Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta.Ferroptosis,a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidati...Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta.Ferroptosis,a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation,plays a vital role in the death of dopaminergic neurons.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons have not yet been completely elucidated.NADPH oxidase 4 is related to oxidative stress,however,whether it regulates dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis remains unknown.The aim of this study was to determine whether NADPH oxidase 4 is involved in dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis,and if so,by what mechanism.We found that the transcriptional regulator activating transcription factor 3 increased NADPH oxidase 4 expression in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model.NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition improved the behavioral impairments observed in the Parkinson's disease model animals and reduced the death of dopaminergic neurons.Moreover,NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in the substantia nigra of the Parkinson's disease model animals.Mechanistically,we found that NADPH oxidase 4 interacted with activated protein kinase Cαto prevent ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons.Furthermore,by lowering the astrocytic lipocalin-2 expression,NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced neuroinflammation.These findings demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 4 promotes ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammation,which contribute to dopaminergic neuron death,suggesting that NADPH oxidase 4 is a possible therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Nowadays,presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography,which assesses deficiencies in dopamine synthesis,storage,and transport,is widely utilized for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of parkinsonism....Nowadays,presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography,which assesses deficiencies in dopamine synthesis,storage,and transport,is widely utilized for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the application of presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography imaging in disorders that manifest parkinsonism.We conducted a thorough literature search using reputable databases such as PubMed and Web of Science.Selection criteria involved identifying peer-reviewed articles published within the last 5 years,with emphasis on their relevance to clinical applications.The findings from these studies highlight that presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has demonstrated potential not only in diagnosing and differentiating various Parkinsonian conditions but also in assessing disease severity and predicting prognosis.Moreover,when employed in conjunction with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods,presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has been validated as a reliable in vivo biomarker.This validation extends to screening and exploring potential neuropathological mechanisms associated with dopaminergic depletion.In summary,the insights gained from interpreting these studies are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of preclinical investigations and clinical trials,ultimately advancing toward the goals of neuroregeneration in parkinsonian disorders.展开更多
With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FD...With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more difficult.To this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is proposed.Subsequently,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent SOP.Finally,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 percent.The findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.展开更多
Texas is the largest state by area in the US after Alaska,and one of the top states in the production and consumption of electricity with many coal-fired plants.Coal-fired power plants emit greater than 70% of polluta...Texas is the largest state by area in the US after Alaska,and one of the top states in the production and consumption of electricity with many coal-fired plants.Coal-fired power plants emit greater than 70% of pollutants in the energy sector.When coal is burned to produce electricity,nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))are released into the air,one of the main pollutants that threaten human health and lead to a large number of premature deaths.The key to effective air quality management is the strict compliance of all plants with emission standards.However,not all Texas coal plants have the environmental equipment to lower pollutant emissions.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)were used to evaluate the emissions for Texas power plants.Data from both the Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database(EGRID)and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR)were used to examine emissions.It was found that NOx emissions for Texas power plants range from 1.53 kt/year to 10.99 kt/year,with the Martin Lake,Limestone and Fayette Power Project stations being the top emitters.WA Parish and Martin Lake stations have the strongest NOx fluxes,with both exhibiting significant seasonal variability.Comparisons of bottom-up inventories for EDGAR and EGRID show a high correlation(r=0.956)and a low root mean square error(0.766).A more reasonable control policy would lead to much reduced NOx emissions.展开更多
A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOZ emission on NOX and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NO...A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOZ emission on NOX and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NOX emission. The results show that subsonic aircraft NO* emission significantly affects northern China, which makes NOX at 250 hPa increase by about 50 pptv with the highest percentage of 60% in January, and leading to an ozone increase of 8 ppbv with 5% relative change in April. The NOX increase is mainly attributed to the transport process, but ozone increase is produced by the chemical process. The NOX increases by less than 10 pptv by virtue of subsonic aircraft NOX emission over China, and ozone changes less than 0.4 ppbv. When subsonic aircraft NOX emission over China is doubled, its influence is still relatively small.展开更多
The authors evaluated and compared the behavior of PM2.5 with respect to NOx and NH3 emission changes in high(the year 2013)and low(the year 2018)SO2 emission cases.Two groups of simulations were conducted based on an...The authors evaluated and compared the behavior of PM2.5 with respect to NOx and NH3 emission changes in high(the year 2013)and low(the year 2018)SO2 emission cases.Two groups of simulations were conducted based on anthropogenic emissions from China in 2013 and 2018,respectively.In each group of simulations,a respective 25%reduction in NOx and NH3 emissions were assumed.A sensitivity factor(β)was defined as the relative change in PM2.5 concentration due to 1%change in NOx or NH3 emissions.In the high SO2 emissions case,PM2.5 was more sensitive to NH3(0.31)emissions change than NOx(0.21).Due to the significant decrease in SO2 emissions from the high to low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivity of PM2.5 to NOx increased to 0.33,while its sensitivity to NH3 decreased to 0.22.The result implies that now and in the future,PM2.5 is/will be less sensitive to NH3 emissions change,while NOx emissions control is more effective in reducing the surface PM2.5 concentration.Seasonally,in the low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivities of PM2.5 to NOx and NH3 in winter were higher than those in summer,indicating that to dealwith severewinter hazemore attention should be paid to the emissions control of inorganic PM2.5 precursors,especially NOx.展开更多
NOx emission abatement catalysts V 2O 5 supported on various TiO 2 including anatase, rutile and mixture of both were investigated with various physico\|chemical measurements such as BET, NH\-3\|TPD, NARP, XRD and ...NOx emission abatement catalysts V 2O 5 supported on various TiO 2 including anatase, rutile and mixture of both were investigated with various physico\|chemical measurements such as BET, NH\-3\|TPD, NARP, XRD and so on, and the effect of TiO\-2 surface properties on the SCR(selective catalytic reduction) activity of V\-2O\-5/TiO\-2 catalysts was studied. It was found that the TiO\-2 surface properties had strong affect on the SCR activity of V\-2O\-5/TiO\-2 catalysts. The stronger acidic property resulted in the higher exposure of active sites as well as the higher SCR activity.展开更多
Estimated emissions of gases and particulate matter from two Portland cement plants near Khoms city in northwestern Libya by computer simulation reveal that the SO2, NOx and dust emissions exceed selected internationa...Estimated emissions of gases and particulate matter from two Portland cement plants near Khoms city in northwestern Libya by computer simulation reveal that the SO2, NOx and dust emissions exceed selected international standard limits. The results highlight the need for improved operational procedures to minimize emissions and avoid any possible adverse environmental effects.展开更多
It is of important practical significance to reduce NOx emission and CO2 emission in China's cement industry.This paper firstly identifies key factors that influence China's future cement demand,and then uses ...It is of important practical significance to reduce NOx emission and CO2 emission in China's cement industry.This paper firstly identifies key factors that influence China's future cement demand,and then uses the Gompertz model to project China's future cement demand and production.Furthermore,the multi-pollutant abatement planning model(MAP)was developed based on the TIMES model to analyze the co-benefits of CO2 and NOx control in China's cement industry.During modeling analysis,three scenarios such as basic as usual scenario(BAU),moderately low carbon scenario(MLC),and radically low carbon scenario(RLC),were built according to different policy constraints and emission control goals.Moreover,the benefits of co-controlling NOx and CO2 emission in China's cement industry have been estimated.Finally,this paper proposes a cost-efficient,green,and low carbon development roadmap for the Chinese cement sector,and puts forwards countermeasures as follows:first,different ministries should enhance communication and coordination about how to promote the co-control of NOx and CO2 in cement industry.Second,co-control technology list should be issued timely for cement industry,and the R&D investment on new technologies and demonstration projects should be increased.Third,the phase-out of old cement capacity needs to be continued at policy level.Fourth,it is important to scientifically evaluate the relevant environmental impact and adverse motivation of ammonia production by NOx removal requirement in cement industry.展开更多
Volumetric combustion has been developed to realize a high substitution ratio of biomass in co-firing boilers, which features an intensive flue gas internal recirculation inside furnace. However, the characteristics o...Volumetric combustion has been developed to realize a high substitution ratio of biomass in co-firing boilers, which features an intensive flue gas internal recirculation inside furnace. However, the characteristics of NOx and SOx emissions in large-scale boilers with volumetric combustion were not fully clear. In this paper, an Aspen Plus model of volumetric combustion system was built up based on a co-firing boiler. In order to characterize the reductions of NOx and SOx, three biomass substitution ratios were involved, namely, 100% biomass, 45% biomass with 55% coal, and 100% coal. The effects of flue gas recirculation ratio, air preheating temperature, oxygen concentration, and fuel types on pollutants emission in the volumetric combustion system were investigated. According to the results, it was concluded the higher substitution ratio of biomass in a co-firing boiler, the lower emissions of NOx and SOx. Moreover, flue gas internal recirculation is an effective pathway for NOx reduction and an increased recirculation ratio resulted in a significant decreasing of NOx emission;however, the SOx increased slightly. The influences of air preheating temperature and O2 concentration on NOx emission were getting weak with increasing of recirculation ratio. When 10% or even higher of flue gas was recycled, it was observed that almost no NOx formed thermodynamically under all studied conditions. Finally, to reach a low emission level of NOx, less energy would be consumed during biomass combustion than coal combustion process for internal recirculation of flue gas.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271444(to JP),82271268(to BZ),and 82001346(to YL)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFE0210100(to BZ)。
文摘Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta.Ferroptosis,a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation,plays a vital role in the death of dopaminergic neurons.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons have not yet been completely elucidated.NADPH oxidase 4 is related to oxidative stress,however,whether it regulates dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis remains unknown.The aim of this study was to determine whether NADPH oxidase 4 is involved in dopaminergic neuronal ferroptosis,and if so,by what mechanism.We found that the transcriptional regulator activating transcription factor 3 increased NADPH oxidase 4 expression in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model.NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition improved the behavioral impairments observed in the Parkinson's disease model animals and reduced the death of dopaminergic neurons.Moreover,NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation in the substantia nigra of the Parkinson's disease model animals.Mechanistically,we found that NADPH oxidase 4 interacted with activated protein kinase Cαto prevent ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons.Furthermore,by lowering the astrocytic lipocalin-2 expression,NADPH oxidase 4 inhibition reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced neuroinflammation.These findings demonstrate that NADPH oxidase 4 promotes ferroptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammation,which contribute to dopaminergic neuron death,suggesting that NADPH oxidase 4 is a possible therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
基金supported by the Research Project of the Shanghai Health Commission,No.2020YJZX0111(to CZ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82021002(to CZ),82272039(to CZ),82171252(to FL)+1 种基金a grant from the National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China(PRC),No.Pro20211231084249000238(to JW)Medical Innovation Research Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,No.21Y11903300(to JG).
文摘Nowadays,presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography,which assesses deficiencies in dopamine synthesis,storage,and transport,is widely utilized for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the application of presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography imaging in disorders that manifest parkinsonism.We conducted a thorough literature search using reputable databases such as PubMed and Web of Science.Selection criteria involved identifying peer-reviewed articles published within the last 5 years,with emphasis on their relevance to clinical applications.The findings from these studies highlight that presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has demonstrated potential not only in diagnosing and differentiating various Parkinsonian conditions but also in assessing disease severity and predicting prognosis.Moreover,when employed in conjunction with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods,presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has been validated as a reliable in vivo biomarker.This validation extends to screening and exploring potential neuropathological mechanisms associated with dopaminergic depletion.In summary,the insights gained from interpreting these studies are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of preclinical investigations and clinical trials,ultimately advancing toward the goals of neuroregeneration in parkinsonian disorders.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52007026.
文摘With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more difficult.To this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is proposed.Subsequently,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent SOP.Finally,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 percent.The findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.
基金This work was supported by the Basic Research Top Talent Plan of Lanzhou Jiaotong University(2022JC05).
文摘Texas is the largest state by area in the US after Alaska,and one of the top states in the production and consumption of electricity with many coal-fired plants.Coal-fired power plants emit greater than 70% of pollutants in the energy sector.When coal is burned to produce electricity,nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))are released into the air,one of the main pollutants that threaten human health and lead to a large number of premature deaths.The key to effective air quality management is the strict compliance of all plants with emission standards.However,not all Texas coal plants have the environmental equipment to lower pollutant emissions.Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI)were used to evaluate the emissions for Texas power plants.Data from both the Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database(EGRID)and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR)were used to examine emissions.It was found that NOx emissions for Texas power plants range from 1.53 kt/year to 10.99 kt/year,with the Martin Lake,Limestone and Fayette Power Project stations being the top emitters.WA Parish and Martin Lake stations have the strongest NOx fluxes,with both exhibiting significant seasonal variability.Comparisons of bottom-up inventories for EDGAR and EGRID show a high correlation(r=0.956)and a low root mean square error(0.766).A more reasonable control policy would lead to much reduced NOx emissions.
文摘A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOZ emission on NOX and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NOX emission. The results show that subsonic aircraft NO* emission significantly affects northern China, which makes NOX at 250 hPa increase by about 50 pptv with the highest percentage of 60% in January, and leading to an ozone increase of 8 ppbv with 5% relative change in April. The NOX increase is mainly attributed to the transport process, but ozone increase is produced by the chemical process. The NOX increases by less than 10 pptv by virtue of subsonic aircraft NOX emission over China, and ozone changes less than 0.4 ppbv. When subsonic aircraft NOX emission over China is doubled, its influence is still relatively small.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41805098].
文摘The authors evaluated and compared the behavior of PM2.5 with respect to NOx and NH3 emission changes in high(the year 2013)and low(the year 2018)SO2 emission cases.Two groups of simulations were conducted based on anthropogenic emissions from China in 2013 and 2018,respectively.In each group of simulations,a respective 25%reduction in NOx and NH3 emissions were assumed.A sensitivity factor(β)was defined as the relative change in PM2.5 concentration due to 1%change in NOx or NH3 emissions.In the high SO2 emissions case,PM2.5 was more sensitive to NH3(0.31)emissions change than NOx(0.21).Due to the significant decrease in SO2 emissions from the high to low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivity of PM2.5 to NOx increased to 0.33,while its sensitivity to NH3 decreased to 0.22.The result implies that now and in the future,PM2.5 is/will be less sensitive to NH3 emissions change,while NOx emissions control is more effective in reducing the surface PM2.5 concentration.Seasonally,in the low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivities of PM2.5 to NOx and NH3 in winter were higher than those in summer,indicating that to dealwith severewinter hazemore attention should be paid to the emissions control of inorganic PM2.5 precursors,especially NOx.
文摘NOx emission abatement catalysts V 2O 5 supported on various TiO 2 including anatase, rutile and mixture of both were investigated with various physico\|chemical measurements such as BET, NH\-3\|TPD, NARP, XRD and so on, and the effect of TiO\-2 surface properties on the SCR(selective catalytic reduction) activity of V\-2O\-5/TiO\-2 catalysts was studied. It was found that the TiO\-2 surface properties had strong affect on the SCR activity of V\-2O\-5/TiO\-2 catalysts. The stronger acidic property resulted in the higher exposure of active sites as well as the higher SCR activity.
文摘Estimated emissions of gases and particulate matter from two Portland cement plants near Khoms city in northwestern Libya by computer simulation reveal that the SO2, NOx and dust emissions exceed selected international standard limits. The results highlight the need for improved operational procedures to minimize emissions and avoid any possible adverse environmental effects.
文摘It is of important practical significance to reduce NOx emission and CO2 emission in China's cement industry.This paper firstly identifies key factors that influence China's future cement demand,and then uses the Gompertz model to project China's future cement demand and production.Furthermore,the multi-pollutant abatement planning model(MAP)was developed based on the TIMES model to analyze the co-benefits of CO2 and NOx control in China's cement industry.During modeling analysis,three scenarios such as basic as usual scenario(BAU),moderately low carbon scenario(MLC),and radically low carbon scenario(RLC),were built according to different policy constraints and emission control goals.Moreover,the benefits of co-controlling NOx and CO2 emission in China's cement industry have been estimated.Finally,this paper proposes a cost-efficient,green,and low carbon development roadmap for the Chinese cement sector,and puts forwards countermeasures as follows:first,different ministries should enhance communication and coordination about how to promote the co-control of NOx and CO2 in cement industry.Second,co-control technology list should be issued timely for cement industry,and the R&D investment on new technologies and demonstration projects should be increased.Third,the phase-out of old cement capacity needs to be continued at policy level.Fourth,it is important to scientifically evaluate the relevant environmental impact and adverse motivation of ammonia production by NOx removal requirement in cement industry.
文摘Volumetric combustion has been developed to realize a high substitution ratio of biomass in co-firing boilers, which features an intensive flue gas internal recirculation inside furnace. However, the characteristics of NOx and SOx emissions in large-scale boilers with volumetric combustion were not fully clear. In this paper, an Aspen Plus model of volumetric combustion system was built up based on a co-firing boiler. In order to characterize the reductions of NOx and SOx, three biomass substitution ratios were involved, namely, 100% biomass, 45% biomass with 55% coal, and 100% coal. The effects of flue gas recirculation ratio, air preheating temperature, oxygen concentration, and fuel types on pollutants emission in the volumetric combustion system were investigated. According to the results, it was concluded the higher substitution ratio of biomass in a co-firing boiler, the lower emissions of NOx and SOx. Moreover, flue gas internal recirculation is an effective pathway for NOx reduction and an increased recirculation ratio resulted in a significant decreasing of NOx emission;however, the SOx increased slightly. The influences of air preheating temperature and O2 concentration on NOx emission were getting weak with increasing of recirculation ratio. When 10% or even higher of flue gas was recycled, it was observed that almost no NOx formed thermodynamically under all studied conditions. Finally, to reach a low emission level of NOx, less energy would be consumed during biomass combustion than coal combustion process for internal recirculation of flue gas.
