水变高主要受碳源不足的影响。三次瞬时NH4+-N冲击负荷下,NH4+-N降解速率基本不变。三次瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击负荷下,SBR系统中EPS总量对比常负荷运行时,均有所提高,且PN的含量在增加,PS的含量先升高后降低。而PN和PS含量的变化,在一定程度上会对活性污泥的絮凝造成影响,导致活性污泥粒径逐渐减少。系统在受到瞬时NH_(4)^(+)-N冲击后,TN出水会有所提高,但是经过一个周期的运行便可以恢复。

海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与工艺研究进展

总结了海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N的来源及特点,NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与功能微生物、工艺应用及其微生物分布等,重点对海水养殖尾水中NH_(4)^(+)-N去除技术的机理与工艺应用进行了阐述。好氧氨氧化微生物主要包括氨氧化细菌(AOB)、氨氧化古菌(AOA)及全程硝化菌(comammox),厌氧氨氧化微生物主要包括厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)。基于好氧氨氧化微生物原理去除NH_(4)^(+)-N的主要工艺技术包括移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)、曝气生物滤池(BAF)、人工湿地和生态塘等;基于厌氧氨氧化菌处理海水养殖尾水的主要工艺技术有厌氧流化床、厌氧固定床等。指出工艺应用与微生物种群结构之间关系的研究不足。富集氨氧化微生物从而实现经济高效脱氮是未来工艺研究的重点方向。

改性天然沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度NH_(4)^(+)的吸附和再生研究

针对目前常用的蒸氨法和吹脱法去除煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮带来的能耗高、处理成本高、操作复杂等实际问题,对天然沸石进行改性,探究改性沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮的吸附性能和化学再生性能。结果表明,相较于未改性天然沸石,经300℃热处理与1.5 mol/L NaCl溶液协同改性后,沸石的比表面积由18.541 m^(2)/g增加至32.198 m^(2)/g,吸附容量提升了74%,NH_(4)^(+)去除率达88.94%。吸附动力学和等温线分析表明,改性沸石对煤化工废水中高浓度NH_(4)^(+)的吸附过程符合化学多层吸附过程。0.100 mol/L NaClO溶液对改性沸石再生效果最好,再生率高达94.5%,且可将再生NH_(4)^(+)转化为无毒、无害的N_(2),实现了沸石的高效、可持续再生,且无二次污染。

Lateral root elongation in maize is related to auxin synthesis and transportation mediated by N metabolism under a mixed NO_(3)^(–) and NH_(4)^(+) supply

A mixed nitrate (NO_(3)^(–)) and ammonium (NH_(4)^(+)) supply can promote root growth in maize (Zea mays),however,the changes in root morphology and the related physiological mechanism under different N forms are still unclear.Here,maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N supplied in three different forms (NO_(3)^(–)only,75/25 NO_(3)^(–)/NH_(4)^(+)and NH_(4)^(+)only).Compared with sole NO_(3)^(–)or NH_(4)^(+),the mixed N supply increased the total root length of maize but did not affect the number of axial roots.The main reason was the increased total lateral root length,while the average lateral root (LR) length in each axle was only slightly increased.In addition,the average LR density of 2nd whorl crown root under mixed N was also increased.Compared with sole nitrate,mixed N could improve the N metabolism of roots (such as the N influx rate,nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS)enzyme activities and total amino content of the roots).Experiments with exogenously added NR and GS inhibitors suggested that the increase in the average LR length under mixed N was related to the process of N assimilation,and whether the NR mediated NO synthesis participates in this process needs further exploration.Meanwhile,an investigation of the changes in root-shoot ratio and carbon (C) concentration showed that C transportation from shoots to roots may not be the key factor in mediating lateral root elongation,and the changes in the sugar concentration in roots further proved this conclusion.Furthermore,the synthesis and transportation of auxin in axial roots may play a key role in lateral root elongation,in which the expression of ZmPIN1B and ZmPIN9 may be involved in this pathway.This study preliminarily clarified the changes in root morphology and explored the possible physiological mechanism under a mixed N supply in maize,which may provide some theoretical basis for the cultivation of crop varieties with high N efficiency.

酸性环境下作物幼苗对NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N的吸收特征

以水稻、小麦、玉米3种作物的不同品种为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法研究介质pH对幼苗根系铵态氮(NH_4^+- N)和硝态氮(NO_3^--N)吸收速率的影响。结果表明:植物幼苗根系对2种无机氮素的吸收速率受介质pH的影响大,影响程度与作物的种类、品种和苗龄有关。多数作物品种在pH 4.0条件下对NO_3^--N的吸收速率高于pH 6.0,而介质pH对NH_4^+-N吸收速率的影响与此相反。水稻幼苗对NO_3^--N的吸收速率随苗龄的增大而减慢,但对NH_4^+-N的吸收速率则逐渐加快。小麦和玉米对NO_3^--N和NH_4^+-N的吸收速率均随苗龄的增大而加快。

Effects of Environmental Factors on NH_4^+ Release in Sediment from Chaohu Lake

[Objective] The aim of the research was to reveal the influence mechanism of sediment-water exchange of nutrients in Chaohu Lake. [Method] The effects of environmental factors (overlying water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration) on NH_4^+ release in sediment from Chaohu Lake were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. [Results] With the rising of temperature and the decrease of NH_4^+ concentration in overlying water, NH_4^+ released from sediment increased significantly. pH had a great effect on NH_4^+ release with a complicated mechanism. The largest release amount of NH_4^+ under anaerobic condition was about 6 times as much as that under aerobic condition. [Conclusion] This research would provide theoretical support for environmental management of Chaohu Lake in the project of leading water from the Yangtze River to Chaohu Lake.

梯度增加NH_(4)^(+)-N负荷低温启动改良A/A/O工艺研究

在低温下通过梯度增加进水NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度的方法启动改良A/A/O耦合流离生化工艺,其中将启动阶段分为四个工况,每个工况NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度梯度递增约5 mg/L。反应器在温度(15±1)℃条件下,控制HRT为12 h,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,填料填充率为30%的条件下经过43天启动成功。启动期间出水稳定,COD低于50 mg/L,NH_(4)^(+)-N保持在1.5 mg/L以下,TP保持在0.5 mg/L以下,TN保持在15 mg/L以下。启动后,系统的生物量得到了稳定增长,存在大量杆菌与球菌,且系统的好氧隔室内发生了同步硝化反硝化反应。梯度增加进水NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度时系统微生物适应良好,可快速恢复活性进行大量繁殖,能有效提高污染物去除效率,有利于改良A/A/O耦合流离生化工艺的启动。

微生物和沸石处理池塘底泥对NH_4^+吸附与解吸的研究

取天津市西青区小南河村和东丽区永和村池塘底泥风干后,采用微生物、沸石处理,进行了底泥对NH_4^+吸附与解吸试验。结果表明,底泥对NH_4^+的吸附过程符合Langmir方程,不同处理对底泥吸NH_4^+影响不同,对照底泥对NH_4^+的最大吸附量在300mg·kg^(-1)左右,沸石处理的底泥最大吸NH_4^+在400 mg·kg^(-1)左右,微生物处理底泥最大吸NH_4^+可达616.67 mg·kg^(-1),且微生物处理底泥对NH_4^+的吸附平衡常数最大,解吸量最低,沸石吸附平衡常数和解吸量次之,对照最低。

沸石分子筛对水中NH_(4)^(+)-N的去除效果及再生研究

目的 研究沸石分子筛对水中NH_(4)^(+)-N的吸附机理与去除效果,并探究饱和沸石分子筛的最佳再生方案。方法 通过试验分析得出沸石分子筛去除NH_(4)^(+)-N的最佳温度和pH条件;从动力学、等温线、热力学等角度分析沸石分子筛吸附NH_(4)^(+)-N的机理;分析基于不同再生剂和再生因素的氨氮饱和沸石分子筛的再生效果。结果 温度大于20℃、pH值为6~7时,去除率最高,为79.6%;拟合相关系数为R2=0.986的准二级动力学模型能更准确地描述沸石分子筛去除NH_(4)^(+)-N的反应,等温线符合Langmuir方程,吸附过程为吸热反应;确定最佳再生剂为0.4 mol/L的NaCl溶液,最佳再生时间为24 h,再生pH为7,再生温度为25℃,再生率为88.17%,重复再生5次后,再生率仍能达到78.76%。结论 沸石分子筛对NH_(4)^(+)-N具有较好的去除效果,当达到吸附饱和后,对其进行再生处理后可多次利用,提高了沸石分子筛在给水处理领域的利用价值。

用(^(15)NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)标记堆肥的研究

小型堆腐试验的结果表明：堆腐材料的Ｃ／Ｎ比和含Ｎ量，不影响堆肥有机Ｎ累积的比例，也不影响堆肥有机Ｎ组分的变化趋势。堆腐后，富含蛋白质的材料，氨基酸Ｎ和酸解铵态Ｎ的比例增加；富合纤维素和木质素的材料，提高未知态Ｎ和非酸解Ｎ的比例。加入的１５Ｎ主要构成有机组分中的氨基酸Ｎ。在降温阶段加入（１５ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４，能使氨基酸Ｎ比例增加。用１５Ｎ直接标记堆肥，比用１５Ｎ标记有机物料制造的堆肥，减少了１５Ｎ损失，且提高了１５Ｎ的转化率。

活性炭-聚四氟乙烯电极对生物电化学系统中NH_4^+-N去除的影响

通过压力机将炭黑和聚四氟乙烯压缩,自制活性炭-聚四氟乙烯电极并置于单室生物电化学系统(BES)中,实现无外加有机碳源的自养型脱NH_4^+-N。结果表明,通过给BES外加电压可以提升NH_4^+-N的去除效果,并且随着外加电压从0.10 V提升至0.25 V,NH_4^+-N的去除效果逐渐上升,平均去除率为47.8 mg/(L·d)。生物膜循环伏安(CV)分析结果显示,在电极的阳极和阴极存在多种氧化还原活性成分,说明用活性炭制成的生物阳极和生物阴极具有良好的电活性。基于高通量测序的16S rRNA基因的微生物群落分析表明,通电后微生物群落多样性明显增加,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和副球菌属(Paracoccus)是BES中去除含氮化合物的重要功能菌群。

小白菜硝酸盐含量与NO_3^-/NH_4^+及氮代谢关键酶的相关性

采用液体培养实验研究了不同NO_3^-与NH_4^+浓度比(分别为50:50、75:25和100:0)对10个品种小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)的硝酸盐含量、光合系统参数及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着硝铵比的增加,小白菜总干质量逐渐增加(除品种天津小白菜和大头清江白菜的总干质量随硝铵比的增加先降低后升高,品种香港春秀甜白菜(236)和正旺达88的总干质量先升高后降低外),与c(NO_3^-):c(NH_4^+)为50:50比较,增幅分别为12.66%~76.88%(c(NO_3^-):c(NH_4^+)为75:25)和17.98%~95.07%(c(NO_3^-):c(NH_4^+)为100:0);小白菜叶和根中的硝酸盐含量增加,而叶柄硝酸盐含量则表现出先增加后下降的趋势,小白菜硝酸盐的含量叶柄(3 882.62~5 448.81 mg/kg)>叶(2 004.86~4 146.50 mg/kg)>根(505.39~2 188.68 mg/kg)。小白菜叶片中硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性成显著负相关,而与亚硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性成显著正相关。小白菜叶片中硝酸盐的含量随着净光合速率(Pn)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)的增加而下降,随蒸腾速率(Tr)的增强而增加。

温压条件下不同含水高岭石对NH_(4)^(+)吸附的分子模拟

为研究高岭石对NH_(4)^(+)吸附的微观情况,通过Material Studio软件对高岭石单胞进行收敛性测试后构建了4×2×1不同水化程度高岭石模型,采用量子力学和经典力学方法对模型晶胞进行了理论计算和吸附实验研究.结果显示,在交换关联泛函GGA-PW91,K点4×3×2,截断能600eV条件下,得到了高岭石稳定结构模型(误差<2%);高岭石对NH_(4)^(+)的吸附受温度影响明显,随温度升高,吸附量逐渐减少,与吸附实验结果一致;动力学结果显示吸附类型主要为物理吸附,吸附作用力为范德华力和库仑力.

NH_(4)^(+)双阶段发酵控制谷氨酸工艺研究

为了缓解L-谷氨酸发酵过程中由于流加氨水调节pH所带来的高浓度NH_(4)^(+)抑制作用的问题,提出了NH_(4)^(+)双阶段发酵控制工艺。NH_(4)^(+)双阶段发酵控制工艺是指在L-谷氨酸发酵过程中采用NaOH和氨水的混合液代替氨水进行pH的调节,同时根据不同阶段NH_(4)^(+)浓度的需求调整NaOH与氨水的混合比例,使其最适于L-谷氨酸发酵。通过实验发现,发酵开始时采用NaOH和氨水摩尔混合比例为1∶7的调节液,发酵19 h后采用NaOH和氨水摩尔混合比例为1∶3的调节液代替氨水进行pH的调节,对于L-谷氨酸发酵提升效果最好,在此条件下最大OD_(600)达到了63,较基础发酵提高了23.5%,最终的菌体量为58,提高了52.6%,下降幅度为5,降低了61.5%,L-谷氨酸最终产量为171 g/L,提高了11.8%,糖酸转化率也由60.2%提高到了61.6%,同时对其代谢流进行分析后发现,L-谷氨酸代谢流提高了3.9%,L-丙氨酸、L-赖氨酸和乳酸代谢流分别降低了21.7%、21.5%和24.7%。NH_(4)^(+)双阶段发酵控制有利于提高菌体的活力和产酸性能,对于谷氨酸行业的精细化控制具有借鉴意义。

Tomato Growth and Organic Acid Changes in Response to Partial Replacement of NO_3^--N by NH_4^+-N

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effect of partial replacement of NO-3-N by NH4+-N on the seedling growth and organic acid content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A completely randomized design was established with three replications and five treatments, i.e., NO-3-N/NH4+-N of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100. Results showed that 25% replacement of NO3--N by NH4+-N significantly (P = 0.05) improved fresh and dry weight, revealing that a proper percentage of NH4+-N was important for tomato nitrogen nutrition. This could increase the plant growth even though tomato was a crop that preferred nitrate nutrition. Also an increase in the proportion of NH4+-N in the nutrient solution led to a significant decrease (P = 0.05) in malate, citrate and fumarate. However, the 25% NH4+-N plus 75% NO3--N treatment had no significant effect (P = 0.05) on the 2-ketoglutarate, succinate or oxalic acid content, showing that only some organic acids in tomato plants were affected. Only pyruvate increased significantly (P = 0.05), and it only increased for 25% and 50% replacement of NO3--N by NH4+-N. Metabolism of these organic acids, especially malate, citrate and fumarate, should be further studied at the molecular level in vegetables applied with different nitrogen forms.

NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度对毛竹和杉木幼苗生长及种间竞争的影响

[目的]为研究土壤铵氮浓度变化对竹杉生长及种间竞争关系的影响。[方法]以毛竹、杉木幼苗为试材,设定3种栽培模式(毛竹纯栽、杉木纯栽、竹杉混栽)和3种NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度处理(0.4,8,16 mmol/L),进行室内盆栽控制试验,测定毛竹和杉木幼苗地上地下生长指标。[结果]无论纯栽还是混栽,杉木幼苗的苗高、SPAD值、地上、地下生物量、总生物量以及根系构型参数均随着NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度的升高而增加;而毛竹幼苗的苗高、SPAD值、各部分及总生物量、根冠比和根系构型参数均随着NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,在NH_(4)^(+)-N为8 mmol/L时达最大值。与纯栽相比,在3种NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度下,混栽时毛竹幼苗所有指标(除苗高、SPAD值外)均较高,杉木幼苗的SPAD值均较高,根冠比均较低,而杉木的苗高、生物量和根尖数仅在NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度为0.4 mmol/L时较高;在其他两个NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度下均较低。混栽时,毛竹的苗高、SPAD值、生物量和根系构型指标(除根平均直径和根体积)在NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度为8 mmol/L和16 mmol/L条件下均高于杉木。双因素方差分析结果表明,毛竹幼苗的生物量和根系构型参数均受NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度和栽培方式的影响;杉木幼苗的SPAD值、生物量和根系构型参数(除根尖数)受NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度的影响,SPAD值和总生物量受栽培方式的影响;仅有毛竹的生物量以及杉木的苗高、根长和根平均直径受二者交互作用影响。[结论]土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度在一定范围内的升高,有利于两树种幼苗的生长;毛竹和杉木幼苗混栽时,毛竹处于种间竞争过程中的优势地位,并在NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度为8 mmol/L时取得最大优势。因此,增加土壤铵氮浓度,在一定程度上可促进毛竹幼苗的生长及种间竞争优势。

NH_4^+ Adsorption in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol at Different Solution/Soil Ratios and Temperatures

Effects of NHj concentiation, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH_4^+adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH_4^+ adsorptionisotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and kappa, the coefficientrelated to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soilratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the valueof delta q/delta c, the rate of change of the amount of NH_4^+ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q)with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH_4^+ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicatingthat q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 deg C, delta q/delta SSR, the rate of change of qwith respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR,while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, delta q/delta T, therate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -- 0.095 to -- 0.361, indicating that qdecreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperaturebecame larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance indetermining the amount of NH_4^+ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was delta q/delta SSR > deltaq/delta c > |delta q/delta T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH_4^+ adsorbedwas with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH_4^+ had a lesser effect; andtemperature had the least effect.

含钾矿物钾释放过程Na^(+)和NH_(4)^(+)的影响

研究阳离子盐溶液振荡平衡浸提条件下三种含钾矿物中钾的释放及动力学模型,为钾矿活化和土壤钾素肥力的评价提供依据。以三种含钾矿物(黑云母、伊利石、蒙脱石)为研究对象,采用阳离子盐溶液(NH_(4)^(+)、Na^(+))进行振荡平衡浸提,分析阳离子对活化钾矿动态释钾过程的影响,研究矿物钾的释放规律及动力学模型。结果表明:(1)不同含钾矿物的非水溶性钾释放存在显著差异,表现为黑云母>伊利石>蒙脱石。(2)不同浸提剂下释钾量表现为NH_(4)Cl>NaCl>H_(2) O,Na^(+)和NH_(4)^(+)较去离子水(对照)相比,分别增加了0.28~1.09倍和0.06~0.70倍。(3)释钾速率随时间的增加表现为先快后慢,最后趋于平缓。快速反应阶段的平均时间为32 h,释钾量占总释钾量的54.86%~80.50%。(4)钾释放动力学模型的决定系数(R 2)为0.805~0.999,黑云母、伊利石的钾释放最优动力学模型均为一级动力学模型,蒙脱石钾释放动力学模型的拟合度效果为一级动力学模型、Elovich模型。Na^(+)能显著提高三种含钾矿物的钾累积吸附量,NH_(4)^(+)对伊利石钾累积吸附量的影响不显著;一级动力学模型是三种含钾矿物释钾的最优动力学模型。本研究可为阳离子活化含钾矿物及土壤钾素肥力的合理评价提供理论依据和数据支撑。

Thermodynamic Properties of NH_4^+ Fixation in Manured Loess Soil in Shaanxi Province, China

Some thermodynamic properties of NHk fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed.The. results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NHk fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the singlesurface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH4Cl solution is 10-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used.The changes of apparent standard free energy (△Go), enthalpy (△Ho) and entropy (△So) illustrate that NHk fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil.The "proper value of NHk fixation by soil (K1×qm) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NHk fixation in soil (Qm) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.

生物炭负载NH_(4)^(+)-N对烤烟农艺性状与氮素吸收利用的影响

利用生物炭进行面源污染水体NH_(4)^(+)-N农田回用,对于化学氮肥减施意义重大。本研究通过土柱试验,探讨了等氮量(90 kg/hm2)条件下不同比例生物炭负载NH_(4)^(+)-N替代化肥氮(生物炭负载NH_(4)^(+)-N分别占总氮的0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)对烤烟农艺性状和烤烟氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:60%替代比例最有利于改善烤烟农艺性状,其茎围最大、有效叶片数最多、最大叶长和最大叶面积最高;同时,60%替代比例可显著提高烤烟生物量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理效率和氮肥偏生产力。可见,生物炭负载NH_(4)^(+)-N不能完全替代普通化学氮肥,以60%为最佳替代比例。