The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely...The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely sensitive to injury.Systemic infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver damage.The primary regulator of intracellular pH in the liver is the Na+/H+exchanger(NHE).Physiologically,NHE protects hepatocytes from apoptosis by making the intracellular pH alkaline.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increases local angiotensin II levels by binding to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2.In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019,high angiotensin II levels may cause NHE overstimulation and lipid accumulation in the liver.NHE overstimulation can lead to hepatocyte death.NHE overstimulation may trigger a cytokine storm by increasing proinflammatory cytokines in the liver.Since the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 increases with NHE activation,the virus may indirectly cause an increase in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels.NHE overstimulation may cause thrombotic events and systemic damage by increasing fibrinogen levels and cytokine release.Also,NHE overstimulation causes an increase in the urea cycle while inhibiting vitamin D synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.Increasing NHE3 activity leads to Na+loading,which impairs the containment and fluidity of bile acid.NHE overstimulation can change the gut microbiota composition by disrupting the structure and fluidity of bile acid,thus triggering systemic damage.Unlike other tissues,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II decrease NHE3 activity in the intestine.Thus,increased luminal Na+leads to diarrhea and cytokine release.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced local and systemic damage can be improved by preventing virus-induced NHE overstimulation in the liver.展开更多
The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX fami...The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.展开更多
Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPas...Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.展开更多
This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na_2SO_4-H_2O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperatur...This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na_2SO_4-H_2O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^（_1）-4000 cm^（-1） spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO_4^（2-） band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and parameter I_1,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO_4^（2-） band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）：I_1=-0.00102＋0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water（2800 cm^（-1）-3800 cm^（-1）） at 3232 and 3430 cm^（-1） into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_（Bi）（3232 cm^（-1）） and A_（B2）（3430 cm^（-1））,defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_（B1）（3232 cm^（-1）） and W_（B2）（3430 cm^（-1））.A linear correlation between the concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and parameter I_2,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO_4^（2-）（A_s）（in 981 cm^（-1）） to（A_（B1）＋A_（B2））,was also established：I_2=-0.0111＋0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO_4^（2-）（W_s） to W_（B1） W_（B2） and W_（B1＋B2）（the sum of W_（B1） and W_（B2））,suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na_2SO_4 and NaCI solutions with a constant SO_4^（2-） concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I／ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I_2 parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na_2SO_4-H_2O,SO_4^（2-） concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H_2O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.展开更多
文摘The liver has many significant functions,such as detoxification,the urea cycle,gluconeogenesis,and protein synthesis.Systemic diseases,hypoxia,infections,drugs,and toxins can easily affect the liver,which is extremely sensitive to injury.Systemic infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can cause liver damage.The primary regulator of intracellular pH in the liver is the Na+/H+exchanger(NHE).Physiologically,NHE protects hepatocytes from apoptosis by making the intracellular pH alkaline.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increases local angiotensin II levels by binding to angiotensinconverting enzyme 2.In severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019,high angiotensin II levels may cause NHE overstimulation and lipid accumulation in the liver.NHE overstimulation can lead to hepatocyte death.NHE overstimulation may trigger a cytokine storm by increasing proinflammatory cytokines in the liver.Since the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 increases with NHE activation,the virus may indirectly cause an increase in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels.NHE overstimulation may cause thrombotic events and systemic damage by increasing fibrinogen levels and cytokine release.Also,NHE overstimulation causes an increase in the urea cycle while inhibiting vitamin D synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.Increasing NHE3 activity leads to Na+loading,which impairs the containment and fluidity of bile acid.NHE overstimulation can change the gut microbiota composition by disrupting the structure and fluidity of bile acid,thus triggering systemic damage.Unlike other tissues,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II decrease NHE3 activity in the intestine.Thus,increased luminal Na+leads to diarrhea and cytokine release.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced local and systemic damage can be improved by preventing virus-induced NHE overstimulation in the liver.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.816660412 to Xie R and No.81160265 to Xu JY
文摘The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.
文摘Aim: To explore the possible mechanisms of male infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb). Methods: Thesoluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level in serum was analyzed by ELISA and Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activi-ty in semen by phosphorus (Pi) assay. Results: The slL-2R level in serum was significantly higher and the Na^+ -K^+ -exchanging ATPase activity in semen significantly lower in AsAb positive infertile men when compared with thecontrols. Conclusion: The AsAb titer varies with the slL-2R level in serum. A decrease in Na^+ -K^+ -exchangingATPase activity in semen may play a role in male infertility caused by AsAb.
文摘This work aims to quantify sulfate ion concentrations in the system Na_2SO_4-H_2O using Raman micro-spectroscopy.Raman spectra of sodium sulfate solutions with known concentrations were collected at ambient temperature（293 K） and in the 500 cm^（_1）-4000 cm^（-1） spectral region.The results indicate that the intensity of the SO_4^（2-） band increases with increasing concentrations of sulfate ion.A linear correlation was found between the concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and parameter I_1,which represents the ratio of the area of the SO_4^（2-） band to that of the O-H stretching band of water（A_s/A_w）：I_1=-0.00102＋0.01538 c.Furthermore,we deconvoluted the O-H stretching band of water（2800 cm^（-1）-3800 cm^（-1）） at 3232 and 3430 cm^（-1） into two sub-Gaussian bands,and then defined Raman intensity of the two sub-bands as A_（Bi）（3232 cm^（-1）） and A_（B2）（3430 cm^（-1））,defined the full width of half maximum（FWHM） of the two sub-bands as W_（B1）（3232 cm^（-1）） and W_（B2）（3430 cm^（-1））.A linear correlation between the concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and parameter I_2,which represents the ratio of Raman intensity of SO_4^（2-）（A_s）（in 981 cm^（-1）） to（A_（B1）＋A_（B2））,was also established：I_2=-0.0111＋0.3653 c.However,no correlations were found between concentration of SO_4^（2-）（c） and FWHM ratios,which includes the ratio of FWHM of SO_4^（2-）（W_s） to W_（B1） W_（B2） and W_（B1＋B2）（the sum of W_（B1） and W_（B2））,suggesting that FWHM is not suitable for quantitative studies of sulfate solutions with Raman spectroscopy.A comparison of Raman spectroscopic studies of mixed Na_2SO_4 and NaCI solutions with a constant SO_4^（2-） concentration and variable CI^- concentrations suggest that the I／ parameter is affected by CI^-,whereas the I_2 parameter was not.Therefore,even if the solution is not purely Na_2SO_4-H_2O,SO_4^（2-） concentrations can still be calculated from the Raman spectra if the H_2O band is deconvoluted into two sub-bands,making this method potentially applicable to analysis of natural fluid inclusions.
