The TGF-β superfamily members have important roles in controlling patterning and tissue formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Two types of signal transducers, receptors and Smads, mediate the signaling to ...The TGF-β superfamily members have important roles in controlling patterning and tissue formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Two types of signal transducers, receptors and Smads, mediate the signaling to regulate expression of their target genes. Despite of the relatively simple signal transduction pathway, many modulators have been found to contribute to a tight regulation of this pathway in a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling with focus on its roles in vertebrate development.展开更多
Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and a...Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.展开更多
This paper summarizes the negative effects on geological environment caused by groundwater exploitation and its distribution. There are seven main types of the geological environment negative effects, which are genera...This paper summarizes the negative effects on geological environment caused by groundwater exploitation and its distribution. There are seven main types of the geological environment negative effects, which are generally as follows:(1) Constant decrease of groundwater level is mainly distributed in China(East Asia), India(South Asia), Tajikistan(Central Asia) and Saudi Arabia(West Asia);(2) land subsidence occurs mainly in eastern plains of East Asia and west Siberian Plain of North Asia;(3) seawater intrusion occurs mainly in China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia, Philippines and Indonesia in Southeast Asia, the Indian coastal areas in South Asia;(4) groundwater level decline caused by groundwater exploitation in oil fields;(5) mining collapse is mainly in 50° to 70° north latitude band;(6) the total area of karst collapse in China of East Asia is as much as 197.05 km^2; and(7) ground fracture is mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Fenwei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. Asia can be divided into 6 zones in terms of the geological environment negative effect caused by groundwater exploitation. According to analysis, with the increasing intensity of human activities, geological environment issues become more and more serious, therefore it is vital to control the human activities within the scope of 5× 10~5 people/km^2 to 9.9× 10~5 people/km^2 for the effective control of the size of the affected area by geological environment problems.展开更多
Although both protein arginine methylation(PRMT)and jasmonate(JA)signaling are crucial for regulating plant development,the relationship between these processes in the control of spikelet development remains unclear.I...Although both protein arginine methylation(PRMT)and jasmonate(JA)signaling are crucial for regulating plant development,the relationship between these processes in the control of spikelet development remains unclear.In this study,we used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate two OsPRMT6a loss-of-function mutants that exhibit various abnormal spikelet structures.Interestingly,we found that OsPRMT6a can methylate arginine residues in JA signal repressors OsJAZ1 and OsJAZ7.We showed that arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 enhances the binding affinity of OsJAZ1 with the JA receptors OsCOI1a and OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs,thereby promoting the ubiquitination of OsJAZ1 by the SCF^(OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b) complex and degradation via the 26S proteasome.This process ultimately releases OsMYC2,a core transcriptional regulator in the JA signaling pathway,to activate or repress JA-responsive genes,thereby maintaining normal plant(spikelet)development.However,in the osprmt6a-1 mutant,reduced arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 impaires the interaction between OsJAZ1 and OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs.As a result,OsJAZ1 proteins become more stable,repressing JA responses,thus causing the formation of abnormal spikelet structures.Moreover,we discovered that JA signaling reduces the OsPRMT6a mRNA level in an OsMYC2-dependent manner,thereby establishing a negative feedback loop to balance JA signaling.We further found that OsPRMT6a-mediated arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 likely serves as a switch to tune JA signaling to maintain normal spikelet development under harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures.Collectively,our study establishes a direct molecular link between arginine methylation and JA signaling in rice.展开更多
Biology without governing principle makes predications impossible. Observations lead to some successful therapies, and to unexpected failures. Erwin Schr<span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö<...Biology without governing principle makes predications impossible. Observations lead to some successful therapies, and to unexpected failures. Erwin Schr<span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger attempted to quantify biology with the concept of negative entropy. These insights lead to fundamental principles of biologic entropy. The quantification of negative entropy is difficult to calculate since the number of parts of the body and the way these parts are arranged is very large (atomistic disorder). There can be approximations that answer questions such as why females live longer, and why a lower body temperature predicts longevity. This concept can reveal the culprit of diabetes II;understanding the microbiome can reduce its entropy by increasing the entropy of its host. The real advantage of statistical entropy is finding new drugs and predicting viral mutations based on energetics and negative entropy. The misfolding of a protein will increase the entropy of an individual with the result of early death. The calculations of biologic entropy require the knowledge of each developmental step, and the statistical possibilities of the next step. If the step is crucial to maintain low entropy, a carrier protein will assure the energetics of the step is favorable. This protein is the target of new therapies.展开更多
文摘The TGF-β superfamily members have important roles in controlling patterning and tissue formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Two types of signal transducers, receptors and Smads, mediate the signaling to regulate expression of their target genes. Despite of the relatively simple signal transduction pathway, many modulators have been found to contribute to a tight regulation of this pathway in a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling with focus on its roles in vertebrate development.
文摘Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.
基金supported by Geological Map of Groundwater Resources and Environment of China and Surrounding Areas(12120113014200)Series Maps of Karst Environment Geology of China and South East Asia(12120114006401,12120114006301)
文摘This paper summarizes the negative effects on geological environment caused by groundwater exploitation and its distribution. There are seven main types of the geological environment negative effects, which are generally as follows:(1) Constant decrease of groundwater level is mainly distributed in China(East Asia), India(South Asia), Tajikistan(Central Asia) and Saudi Arabia(West Asia);(2) land subsidence occurs mainly in eastern plains of East Asia and west Siberian Plain of North Asia;(3) seawater intrusion occurs mainly in China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia, Philippines and Indonesia in Southeast Asia, the Indian coastal areas in South Asia;(4) groundwater level decline caused by groundwater exploitation in oil fields;(5) mining collapse is mainly in 50° to 70° north latitude band;(6) the total area of karst collapse in China of East Asia is as much as 197.05 km^2; and(7) ground fracture is mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Fenwei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. Asia can be divided into 6 zones in terms of the geological environment negative effect caused by groundwater exploitation. According to analysis, with the increasing intensity of human activities, geological environment issues become more and more serious, therefore it is vital to control the human activities within the scope of 5× 10~5 people/km^2 to 9.9× 10~5 people/km^2 for the effective control of the size of the affected area by geological environment problems.
基金We thank Prof.Qiang Cai(College of Life Sciences,Wuhan University)and Prof.Zheng Yuan(School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University)for providing morphology data for the eg1-1 and eg2-1D mutants.This work was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1200100)STI2030-Major Projects(2023ZD0406802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.92035301 and no.31771765).
文摘Although both protein arginine methylation(PRMT)and jasmonate(JA)signaling are crucial for regulating plant development,the relationship between these processes in the control of spikelet development remains unclear.In this study,we used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate two OsPRMT6a loss-of-function mutants that exhibit various abnormal spikelet structures.Interestingly,we found that OsPRMT6a can methylate arginine residues in JA signal repressors OsJAZ1 and OsJAZ7.We showed that arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 enhances the binding affinity of OsJAZ1 with the JA receptors OsCOI1a and OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs,thereby promoting the ubiquitination of OsJAZ1 by the SCF^(OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b) complex and degradation via the 26S proteasome.This process ultimately releases OsMYC2,a core transcriptional regulator in the JA signaling pathway,to activate or repress JA-responsive genes,thereby maintaining normal plant(spikelet)development.However,in the osprmt6a-1 mutant,reduced arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 impaires the interaction between OsJAZ1 and OsCOI1a/OsCOI1b in the presence of JAs.As a result,OsJAZ1 proteins become more stable,repressing JA responses,thus causing the formation of abnormal spikelet structures.Moreover,we discovered that JA signaling reduces the OsPRMT6a mRNA level in an OsMYC2-dependent manner,thereby establishing a negative feedback loop to balance JA signaling.We further found that OsPRMT6a-mediated arginine methylation of OsJAZ1 likely serves as a switch to tune JA signaling to maintain normal spikelet development under harsh environmental conditions such as high temperatures.Collectively,our study establishes a direct molecular link between arginine methylation and JA signaling in rice.
文摘Biology without governing principle makes predications impossible. Observations lead to some successful therapies, and to unexpected failures. Erwin Schr<span style="white-space:nowrap;">ö</span>dinger attempted to quantify biology with the concept of negative entropy. These insights lead to fundamental principles of biologic entropy. The quantification of negative entropy is difficult to calculate since the number of parts of the body and the way these parts are arranged is very large (atomistic disorder). There can be approximations that answer questions such as why females live longer, and why a lower body temperature predicts longevity. This concept can reveal the culprit of diabetes II;understanding the microbiome can reduce its entropy by increasing the entropy of its host. The real advantage of statistical entropy is finding new drugs and predicting viral mutations based on energetics and negative entropy. The misfolding of a protein will increase the entropy of an individual with the result of early death. The calculations of biologic entropy require the knowledge of each developmental step, and the statistical possibilities of the next step. If the step is crucial to maintain low entropy, a carrier protein will assure the energetics of the step is favorable. This protein is the target of new therapies.
