The Potential Impacts of National, Regional and International Policies and Legislation on the Sustainable Forest Management for NTFPs： A Swaziland Case Study

The objective of this study entails the review and assessment of the relevance of existing and draft policies and legislation that affects the Non-timber Forest Products （NTFP） sector in Swaziland. A hierarchical method of policy and legislation review and analysis was devised for this study. Findings indicated that most national policies and legislation are outdated and old-fashioned, with gaps and overlaps, and there is lack of collaboration between institutions implementing these. The present national forest policy does not adequately guide the development of NTFPs. As a consequence, whilst international policies and legislation capture an excellent spectrum of elements and issues on NTFPs they still remain difficult to implement. However, national level criteria and indicators have issues and elements that are relevant to the sustainable use of NTFPs. It was recommended that national strategies, action plans, policies and legislation be reviewed and updated. The study shows that there are no existing institutional networks or formal collaboration between the institutions involved in the implementation of local, national, regional, and international policies and legislation that affect NTFPs. Government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations （NGO＇s）, communities, individuals, and all concerned agencies should jointly develop and implement policies and legislation to provide secure access and benefits to people whose livelihood depends on/is supplemented by NTFPs and further foster networking and collaboration. The immediate adoption and implementation of the 11 policy recommendations on the sustainable management of Non-timber Forest Resources compiled by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity （CBD） from the Convention on Biological Diversity is highly recommended. It is worthwhile to note that while some of the 11 recommendations were directly inherited from certain articles of the CBD some are general recommendations.

Fatty Acid Composition of Hazelnut Kernel Oil from Coula edulis Collected in the Republic of Congo

Coula edulis is non-timber forest product (NTFP) used in Africa for its hazelnuts, which contain edible seeds with a demonstrated nutritional potential. However, there have been very few scientific studies of this species in the Republic of Congo. Thus, the aim of the current study was therefore to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from Coula edulis hazelnut seeds collected at random in the Republic of Congo. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and its fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The extracted oil from Coula edulis hazelnut kernels is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (95.28%), particularly oleic acid (94.5%), which classifies it as an oleic oil and gives it interesting nutritional and therapeutic properties. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids (4.15%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.35%) are not well represented. Its low poly-unsaturated fatty acid content makes it more stable when stored at room temperature.

Assessing the role of forest resources in improving rural livelihoods in West Bengal of India

Forest resources play a vital role in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities residing in forest-rich areas.In India,a forest-rich country,a significant proportion of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)is consumed locally,supporting numerous rural communities relying on forests for essential resources,such as firewood,timber,and NTFPs.This study focuses on two forest-dominant districts in West Bengal of India,namely,Jhargram District and Paschim Medinipur District.Furthermore,this study aims to enhance the understanding of forest-dependent communities by comparing the standard of living among different village classes.Thus,we categorized villages into three classes based on the distance from home to forests,including inner villages,fringe villages,and outer villages.Through focus group discussions and household surveys,we explored the sources of local economy,income sources of household,and reasons for economic diversification in different village classes.The study findings confirm that substantial variations existed in the income sources and the standard of living in these villages.Forest income varied dramatically among the three village classes,with inner villages having greater forest income than fringe villages and outer villages.Meanwhile,households in outer villages depended on forests and engaged in diverse economic activities for their livelihoods.Compared with inner and fringe villages,households in outer villages derived a significant portion of their income from livestock.This discrepancy can be attributed to challenges,such as inadequate transportation,communication,and underdeveloped market chains in inner villages.Moreover,these findings emphasize the need to develop sustainable forest management practices,create alternative income-generation opportunities,and improve infrastructure and market access in inner villages,as well as promote economic diversification in outer villages.Through targeted policy measures,these forest-rich regions can achieve improved livelihoods,enhanced standard of living,and increased resilience for their communities.

国际森林认证与我国野生森林产品开发

世界森林认证发展迅速。目前认证体系可以分为全球、地区和国家三个层次。我国政府森林认证立法起步较晚,挑战和机遇并存。森林认证包括林场管理、产销供应链和非森林木材产品认证,其中后者对我国森林认证具有深远的意义。结合世界森林认证体系发展历程和我国具体国情,对我国开发非木材林产品提出了建议。

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.

非木质林产品开发利用的历史沿革与趋势探析——四川省平武县的实证分析

非木材林产品(NTFP)的重要性日益引起国际研究的广泛关注,而现有研究主要立足于NTFP利用现状的截面。平武县是既具有典型性又具有特殊性的山区县,回顾其NTFP开发利用的历史变迁,从中发掘规律性因素,并对今后的发展进行探讨。

山区农户林业相关生计活动类型及影响因素

农户如何利用森林资源、发展林业情况是实现森林丰富地区农户生计改善和森林资源保护的关键。本文通过对西安周至县南部4个山区乡镇20个行政村1 074个农户的问卷调查,发现当地存在着4种与林业相关的生计活动类型,即:林业专业化、林业补充型、林业依赖型和生计多样化,该4种类型的农户在家庭人口数、初中以上受教育程度的人数、非农收入、户纯收入、贫困发生率等方面存在着显著差异。同时,被调查农户发展生计多样化出现了收入的两极分化,林业专业化农户的收入水平和消费状况总体上要好于生计多样化型农户。采用Multinomial Logit模型对农户林业相关生计活动类型选择的影响因素的分析发现,家庭劳动力数量、女性比例、是否参与退耕、土地林地面积、家庭社会网络等对农户选择不同的林业生计类型有着显著影响。基于实证研究的结果,本文认为应提高农户的人力资本、培育农村社区组织、提高其治理能力等。

浙江省非木质林产品产业发展研究

对浙江省非木质林产品产业发展现状进行深入分析,结果表明:浙江省非木质林产品生产规模小,产后商品化处理落后,产品质量安全状况不容乐观,专业合作经济组织地区间发展不平衡,品牌多而乱。针对发展现状,提出了扩大生产经营规模、增强加工企业实力,提高产后商品化处理水平,推广标准化生产提高产品质量安全水平,加快合作经济组织发展并完善内部管理和运行机制,创建区域品牌以发挥品牌的规模效益等建议。

家庭劳动力配置异质性农户非木质林产品经营行为选择——来自陕西省和四川省1131户的调查

【目的】分析家庭劳动力配置差异对农户非木质林产品(NTFP)经营行为选择的影响,为巩固国家林业重点生态工程成果、实现林业可持续发展、缓解生态林业与民生林业之间的矛盾提供决策依据。【方法】在考虑农户家庭成员内部劳动力分工相互依赖的基础上,根据劳动力配置状况将农户划分为5种类型,并利用陕西省和四川省农户实地调查数据,分析不同类型农户NTFP的经营方式和技术类型及其各自的影响因素。【结果】劳动力配置差异农户在NTFP的经营方式和技术类型选择上存在显著差异;林地收入占比对各类农户种植经济林和发展林下经济影响显著,财政补贴对农户发展林下经济影响显著;林地质量和林地距公路的距离对各类农户的技术类型选择影响显著,农业劳动力规模、信贷支持和财政补贴对兼业型农户技术类型选择影响显著。【结论】劳动力配置不同导致农户NTFP经营行为存在差异;经济效益是农户选择经营NTFP的直接动因,财政补贴对农户发展林下经济具有显著促进作用;林地禀赋是各类农户经营劳动密集型NTFP的基础,农业劳动力规模和政策支持对兼业型农户经营劳动密集型NTFP具有重要影响。

金平周期性集市野生食用植物资源的民族植物学

非木材林产品的采集和利用,既关系到当地群众生活状况,也与当地生物多样性保护和可持续发展密切相关。运用关键人物访谈和参与式观察等民族植物学研究方法对金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县境内的6个主要周期性集市中一类重要的非木材林产品——野生食用植物资源进行了系统调查。结果显示:研究地区集市中常见野生食用植物35种,分属于27科,其中苏木科(8.57%)和桑科(8.57%)等植物比例较大;主要包括野生蔬菜(82.85%)、野生水果(14.29%)和野生食用染料(2.86%);蔬菜以乔木的幼嫩枝叶(34.29%)和草本植物的地上部分(25.71%)为主;表现出种类与周边地区高度的相似性、使用部位和用途类型具有明显的季节性、单位摊位种类数量和市场价格较低等特点。女性在野生食用植物的采集与销售过程中占有极其重要的地位。市场的地理位置对当地群众的野生食用植物资源利用强度有一定的影响,不同民族对野生食用植物的利用强度也表现出一定的差异。野生食用植物在当地群众的经济收入中占有比较小的地位。从目前研究地区对野生食用植物的利用情况看,采集和销售野生食用植物资源并未对当地生物多样性产生巨大影响。

非木材林产品的民族植物学研究进展

非木材林产品(NTFPs)是指从森林植被中采集的药材、食物(如野菜、野果等)、树脂树胶、纤维或其他非木材类产品,它们不仅为当地群众提供了食物、药材等日常生活必需品,而且也是许多地区原住民的重要经济收入来源。在收集整理相关国内外研究资料的基础上,从非木材林产品的集市民族植物学、非木材林产品的经济价值和对原住民经济收入的贡献、影响非木材林产品采集和利用的因素、非木材林产品采集对当地生物多样性的影响、原住民对非木材林产品的传统管理与保护等方面对近年来有关非木材林产品的民族植物学研究进展进行了综合评述,并对非木材林产品的民族植物学重点研究内容和方向提出了一些建议。

Socio-economic factors influencing mopane worm(Imbrasia belina) harvesting in Limpopo Province, South Africa

In South Africa, non-timber forest products, especially mopane worms （Imbrasia belina） have become an important source of food and cash income for rural people living in or near the mopane woodlands. However, the continued harvesting has implications for long term management of the mopane woodlands in the northern parts of South Africa. In order to keep a balance between mopane worm harvesting and biodiversity, an understand- ing of socio-economic factors influencing the harvest at household level is vital to reducing depletion and overex- ploitation of the mopane woodland resources. This study evaluated the socio-economic factors influencing mopane worm harvesting decisions in rural households in Limpopo Province, South Africa using a binary logistic regression model based on a household survey of 120 respondents. Age, gender, education, income from mopane worm sales, social capital （group affiliation）, household size, lack of institution/law to regulate use, distance to the nearest har- vesting site, and regional locations were statistically significant factors influencing household mopane worm harvest decisions. Implications for policy are discussed.

浅述云南石斛资源现状及开发利用技术

石斛是常用名贵中药材,应用广泛。但石斛属植物自然繁殖力极低,生长缓慢,加之掠夺性采挖,致使野生石斛资源已经严重枯竭。石斛的栽培也一直存在着成活率低、产量低等问题,因此,石斛药源一直处于紧张状态,亟待解决。结合云南省林下资源开发,走组织培养与栽培相结合之路,通过人工栽培扩大资源量,实现石斛资源的保护和可持续利用。

A review on the use of non-timber forest products in beauty-care in Bangladesh

This review describes the non-timber forest products （NTFPs） used for different aspects of beauty-care in Bangladesh on the basis of extensive literature survey. The diverse plant species, including used parts and using patterns for hair care, facial treatments and body care, were summarized in 13 tables. This paper accumulate the scattered knowledge regarding the use of plants in beauty-care in Bangladesh, to draw the extent of use of NTFPs in health care and to record the knowledge for assessing the possibilities of further implementation in herbal cosmetics industries. The structured knowledge can be used in policy making process for sustainable management of these valuable NTFPs leading to the conservation of the country＇s biological diversity. It is suggested that intensive field level research is necessary for securing sustainability of NTFPs.

Diversity of non-timber forest products in Cachar District, Assam, India

We identified 67 and 21 NTFP-yielding plant and animal species, respectively, in a reserve forest in Cachar district of Assam. We recorded globally threatened species listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered （plant species Dipterocarpus turbinatus）, Vulnerable （plant species Aquillaria malaccensis）, Endangered （animal species Hoolock hoolock, Indotestudo elongata and Manis pentadactyla）, and Vulnerable （animal species Nilssonia hurum and Rusa unicolor）. The whole plant or animal and/or their various parts were used as food or medicine, in house construction, magico-religious activities and others. While some NTFPs were harvested throughout the year, others were harvested seasonally. A comprehensive NTFP policy, along with scientific measures for regen- eration, restoration and augmentation of NTFP-yielding plants and animals, would help in addressing the conflicting demands of conservation and livelihood in the forests of this area.

Population distribution and threats to sustainable management of selected non-timber forest products in tropical lowland rainforests of south western Nigeria

Uncontrolled harvesting of non-timber forest products （NTFPs） poses a serious risk of extermination to several of these species in Nigeria. Yet, there is a paucity of information on the distribution, population status and sustainable management of NTFPs in most of the tropical lowland rainforests. We, therefore, assessed the population, distribution and threats to sustainable management of NTFPs within the tropical lowland rainforests of Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, south western Nigeria. Data were obtained through inventory surveys on five top priority species including： bush mango （Irvingia gabonensis （Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke） Baill）, African walnut （Tetracarpidium conophorum （Mull. Arg.） Hutch. ＆ Dalziel syn. Plukenetia conophora）, chew-stick （Massularia acuminata （G. Don） Bullock）, fever bark （Annickia chlorantha Setten ＆ P.J.Maas syn. Enantia chloranta） and bush pepper （Piper guineense Schumach. ＆ Thonn.）. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used for the inventory. Each forest reserve was stratified into three, viz： less disturbed natural forest （for areas that have been rested for at least ten years）, recently disturbed natural forest （for areas that have suffered one form of human perturbation or the other in the last five years）, and plantation forest （for areas carrying forest plantation）. Data were collected from eighteen 10 m × 500 m belt transects located in the above strata. The species were generally fewer in both plantation and recently disturbed natural forest than the less disturbed natural forest, suggesting that forest disturbances （habitat modification） for other uses may have an effect on the occurrence and densities of the NTFPs. Exceptions to this trend were found for P. guineense and T. conophorum, which were fairly common in both plantation and recently disturbed natural forest. Among three tree NTFP species （i.e. I. gabonensis, M. acuminata and A. chlorantha）, only I. gabonensis showed a significant difference in overall DBH size classes for both reserves （t=？2.404; df =21; p=0.026）. Three tree NTFP species in both reserves further showed differences from the regular patterns of distribution of trees. The fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for M. acuminata in the study sites, however, suggests a recuperating population. In general, destructive harvesting of species, logging operations, low population size, narrow distribution ranges and habitat degradation are the major threats to the population of NTFPs in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of NTFPs in the study area are discussed and recommendations are made for a feasible approach towards enhancing the status of the species.

Exploring Potential of REDD+ Readiness with Social Safeguard through Diverse Forest Use Practices in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with forest management (REDD+) might cause negative impact such as depriving of customary forest use rights under unclear tenure and forest use rights typical in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore how REDD+ Safeguard can be applied in readiness activities by analyzing practical forest use situations in a conservation forest, the Gunung Palung National Park as study site. From the results of the questionnaire survey and interviews, characteristics of forest users were identified and compared. The households, mostly Malays, practicing traditional durian collection, were recognized as main forest users depending on on-farm income especially from non-timber forest product (NTFP). Since the income structure is relatively low and unstable, some of them practice farming in forest area or sell their forest use rights to other households. They are inclined to be lack in legal farm land and certain forest use rights. Based on the findings, consideration for diverse forest users and potential readiness activities were discussed and proposed. For achieving REDD+ implementation with sustainable forest management and social safeguard, it will be necessary to respect for customary rights and take comprehensive measures as readiness efforts.

Analysis of developing non-timber forest products of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The Sanjiang Plain is a vast area of alluvial floodplains and low hills in northeast Heilongjiang Province. Because of the excessive land reclamation in the past, the whole forest area and the quality have decreased. In the view of sustainable development, this paper analyzed the possibilities for Non-timber Forest Product in terms of developing potentialities, markets, social effects and the status of NTFPs in several counties of Sanjiang Plain. The result showed that, active development and management for NTFPs is an optimistic option to how to balance the wetlands conservation and sustainable economic development.

森林认证与中国农村及环境的可持续发展(英文)

中国的山区面积占陆地面积的2/3,农村64%的人口居住在山区。非木质林产品的生产与农村(山区)的发展及基于林分的生态环境紧密相关。森林可持续经营认证是基于市场机制的促进森林可持续经营的工具,森林认证工作的开展在国际上已越来越多地引起人们对环境友好型及社会效益良好的林产品的认同。经营良好的林分往往能在经济、环境和社会方面达到标准,而这些标准可以确保林分的可持续经营。森林认证(含非木质林产品认证)就是按照这样的标准来进行操作的。从森林认证中的环境和社会影响评价及环境可持续发展的角度,就非木质林产品生产、农村发展与环境的可持续发展进行了论述,认为我国在森林认证尤其是在林分生物多样性的维持与恢复,森林认证相关知识的普及,社会影响评价与环境影响评价方面存在较多问题,任重而道远。

金平县林产业发展探讨

金平县2007年林业产值为1.91亿元,占全县农业总产值的35%,是林业重点县.该县具有发展林产业的优势项目,包括橡胶种植业、竹藤产业、木本油料(油茶)业、核桃特色经济林产业、杉木珍贵用材林产业以及草果林下资源开发等.分析了林产业发展的有利和不利因素.进行了产业发展规划和布局.提出加快集体林权制度改革、加大资金投入、加强科技支撑、扶持龙头企业、组建专业合作组织等保障措施.