Investigation of a NO_(x) emission from coal power plants in Texas, United States and its impact on the environment

Texas is the largest state by area in the US after Alaska,and one of the top states in the production and consumption of electricity with many coal-fired plants.Coal-fired power plants emit greater than 70% of pollutants in the energy sector.When coal is burned to produce electricity,nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))are released into the air,one of the main pollutants that threaten human health and lead to a large number of premature deaths.The key to effective air quality management is the strict compliance of all plants with emission standards.However,not all Texas coal plants have the environmental equipment to lower pollutant emissions.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)were used to evaluate the emissions for Texas power plants.Data from both the Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database(EGRID)and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR)were used to examine emissions.It was found that NOx emissions for Texas power plants range from 1.53 kt/year to 10.99 kt/year,with the Martin Lake,Limestone and Fayette Power Project stations being the top emitters.WA Parish and Martin Lake stations have the strongest NOx fluxes,with both exhibiting significant seasonal variability.Comparisons of bottom-up inventories for EDGAR and EGRID show a high correlation(r=0.956)and a low root mean square error(0.766).A more reasonable control policy would lead to much reduced NOx emissions.

Novel Low-Carbon Optimal Operation Method for Flexible Distribution Network Based on Carbon Emission Flow

With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more difficult.To this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is proposed.Subsequently,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent SOP.Finally,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 percent.The findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.

Nonlinear Absorption and Low-threshold Two-photon Pumped Amplified Stimulated Emission from FAPbBr_(3) Nanocrystals

Formamidinium lead bromide(FAPbBr_(3))nanocrystals(NCs)have been considered to be a good optoelectronic material due to their pure green emission,excellent stability and superior carrier transport characteristics.However,two-photon pumped amplified spontaneous emission(ASE)and the corresponding nonlinear optical properties of FAPbBr_(3) NCs are scarcely revealed.Herein,we synthesized colloidal FAPbBr_(3) NCs with different sizes by changing the molar ratio of FABr/PbBr_(2) in the precursor solution,using ligand assisted precipitation(LARP)technology at room temperature.Photoluminescence(PL)and time resolved photoluminescence(TRPL)spectroscopy were measured to characterize their ASE properties.And their nonlinear optical properties were studied through the Zscan technique and the two-photon excited fluorescence method.The stimulated emission properties including oneand two-photon pumped ASE have been realized from FAPbBr_(3) NCs.With large two-photon absorption coefficient(0.27 cm/GW)and high non-linear absorption cross-section(7.52×10^(5) GM),ASE with threshold as low as 9.8μJ/cm^(2) and 487μJ/cm^(2) have been obtained from colloidal FAPbBr_(3) NCs using one-and two-photon excitations.These results indicate that as a new possible green-emitting frequency-upconversion material with low thresholds,FAPbBr_(3) NCs hold great potential in the development of high-performance two-photon pump lasers.

Prospects for green steelmaking technology with low carbon emissions in China

The steel industry is a major source of CO_(2) emissions,and thus,the mitigation of carbon emissions is the most pressing challenge in this sector.In this paper,international environmental governance in the steel industry is reviewed,and the current state of development of low-carbon technologies is discussed.Additionally,low-carbon pathways for the steel industry at the current time are proposed,emphasizing prevention and treatment strategies.Furthermore,the prospects of low-carbon technologies are explored from the perspective of transitioning the energy structure to a“carbon-electricity-hydrogen”relationship.Overall,steel enterprises should adopt hydrogen-rich metallurgical technologies that are compatible with current needs and process flows in the short term,based on the carbon substitution with hydrogen(prevention)and the CCU(CO_(2) capture and utilization)concepts(treatment).Additionally,the capture and utilization of CO_(2) for steelmaking,which can assist in achieving short-term emission reduction targets but is not a long-term solution,is discussed.In conclusion,in the long term,the carbon metallurgical process should be gradually supplanted by a hydrogen-electric synergistic approach,thus transforming the energy structure of existing steelmaking processes and attaining near-zero carbon emission steelmaking technology.

Exploring the impact of economic growth and energy consumption on SO_(2) emissions in China based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis

This study aims to analysis the influence of economic growth(EG)and energy consumption(EC)on sulfur dioxide emissions(SE)in China.Accordingly,this study explores the link between EG,EC,and SE for 30 provinces in China over the span of 2000-2019.This study also analyzes cross-sectional dependence tests,panel unit root tests,Westerlund panel cointegration tests,Dumitrescu-Hurlin(D-H)causality tests.According to the test results,there is an inverted U-shaped association between EG and SE,and the assumption of the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)is verified.The signs of EG and EC in the fixed effect(FE)and random effect(RE)methods are in line with those in the dynamic ordinary least squares(DOLS),fully modified ordinary least squares(FMOLS)and autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)estimators.Moreover,the results verified that EC can obviously positive impact the SE.To reduce SE in China,government and policymakers can improve air quality by developing cleaner energy sources and improving energy efficiency.This requires the comprehensive use of policies,regulations,economic incentives,and public participation to promote sustainable development.

Numerical modeling techniques for noise emission of free railway wheels

In this article,we consider the numerical prediction of the noise emission from a wheelset in laboratory conditions.We focus on the fluid-structure interaction leading to sound emission in the fluid domain by analyzing three different methods to account for acoustic sources.These are a discretized baffled piston using the discrete calculation method(DCM),a closed cylindrical volume using the boundary element method(BEM)and radiating elastic disks in a cubic enclosure solved with the finite element method(FEM).We provide the validation of the baffled piston and the BEM using measurements of the noise emission of a railway wheel by considering ground reflections in the numerical models.Selected space-resolved waveforms are compared with experimental results as well as with a fluid-structure interaction finite element model.The computational advantage of a discretized disk mounted on a baffle and BEM compared to FEM is highlighted,and the baffled pistons limitations caused by a lack of edge radiation effects are investigated.

Shear band evolution and acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone containing non-persistent flaws

Direct shear tests were conducted on sandstone specimens under different constant normal stresses to study the coalescence of cracks between non-persistent flaws and the shear sliding characteristics of the shear-formed fault.Digital image correlation and acoustic emission(AE)techniques were used to monitor the evolution of shear bands at the rock bridge area and microcracking behaviors.The experimental results revealed that the shear stresses corresponding to the peak and sub-peak in the stressdisplacement curve are significantly affected by the normal stress.Strain localization bands emerged at both the tip of joints and the rock bridge,and their extension and interaction near the peak stress caused a surge in the AE hit rate and a significant decrease in the AE b value.Short and curvilinear strain bands were detected at low normal stress,while high normal stress generally led to more microcracking events and longer coplanar cracks at the rock bridge area.Furthermore,an increase in normal stress resulted in a higher AE count rate and more energetic AE events during friction sliding along the shearformed fault.It was observed that the elastic energy released during the crack coalescence at the prepeak stage was much greater than that released during friction sliding at the post-peak stage.More than 75%of AE events were located in the low-frequency band(0e100 kHz),and this proportion continued to rise with increasing normal stress.Moreover,more AE events of low AF value and high RA value were observed in specimens subjected to high normal stress,indicating that greater normal stress led to more microcracks of shear nature.

Synergistic dance of digital economy and green finance on carbon emissions:Insights from China

China has recently implemented a dual-carbon strategy to combat climate change and other environmental issues and is committed to modernizing it sustainably.This paper supports these goals and explores how the digital economy and green finance intersect and impact carbon emissions.Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces over the period 2011-2021,this paper finds that the digital economy and green finance can together reduce carbon emissions,and conducts several robustness tests supporting this conclusion.A heterogeneity analysis shows that these synergistic effects are more important in regions with low levels of social consumption Meanwhile,in the spatial dimension,the synergistic effect of the local digital economy and green finance adversely impacts the level of carbon emissions in surrounding areas.The findings of this paper provide insights for policymakers in guiding capital flow and implementing carbon-reduction policies while fostering the growth of China’s digital economy and environmental sustainability.

Rim^(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of hepatic cavernous hemangioma on positron emission tomography/computed tomography:A case report

BACKGROUND Peripheral FDG accumulation in a hepatic hemangioma presenting in a patient with prolonged fever is rare.Therefore,clinicians should pay close attention to patients with hepatic mass.CASE SUMMARY A 54-year-old woman with a 4-wk history of daily fevers was admitted to our hospital.A whole body^(18)-Fluordesoxyglucose(PET-FDG)positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)was performed to elucidate the source of the fever.However,whole body^(18)-FDG PET/CT raised the suspicion of a malignant lesion because of peripheral FDG accumulation(SUVmax 3.5 g/mL)higher than that of the normal liver parenchyma(SUVmax 1.6 g/mL)surrounding a hypoactive area,and no other abnormalities were showed.Subsequently,the patient underwent liver mass resection.Histopathology showed a hepatic cavernous hemangioma with fatty infiltration around the lesion.The fever disappeared four days after surgery and the patient did not present any complications during follow-up.CONCLUSION Fatty infiltration in the peripheral parts of hepatic cavernous hemangioma may lead to subacute inflammation which further activate the Kupffer cells.This may cause prolonged fever and peripheral rim FDG accumulation on PET/CT.

基于Aspen Plus的利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模拟及NO减排研究

基于Aspen Plus建立利用林业生物质作为替代燃料的水泥分解炉模型,选取杨木作为代表性林业生物质,替代40%的煤燃料,在流化床低温气化条件下,研究气化温度、当量比、生物质含水率对产气组分及热值、水泥分解炉出口温度、NO排放浓度的影响。以NO排放浓度为响应值,进行中心组合试验,建立响应面并进行分析。结果表明:在11000 kg/h的生物质进料速率下,随着气化温度从550℃升至700℃,产气中各可燃组分含量先下降后上升,可燃组分含量的升高对NO的生成有促进作用;在当量比大于0.15时,焦炭大多被气化反应消耗,对NO的还原减弱,导致NO排放浓度上升;生物质含水率的增加导致产气中各可燃组分含量下降,分解炉出口温度呈下降趋势;三因素之间存在交互作用,当量比对NO排放浓度影响的显著性水平最高,气化温度和当量比之间交互作用最强;当气化温度为550℃,当量比为0.2,生物质含水率为12.5%时,NO排放浓度(442.91 mg/m^(3))最小。

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

混氨比例及温度对氨煤混燃NO_(x)生成特性影响实验研究

氨煤混燃是减少燃煤电厂CO_(2)排放的一种可行方法,然而,高NO_(x)排放将是氨煤混燃所面临的主要挑战。为研究NO_(x)控制策略,该文在可灵活控制氨燃烧反应环境的一维氨煤混燃实验炉中对混氨比例(R_(NH3))、燃尽风率和炉膛温度对氨煤混燃NO_(x)生成特性的影响进行实验研究。通过对O_(2)、NO_(x)等组分沿炉膛分布的监测,揭示氨煤混燃炉内的NO_(x)生成过程。结果表明,在NH_3与煤粉预混投入方式下,NO_(x)排放随R_(NH3)增加呈先上升后降低趋势,在混氨比例约为15%时达到最大值;燃尽风率增加使NO_(x)排放显著降低;炉内O_(2)浓度分布对NO_(x)生成起着关键作用,氨煤混燃的NO_(x)生成主要由燃烧初期富氧条件下NO的大量生成和燃烧后期乏氧条件下残余NH_3对NO的还原这两个过程构成。炉膛温度升高促进了煤粉燃烧对O_(2)的消耗,使NH_3燃烧发生在相对乏氧的环境,降低了氨煤混燃的NO_(x)排放。研究结果对全尺寸燃煤锅炉氨煤混燃系统的设计和运行具有一定意义。

主燃级参数对中心分级燃烧室 NO_(x)排放的影响规律研究

针对中心分级燃烧室,通过高温高压实验研究了主燃级旋流数、出口轴向速度、套筒张角等主燃级结构参数和压力、温度、油气比、分级比等气动参数对NO_(x)排放的影响规律.结果表明,主燃级旋流数0.7头部方案的NO_(x)排放最少;随着主燃级出口轴向速度的增大,NO_(x)的排放减少;在20°~30°范围内,随着主燃级套筒张角变大,NO_(x)的排放增多.主、预燃级同时工作时,主燃级旋流数0.9头部方案的主燃级NO_(x)的排放最少,主燃级出口轴向速度70 m/s头部方案的NO_(x)排放最少;在20°~30°范围内,随着主燃级套筒张角变大,NO_(x)的排放减少.

Effect of Light Quality and Intensity on N_2O and NO_X(NO, NO_2)Emissions from Rice Phyllosphere and Roots at Tillering Stage in a Liquid Culture Medium System

[Objective] N2Oand NOX（NO, NO2） are important nitrogen oxides gases（NOGs） in paddy fields, and rice plants play important roles in NOG emissions in paddy fields. However, the source of NOG emissions from rice phyllosphere and roots and their relationship to light quality and intensity still remain unclear. In this study, the relationship between light quality, intensity and N2 O, NOX（NO, NO2） emissions from rice phyllosphere and roots at tillering stage was investigated to clarify the contribution of rice plants to N2Oand NOX（NO, NO2） emissions and analyze the mechanism of light control, aiming at providing a scientific basis for revealing how light-control technology affects NOG emissions from rice at tillering stage in paddy fields. [Method] In this study, nitrogen content was controlled by a hydroponic system. A small electric incubator was used for light control. A simultaneous determination was designed to investigate the effect of different weak light qualities（yellow, green, white, red and blue lights） and intensities（dark, 0 lx; very weak, 2 000lx; weak, 4 000 lx; moderate, 6 000 lx; strong, 8 000 lx） on N2Oand NOXemissions from rice phyllosphere and roots at tillering stage in a liquid culture medium system. N2Oconcentration in air samples was determined by gas chromatography within 12 h, and NOX（NO, NO2） concentration was analyzed using 42 i NO- NO2-NOXgas analyzer. [Result] The results showed that：（1） Under a constant nitrogen condition（NH4NO3-N, 90 mg/L） when rice seedlings were treated with moderate（6 000lx） and strong（8 000 lx） light, the average emission rate of N2Oand NO from rice phyllosphere at tillering stage was 27.08, 32.33 μg/（pot·h） and 0.114, 0.057 μg/（pot·h）,respectively, accounting for 57.38%, 58.65% and 9.65%, 4.52% of the total release of N2Oand NO from the whole rice plant, respectively. It implicated that rice phyllosphere is an important source of N2Oemission at tillering stage in paddy fields.（2）When rice seedlings were treated with yellow, green, white, red and blue LED lights under a constant light intensity（1 600 lx）, the average emission rate of N2Ofrom rice phyllosphere was 6.83, 9.40, 9.73, 2.82 and 4.08 μg/（pot·h）, respectively. Compared with green and yellow LED lights, N2Oemission from rice phyllosphere and roots at tillering stage was inhibited markedly by red（3 000 lx） and blue（2 500 lx）LED lights（P0.01）. In addition, NO emission from rice phyllosphere was enhanced significantly by white and red LED lights, while NO emissions from rice phyllosphere and roots were inhibited by blue light synchronously. Nevertheless, no evident NO2 emission from rice phyllosphere and roots was detected under the same condition.（3） Within the range of 0-8 000 lx, NO and N2Oemissions from rice roots and N2Oemission from rice phyllosphere increased with the enhancement of light intensity. In contrast, NO emission from rice phyllosphere was inhibited remarkably by moderate（6 000 lx） and strong（8 000 lx） light（P〈 0.01）. [Conclusion] Rice seedlings mainly exhibited net emissions of NO2 from the phyllosphere and roots.N2Oand NOX（NO, NO2） emissions from rice phyllosphere and roots at tillering stage could be inhibited by adjusting the composition of visible light（synchronously increasing the proportions of red and blue lights） and appropriately controlling daytime light intensity.

Role of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma are the main histological subtypes and constitutes around 85% and 15% of all lung cancer respectively. Multimodality treatment plays a key role in the successful management of lung cancer depending upon the histological subtype, stage of disease, and performance status. Imaging modalities play an important role in the diagnosis and accurate staging of the disease, in assessing the response to neoadjuvant therapy, and in the follow-up of the patients. Last decade has witnessed voluminous upsurge in the use of positron emission tomography-computed tomography(PET-CT); role of PET-CT has widened exponentially in the management of lung cancer. The present article reviews the role of 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose PET-CT in the management of non small cell lung cancer with emphasis on staging of the disease and the assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy based on available literature.

A dual-route optical emission spectroscopy diagnostic with wide spectral range and high wavelength resolution on HL-2A tokamak

A dual-route optical emission spectroscopy(D-OES)diagnostic is newly developed to monitor the optical emission from the X-point plasma region on the HL-2 A tokamak.This diagnostic is composed of an imaging system,a beam-splitting system for dual-route measurements,fiber bundles,a spectrometer system,and a control and acquisition system.One route is used to obtain wide-spectral-range spectra,and the other route is used to acquire high-wavelengthresolution line shapes.The spectral resolution of the wide-range spectrometers is 0.8 nm with a coverage of 800 nm(@200-1000 nm).The spectral resolution of the high-resolution spectrometer is 0.01 nm with a coverage of 6 nm(@200-660 nm).The spatial resolution of each route of D-OES is about 4 cm with 11 channels.The temporal resolution is 16 ms at maximum in the single-channel mode.Wide-range spectra(containing Balmer series and a Fulcher band)and highly resolved Ha line shapes are obtained by D-OES in the hydrogen glow discharge in the lab.D-OES measurements are carried out in the high-density deuterium experiments of HL-2A.The electron density n_(e)and deuterium temperature T_(D) in the X-point multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge(MARFE)region are derived simultaneously by fitting the measured D_(a) shape.The density n_(e)is observed to increase from~8.7×10^(18)m^(-3)to~7.8×10^(19)m^(-3),and the temperature T_(D)drops from~14.4 eV to~2.3 eV after the onset of MARFE in the discharge#38260.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDI Diesel Engine Fuelled by SiO_(2) Nanoparticle-Waste Fat Biodiesel Blends

This study investigates the use of waste fat biodiesel(WFB)from the leather industry as a substitute for diesel fuel.Specifically,it examines the diesel engine performance of WFB,a blend of WFB and diesel(B50),and different blends of WFB and silicon dioxide(SiO_(2))nanoparticles(B50SiO_(2)40,B50SiO_(2)80,and B50SiO_(2)120μg/g).The results indicate that the B50SiO_(2)120 blend increases brake thermal efficiency by 10.03%compared to pure biodiesel but falls 1.93%short of neat diesel.Furthermore,the B50SiO_(2)120 mixture reduces smoke,hydrocarbon,and carbon monoxide emissions by 31.87%,34.14%,and 43.97%respectively,compared to diesel.However,the B50SiO_(2)120 blend shows a 4.91%increase in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel.

Ultra-Net Emission and Solid Waste Transfer of Air Pollutants in Steel, Power and Cement Industries—The Idea of Construction and Key Technology of Denitration Engineering Transformation and By-Product Formation

In this paper, an integrated desulfurization and denitrification technology is proposed for ultra-low emissions of SO2 and NOx in the steel, power and cement industries. A cost-effective and operationally efficient control strategy is realized through a forced oxidation-absorption-reduction process, which reduces equipment investment and operating costs. The technology was adapted to continuous and intermittent denitrification in different temperature zones, promoting the recycling of desulfurization and denitrification products. The study also explored the use of a highly active absorbent obtained by the hydration reaction of coal ash and lime from a power company for the desulfurization and denitrification of sintered flue gases in iron and steel mills, which produces by-products that can be used as retarding agents in the cement industry, resulting in a circular economy. The article emphasizes the importance of improving the lime digestion process and developing new denitrification agents for environmentally safe and cost-effective flue gas treatment.

Non-cropping period accounting for over a half of annual nitric oxide releases from cultivated calcareous-soil alpine ecosystems with marginally low emission factors

Nitric oxide(NO)emissions from alpine ecosystems conventionally being long-term cultivated with feed crops are not well quantified.The authors attempted to address this knowledge gap by performing a year-round experimental campaign in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Fertilized(F)and unfertilized(UF)treatments were established within a flat calcareous-soil site for the long-term cultivation of feed oats.NO fluxes and five soil variables were simultaneously measured.A single plow tillage accounted for approximately 54%–73%of the NO releases during the cropping period(CP);and the non-cropping period(NCP)contributed to 51%–58%of the annual emissions.The direct NO emissions factor(EFd)was 0.021%±0.021%.Significantly lower Q10 values(p<0.01)occurred in the F treatment during the CP(approximately 3.6)compared to those during the other period or in the other treatment(approximately 4.9?5.1),indicating a fertilizer-induced reduction in the temperature sensitivity.The selected soil variables jointly accounted for up to 72%(p<0.01)of the variance for all the fluxes across both treatments.This finding suggests that temporally and/or spatially distributed fluxes from alpine calcareous-soil ecosystems for feed crop production may be easily predicted if data on these soil variables are available.Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that the EFd is larger in alpine feed-oat fields than those in this study if the soil moisture content is higher during the period following the basal application of ammoniumor urea-based fertilizer.

Design of the electron cyclotron emission diagnostic on EXL-50 spherical torus

The electron cyclotron emission(ECE)diagnostic system has been developed on the ENN spherical torus(EXL-50).The ECE system is designed to detect radiation emitted by energetic electrons,rather than conventional 1D electron temperature profile measurement,in the frequency range of 4-40 GHz.The system is composed of five subsystems,each covering a different frequency band,including the C-band(4-8 GHz),X-band(8-12 GHz),Ku-band(12-18 GHz),K-band(18-26.5 GHz)and Kα-band(26.4-40 GHz).The system uses heterodyne detection to analyze the received signals.The K-band and Kα-band subsystems are located horizontally in the equatorial plane of the EXL-50,while the C-band,X-band and Ku-band subsystems are located under the vacuum vessel of the EXL-50.To direct the microwaves from the plasma to the antennas for the horizontal detection subsystems,a quasi-optical system has been developed.For the vertical detection subsystems,the antennas are directly attached to the port located beneath the torus at R=700 mm,which is also the magnetic axis of the torus.The system integration,bench testing and initial experimental results will be thoroughly discussed,providing a comprehensive understanding of the ECE system s performance and capabilities.