Preparation of poly （methyl methacrylate）／nanometer calcium carbonate composite by in-situ emulsion polymerization

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) emulsion polymerization in the presence of nanometer calcium carbonate(nano-CaCO3) surface modified with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was carried out to prepare poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/nano-CaCO3 composite. The reaction between nano-CaCO3 and MPTMS, and the grafting of PMMA onto nano-CaCO3 were confirmed by infrared spectrum. The grafting ratio and grafting efficiency of PMMA on nano-CaCO3 modified with MPTMS were much higher than that on nano-CaCO3 modified with stearic acid. The grafting ratio of PMMA increased as the weight ratio between MMA and nano-CaCO3 increased, while the grafting efficiency of PMMA decreased. Transmission electron micrograph showed that nano-CaCO3 covered with PMMA was formed by in-situ emulsion polymerization.

Modification of nanometer calcium carbonate for water-borne architectural coatings

A kind of modifier was synthesized to modify the surface of nanometer calcium carbonate (abbreviated as nano-CaCO3), which is used in architectural coatings. The modification technology of the nano-CaCO3 was studied through orthogonal experimental methods. The factors studied were rotation speed, modifier dosage, emulsification temperature, emulsification time and heat aging time after emulsification. Optimized conditions for modification of the surface were: rotation speed 16000 r/min; modifier dosage 3%; emulsification temperature 75 °C; emulsification time 60 min and aging time 40 min. The modified nano-CaCO3 was also studied by size-distribution measurements, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The results show that the size distribution of the modified nano-CaCO3 is uniform and that there are chemi-sorption and physi-sorption between the nano-CaCO3 and the modifier. Compared to traditional architectural coatings without nano-CaCO3, the nanometer composite coatings are obviously improved in respect to dirt resistance, scrub resistance, thixotropy, water resistance, alkalinity resistance and aging resistance.

Experiment and simulation of foaming injection molding of polypropylene/nano-calcium carbonate composites by supercritical carbon dioxide

Microcellular injection molding of neat isotactic polypropylene(iPP) and isotactic polypropylene/nano-calcium carbonate composites(i PP/nano-CaCO_3) was performed using supercritical carbon dioxide as the physical blowing agent. The influences of filler content and operating conditions on microstructure morphology of i PP and i PP/nano-CaCO_3 microcellular samples were studied systematically. The results showed the bubble size of the microcellular samples could be effectively decreased while the cell density increased for i PP/nano-CaCO_3 composites, especially at high CO_2 concentration and back pressure, low mold temperature and injection speed, and high filler content. Then Moldex 3D was applied to simulate the microcellular injection molding process, with the application of the measured ScCO_2 solubility and diffusion data for i PP and i PP/nano-Ca CO_3 composites respectively. For neat i PP, the simulated bubble size and density distribution in the center section of tensile bars showed a good agreement with the experimental values. However, for i PP/nano-CaCO_3 composites, the correction factor for nucleation activation energy F and the pre-exponential factor of nucleation rate f_0 were obtained by nonlinear regression on the experimental bubble size and density distribution. The parameters F and f_0 can be used to predict the microcellular injection molding process for i PP/nano-CaCO_3 composites by Moldex 3D.

Preparation of Ammonia Adsorbent by Carbonizing and Activating Mixture of Biomass Material and Hygroscopic Salt

We put forward a new and ingenious method for the preparation of a new adsorbent by soaking, carbonizing and activating the mixture of hygroscopic salt and biomass material. The new adsorbent has high porosity, uniform distribution and high content of Ca Cl2, and exhibits high adsorption performance. The ammonia uptake and specific cooling power（SCP） at 5 min adsorption time can reach as high as 0.19 g·g^-1 and 793.9 W·kg^-1, respectively. The concept of utilizing the biomass materials and hygroscopic salts as raw materials for the preparation of adsorbents is of practical interest with respect to the potential quantity of biomass materials around the world, indicating that there would be a new market for biomass materials.Key words： biomass material; adsorption system; ammonia; calcium chloride; activated carbon

Carbonization, Activation and Description of Activated Carbon from Palm Tree Leaves

One of the maximum residences of activated carbon is adsorption capacity, this significance grows every day in a variety of fields. One of its examples is water treatment, processing of potable, all of those residences deliver capacity of activated carbon in smell elimination and flavor in residues of dissolved natural and color. Activated carbon was made from the carbonization of palm tree leave’s stems and activated using calcium chloride, then tested with an increase in reactivity indicated by iodine adsorption test up to 68.6% reactivity increase in commercial sample and 48.7% in palm tree leaves sample. As the methods and precursors of activated carbon are very diverse and result in deferent adsorption properties, the primary test includes: carbonization of palm tree leaves, size reduction and classification of the charcoal produced, applying an iodine test on the non-activated sample, activating another sample with activating agent CaCl2 to comparison between the activated carbon and the non-activated carbon and shows the increasing in the adsorption capacity for elemental iodine in activated carbon.

Experimental Design Technique on Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide using CaO-eggshells Dispersed onto Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon：Experiment,Optimization,Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

This study presents the use of chicken eggshells waste utilizing palm kernel shell based activated carbon（PKSAC） through the modification of their surface to enhance the adsorption capacity of H2S. Response surface methodology technique was used to optimize the process conditions and they were found to be： 500 mg/L for H2S initial concentration, 540 min for contact time and 1 g for adsorbent mass. The impacts of three arrangement factors（calcination temperature of impregnated activated carbon（IAC）, the calcium solution concentration and contact time of calcination） on the H2S removal efficiency and impregnated AC yield were investigated. Both responses IAC yield（IACY, %） and removal efficiency（RE, %） were maximized to optimize the IAC preparation conditions. The optimum preparation conditions for IACY and RE were found as follows： calcination temperature of IAC of 880 ℃, calcium solution concentration of 49.3% and calcination contact time of 57.6 min, which resulted in 35.8% of IACY and 98.2% RE. In addition, the equilibrium and kinetics of the process were investigated. The adsorbent was characterized using TGA, XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDX, and BET. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 543.47 mg/g. The results recommended that the composite of PKSAC and Ca O could be a useful material for H2S containing wastewater treatment.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

立方形纳米碳酸钙改性及其在油墨中的应用

纳米碳酸钙作为添加剂可以提升油墨的光泽、改善填料的分散性和降低生产成本。本研究以立方形纳米碳酸钙(CNCC)为原料,硬脂酸钠(SS)和棕榈酸(PA)为复合改性剂(SS/PA),采用湿法制备了油墨用改性纳米碳酸钙(SS/PA/CNCC)。考察了SS/PA复配比例、添加量、反应温度等因素对SS/PA/CNCC性能的影响,当SS/PA复配比例为1∶1、质量分数为3%、反应温度为70℃时,SS/PA/CNCC平均粒径为60 nm、吸油值为35 g/100 g,满足油墨填料使用要求。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)分析和热失重(TG)分析等表征手段,对SS/PA改性纳米碳酸钙微观形貌进行分析表征。上述SS/PA/CNCC应用在油墨中,当SS/PA/CNCC在油墨中添加9份时,油墨细度为12.5μm、流动度为32 mm、光泽度为64.5 GU,所制备的油墨性能良好。

碳酸钙晶须对碱矿渣胶凝材料的减缩增强作用

针对碱矿渣胶凝材料易收缩开裂等问题,采用一种新型微米级纤维——碳酸钙晶须对碱矿渣胶凝材料进行减缩增强,研究了碳酸钙晶须掺量对碱矿渣胶凝材料流变性能、抗压强度和干燥收缩的影响,并探究其显微增强机理.结果表明:微米级碳酸钙晶须的掺入对碱矿渣胶凝材料流动性影响较小,当碳酸钙晶须掺量为3%时,其新拌浆体塑性黏度为12.33 Pa·s,较未掺碳酸钙晶须的对照组仅增长14.48%,其硬化浆体28 d抗压强度可达105.8 MPa;碱矿渣胶凝材料的干燥收缩率随着碳酸钙晶须掺量的增加而降低,当碳酸钙晶须掺量为5%时,其28 d干燥收缩率仅有0.87%,较未掺碳酸钙晶须的对照组降低32.56%;碳酸钙晶须与基体紧密结合,在基体受力破坏时分散其所受应力,提升了碱矿渣胶凝材料的力学性能;碳酸钙晶须在体系内部的桥接作用能够有效延缓碱矿渣胶凝材料微裂纹的形成与扩展,在一定程度上遏制了宏观裂纹的发展.

氧化钙-碳酸钠复合激发矿渣砂浆的自收缩机制

为探究氧化钙和碳酸钠复合激发矿渣对碱激发水泥自收缩的影响机制,采用氧化钙和碳酸钠(摩尔比1∶1)为复合激发剂制备碱矿渣砂浆(AM),研究复合激发剂Na_(2)O质量分数(CaO和Na_(2)CO_(3)反应生成的Na_(2)O质量与矿渣质量比,为2.5%、4.5%、6.5%和8.5%)对AM自收缩的影响;通过XRD、TG-DTG、MIP和NMR分析其水化产物与微观结构。结果表明:随着Na_(2)O质量分数的增加,激发剂反应耗水量增加,孔结构细化,孔隙压力增大;Al^(3+)对C-(A)-S-H中Si^(4+)的取代量增多导致Na^(+)的吸附量增多,C-(A)-S-H滑移增大;水化程度提高,水化产物数量增多,AM的自收缩增大。Na_(2)O质量分数为6.5%的AM为最优组,其力学性能高于普通硅酸盐水泥砂浆(OM),但由于较低的晶体含量和致密的孔结构,其自收缩大于OM。

硬脂酸改性纳米碳酸钙表面研究

为了改善纳米碳酸钙(nano-CaCO_(3))在基体中的分散情况,采用硬脂酸对nano-CaCO_(3)表面进行改性,通过改变硬脂酸用量、反应温度、反应时间、浆料质量浓度,测定反应前后nano-Ca CO_(3)的活化度和吸油值,进而确定最佳反应条件。结果表明:硬脂酸可以改性nano-Ca CO_(3),其最好的改性条件为硬脂酸质量分数4%,浆料质量浓度90g·L^(-1),反应温度为60~80℃,反应时间为50~60min。红外光谱显示硬脂酸与nano-CaCO_(3)之间形成了牢固的化学键,扫描电镜观察到用硬脂酸处理过的nano-CaCO_(3)可减少在基体中团聚,有助于其在基体中分散。

活性氧化钙绿色低碳制备国内外发展现状及展望

石灰行业碳排放量巨大,是建材行业第二大碳排放产业,绿色低碳转型刻不容缓。本文总结了高品质石灰(活性氧化钙)绿色低碳制备国内外技术现状,展望了未来发展趋势和研究热点,强调了工艺和装备的关键性,提出了加强技术创新、智能化手段应用、碳捕集利用等建议,以推动石灰行业迈向更环保、高效的未来。

密闭机械活化浸出电石渣制备高纯钙溶液

电石渣是工业生产过程产生的碱性危废,利用于CO_(2)固化,将有助于“碳达峰、碳中和”目标早日实现。在碱性环境中,用氯化铵浸出剂可选择性浸出Ca,使电石渣中的Ca与其他杂质分离开来,从而制备高纯度含钙溶液,之后将所得富钙液与CO_(2)反应制备高纯碳酸钙,从而实现固废资源化。以氯化铵为浸出剂,球磨机为浸出反应设备,采用密闭机械活化手段进行处理,探究了浸出剂用量、机械搅拌转速、反应时间和液固比等工艺参数对电石渣中Ca浸出率的影响。结果表明,在氯化铵用量为理论用量的1.1倍、球磨机转速500 r/min、反应时间10 min和液固比4∶1最佳反应条件下,Ca浸出率可达到89.76%,滤液Ca浓度高达79.4 g/L。相较于常规浸出,采用密闭机械活化手段可提高Ca浸出率3个百分点,且可大幅度降低氨气挥发,保证良好操作环境。

吸附剂对选矿废水中丁基黄药的吸附性能研究

为高效解决选矿废水残余浮选药剂浓度高的问题,将活性炭和钙基膨润土分别作为吸附剂,系统探究了吸附剂用量、吸附时间、反应温度、溶液初始pH值等因素对废水中丁基黄药吸附性能的影响。试验结果表明:活性炭对丁基黄药的吸附量和去除率最大值分别为6.55mg/g和98.32%,而钙基膨润土对丁基黄药的吸附量和去除率最大值分别为2.73 mg/g和40.95%。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对吸附材料吸附前后的结构变化进行对比表明,活性炭和钙基膨润土对丁基黄药的去除机制主要为物理吸附。

Toughness Improvement of Geothermal Well Cement at up to 300^°C: Using Carbon Microfiber

This study aimed at assessing the usefulness of carbon microfiber (CMF) in improving the compressive-toughness of sodium metasilicate-activated calcium aluminate/Class F fly ash foamed cement at hydrothermal temperatures of up to 300°C. When the CMFs came in contact with a pore solution of cement, their surfaces underwent alkali-caused oxidation, leading to the formation of metal (Na, Ca, Al)-complexed carboxylate groups. The extent of this oxidation was enhanced by the temperature increase, corresponding to the incorporation of more oxidation derivatives at higher temperatures. Although micro-probe examinations did not show any defects in the fibers, the enhanced oxidation engendered shrinkage of the interlayer spacing between the C-basal planes in CMFs, and a decline in their thermal stability. On the other hand, the complexed carboxylate groups present on the surfaces of oxidized fibers played a pivotal role in improving the adherence of fibers to the cement matrix. Such fiber/cement interfacial bonds contributed significantly to the excellent bridging effect of fibers, resistance to the cracks development and propagation, and to improvement of the post-crack material ductility. Consequently, the compressive toughness of the 85°-, 200°-, and 300°C-autoclaved foamed cements reinforced with 10 wt% CMF was 2.4-, 2.9-, and 3.1-fold higher than for cement without the reinforcement.

Effect of Alumina Micropowders on Properties of Calcium Hexaluminate

Calcium hexaluminate （ CA6 ） was synthesized by mixing light-weight calcium carbonate and Al2O3 mi- cropowder （calcined α-Al2O3, activated α-Al2O3 or α-Al2O3） according to the stoichimetric ratio of CA6, and reaction sintering at 1 200, 1 300, 1 400 and 1 500 ℃fin 3 h, respectiely. Efcts of the three alu- mina micropowders on the phase composition, micro- structure and properties of CA were investigated. The re- sults show that ： （ 1 ） for the three Al2O3 micropowders, the reaction to generate CA6 in specimens basically com- plete. at about 1 500 ℃ ; CA6 generated in all specimens is planar, bat the array modes are slightly different; （2） the specimel＇s prepared from, calcined α-Al2O3or ρ-Al2O3 shrink almost, while the specimens prepared from activated α-Al2O3 expand ; （ 3 ） the cold crushing strength of the specimen prepared from activated α-Al2O3 is the highest, reaching 42.5 MPa when only CA6 exists （ after firing at 1 500 ℃ ） ; （ 4 ） the specimen prepared from ρ-Al2O3 has the lowest generation temperature of CA6 and the highest apparent porosity, reaching 70. 1% when only CA exists （after firing at 1 500 ℃）; （5） the specimen prepared from calcined α-Al2O3 has the biggest bulk density.

电石渣对复合胶凝材料力学性能和微观结构的影响

电石渣作为一种Ca(OH)_(2)含量较高的工业副产品,可协同Na_(2)CO_(3)加速碱激发复合胶凝材料的水化过程。本文采用粉煤灰和矿粉作为复合胶凝材料的前驱体,探究不同电石渣(CCR)和Na_(2)CO_(3)质量比对复合胶凝材料的孔溶液pH值和力学性能影响。此外,通过水化热、X射线衍射、热重分析和扫描电子显微镜,探讨了CCR和Na_(2)CO_(3)协同激发作用对复合胶凝材料的水化过程和微观结构的影响。研究结果表明,随着CCR掺量的增加,复合胶凝材料的孔溶液pH值和力学性能均呈先增加后递减的趋势。当CCR和Na_(2)CO_(3)的掺量分别为6%和9%(质量分数)时,碱激发复合胶凝材料的3 d孔溶液pH值和28 d抗压强度分别达到最大值12.95和26.8 MPa。微观结构分析表明,在CCR和Na_(2)CO_(3)的协同激发作用下,碱激发复合材料能够生成更多的水化硅(铝)酸钙(C-(A)-S-H)凝胶,使得结构更加密实。

紫外诱变产脲酶菌株加固粉土的试验研究

为提高微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术的固化效果,采用紫外诱变技术对产脲酶菌株进行改良,筛选出优良菌株。随后结合先拌和菌液后滴注胶结液(尿素和氯化钙)的方式,运用改良后菌株来固化粉土。通过无侧限抗压强度试验、碳酸钙含量测定和微观试验分析,来对比诱变前后菌株固化粉土的效果。结果表明:紫外诱变技术可以有效改良产脲酶菌株的性能,使菌株的脲酶活性、矿化生成的碳酸钙含量得到提高;使用紫外诱变后菌株来固化粉土,可显著提高土体的无侧限抗压强度。该研究从源头来选育优良菌株,有效提高了MICP技术的固化效果。

新型碳酸钙助磨改性剂性能研究

碳酸钙是高聚物材料中用量最大的无机填料。为了研究适合碳酸钙用助磨改性剂,采用交联和催化反应的方法,制备了一种新型碳酸钙用助磨改性剂,利用吸油值、沉降体积和活化指数等手段进行表征,以探讨该助磨改性剂与市场上通用改性剂的性能差异。结果表明:本产品吸油值17.9g/100g,远小于市场上非常认可的有机硅高分子产品的20.5g/100g,沉降体积高于其他样品20%-50.6%;活化指数则是其他样品的2.25-3.0倍。结果表明本助磨改性剂在吸油值、沉降体积和活化指数方面都有非常明显的性能优势。

机械活化重质碳酸钙制备复合碳酸钙及其对溶液中的Cu^(2+)吸附性能

利用机械活化法对重质碳酸钙进行了纳米化表面改性,以聚丙烯酸钠和纳米碳酸钙为改性原料与重质碳酸钙进行混合研磨,成功制备了纳米碳酸钙包覆重质碳酸钙的复合钙,并考察了复合钙对溶液中的Cu^(2+)的吸附性能。研究结果如下:扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析证实了纳米碳酸钙包覆在重质碳酸钙表面,傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明复合碳酸钙表面羟基明显增加,比表面积分析表明复合碳酸钙的比表面积为20.5m^(2)/g,具有介孔结构。复合碳酸钙对Cu^(2+)的最大吸附量为65.5mg/g,去除率可达98%。吸附性能研究表明,复合碳酸钙对Cu^(2+)吸附动力学符合伪二阶动力学模型,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir-Freundich模型,证明吸附过程以离子交换反应为主,该过程为吸热反应。