Research on aiming methods for small sample size shooting tests of two-dimensional trajectory correction fuse

The longitudinal dispersion of the projectile in shooting tests of two-dimensional trajectory corrections fused with fixed canards is extremely large that it sometimes exceeds the correction ability of the correction fuse actuator.The impact point easily deviates from the target,and thus the correction result cannot be readily evaluated.However,the cost of shooting tests is considerably high to conduct many tests for data collection.To address this issue,this study proposes an aiming method for shooting tests based on small sample size.The proposed method uses the Bootstrap method to expand the test data;repeatedly iterates and corrects the position of the simulated theoretical impact points through an improved compatibility test method;and dynamically adjusts the weight of the prior distribution of simulation results based on Kullback-Leibler divergence,which to some extent avoids the real data being"submerged"by the simulation data and achieves the fusion Bayesian estimation of the dispersion center.The experimental results show that when the simulation accuracy is sufficiently high,the proposed method yields a smaller mean-square deviation in estimating the dispersion center and higher shooting accuracy than those of the three comparison methods,which is more conducive to reflecting the effect of the control algorithm and facilitating test personnel to iterate their proposed structures and algorithms.;in addition,this study provides a knowledge base for further comprehensive studies in the future.

Modified DS np Chart Using Generalized Multiple Dependent State Sampling under Time Truncated Life Test

This study presents the design of a modified attributed control chart based on a double sampling(DS)np chart applied in combination with generalized multiple dependent state(GMDS)sampling to monitor the mean life of the product based on the time truncated life test employing theWeibull distribution.The control chart developed supports the examination of the mean lifespan variation for a particular product in the process of manufacturing.Three control limit levels are used:the warning control limit,inner control limit,and outer control limit.Together,they enhance the capability for variation detection.A genetic algorithm can be used for optimization during the in-control process,whereby the optimal parameters can be established for the proposed control chart.The control chart performance is assessed using the average run length,while the influence of the model parameters upon the control chart solution is assessed via sensitivity analysis based on an orthogonal experimental design withmultiple linear regression.A comparative study was conducted based on the out-of-control average run length,in which the developed control chart offered greater sensitivity in the detection of process shifts while making use of smaller samples on average than is the case for existing control charts.Finally,to exhibit the utility of the developed control chart,this paper presents its application using simulated data with parameters drawn from the real set of data.

Experimental study on the size effect on the equation of state of concretes under shock loading

Adopting the classical theory of hydrocodes,the constitutive relations of concretes are separated into an equation of state(EoS)which describes the volumetric behavior of concrete material and a strength model which depicts the shear properties of concrete.The experiments on the EoS of concrete is always challenging due to the technical difficulties and equipment limitations,especially for the specimen size effect on the EoS.Although some researchers investigate the shock properties of concretes by fly-plate impact tests,the specimens used in their tests are usually in one size.In this paper,the fly-plate impact tests on concrete specimens with different sizes are performed to investigate the size effect on the shock properties of concrete materials.The mechanical background of the size effect on the shock properties are revealed,which is related to the lateral rarefaction effect and the deviatoric stress produced in the specimen.According to the tests results,the modified EoS considering the size effect on the shock properties of concrete are proposed,which the bulk modulus of concrete is unpredicted by up to 20% if size effects are not accounted for.

Sample Size Determination and Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Core Centration in Press Coated Tablets

A novel statistical approach to evaluate the manufacturing quality of press coated tablets in terms of the centering of their core is presented. We also provide a formula to determine the necessary sample size. This approach is applied to real data.

Rolling Fatigue Test of Large-Sized UHPC Member for Cable Stayed Bridge

Recently, research strives to apply Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to large-sized structures owing to its remarkable mechanical performance and durability compared to normal concrete. The Korea Institute of Construction Technology proposed SuperBridge800, an edge girder type UHPC cable stayed bridge with central span of 800 m, through its detailed design. The bridge is designed to be erected through the connection of precast UHPC segments. The precast UHPC segment is monolithically composed of one ribbed deck slab and edge girders at each side. The connection between the precast segments is achieved by steel bars at the edge girders and by UHPC cast-in-place wet joint at the slab. Despite of the outstanding mechanical performance of UHPC, the fabrication of large-sized members is a difficult task since UHPC hardens faster than normal concrete and requires a special curing process. Therefore, the constructability of large-sized UHPC segment should be secured to achieve SuperBridge800. Besides, the performance of the connection between segments should also be guaranteed, especially in terms of the fatigue performance of the UHPC cast-in-place joint, which constitutes a weak point. To that goal, two half-scaled UHPC segments are manufactured and the constructability is examined by fabricating a large-sized UHPC member connected with respect to the design conditions. This study conducts rolling fatigue test on the so-fabricated large-sized UHPC member. Rolling fatigue test is carried out up to 2 million cycles considering actual vehicle load at each center and quarter points of the member. The test results confirm that the service limit state is satisfied.

Cautionary Remarks When Testing Agreement between Two Raters for Continuous Scale Measurements: A Tutorial in Clinical Epidemiology with Implementation Using R

Background: When continuous scale measurements are available, agreements between two measuring devices are assessed both graphically and analytically. In clinical investigations, Bland and Altman proposed plotting subject-wise differences between raters against subject-wise averages. In order to scientifically assess agreement, Bartko recommended combining the graphical approach with the statistical analytic procedure suggested by Bradley and Blackwood. The advantage of using this approach is that it enables significance testing and sample size estimation. We noted that the direct use of the results of the regression is misleading and we provide a correction in this regard. Methods: Graphical and linear models are used to assess agreements for continuous scale measurements. We demonstrate that software linear regression results should not be readily used and we provided correct analytic procedures. The degrees of freedom of the F-statistics are incorrectly reported, and we propose methods to overcome this problem by introducing the correct analytic form of the F statistic. Methods for sample size estimation using R-functions are also given. Results: We believe that the tutorial and the R-codes are useful tools for testing and estimating agreement between two rating protocols for continuous scale measurements. The interested reader may use the codes and apply them to their available data when the issue of agreement between two raters is the subject of interest.

ON RELATION BETWEEN SIZE DEVIATION OF RAW SILK AND TESTING-LENGTH

Based on the auto- corrclation coefficient model.we gave an expression ofsize deviation of raw silk when testing- length is equal to a fraction for the unitlength,and discussed how the ratio of the size deviatinons by different testing-length fluctuates with the pseudo- cycle.Using these results as a basis,weexamined how the size deviation with the continuous property of raw silk sizechanges when changing the testing- length from 450 m to ll2.5m.Then weexamined the problem of quality control of raw silk.

Sequential Test of Fuzzy Hypotheses

In testing statistical hypotheses, as in other statistical problems, we may be confronted with fuzzy concepts. This paper deals with the problem of testing hypotheses, when the hypotheses are fuzzy and the data are crisp. We first give new definitions for notion of mass (density) probability function with fuzzy parameter, probability of type I and type II errors and then state and prove the sequential probability ratio test, on the basis of these new errors, for testing fuzzy hypotheses. Numerical examples are also provided to illustrate the approach.

Experiments and 3D DEM of Triaxial Compression Tests under Special Consideration of Particle Stiffness

Discrete element modelling is commonly used for particle-scale modelling of granular or particulate materials. Developing a DEM model requires the determination of a number of micro-structural parameters, including the particle contact stiffness and the particle-particle friction. These parameters cannot easily be measured in the laboratory or directly related to measurable, physical material parameters. Therefore, a calibration process is typically used to determine the values for use in simulations of physical systems. This paper focuses on how to define the particle stiffness for the discrete element modelling in order to perform realistic simulations of granular materials in the case of linear contact model. For that, laboratory tests and numerical discrete element modelling of triaxial compression tests have been carried out on two different non-cohesive soils i.e. poorly graded fine sand and gap graded coarse sand. The results of experimental tests are used to calibrate the numerical model. It is found that the numerical results are qualitatively and quantitatively in good agreement with the laboratory tests results. Moreover, the results show that the stress dependent of soil behaviour can be reproduced well by assigning the particle stiffness as a function of the particle size particularly for gap graded soil.

Leaching behavior of V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As from stone coal waste rock with different particle sizes

This paper investigates the leaching behavior of heavy metals(V,Pb,Cd,Cr,and As) from stone coal waste rocks with various particle sizes using dynamic leaching experiments.The results show that the dissolved concentrations of V and As initially increased and then slightly decreased as time progressed and that the dissolved concentrations of Pb,Cd,and Cr were high in the early stage before decreasing.The particle size of the stone coal waste rocks strongly influenced the heavy metal concentration in the leaching solutions.The effects of the particle size of the stone coal waste rocks on the dissolved concentrations of V,Pb,and As decreased in the order fine fraction > medium fraction > coarse fraction,and the effects of particle size on the dissolved concentrations of Cr and Cd decreased in the order medium fraction > coarse fraction > fine fraction and coarse fraction > medium fraction > fine fraction,respectively.The quantities of heavy metals dissolved from the stone coal waste rock with fine particle sizes were observed to decrease in the order V(17104.36 μg/kg) > As(609.41 μg/kg) > Pb(469.24 μg/kg) > Cr(56.35 μg/kg) > Cd(27.52 μg/kg),and the dissolution rates decreased in the order As(2.96%) > Pb(0.93%) > V(0.35%) > Cd(0.25%) > Cr(0.01%).The specific surface area,pore size of the stone coal waste rocks,and chemical forms of heavy metals also influenced the release of heavy metals from the stone coal waste rocks.Kinetic analysis showed that the dissolution of heavy metals fundamentally agreed with the rate equation controlled by the shrinking core model.The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the evaluation of heavy metals contamination from stone coal waste rocks.

Estimation Models for Software Functional Test Effort

The International Software Benchmarking and Standards Group (ISBSG) data-base was used to build estimation models for estimating software functional test effort. The analysis of the data revealed three test productivity patterns representing economies or diseconomies of scale and these patterns served as a basis for investigating the characteristics of the corresponding projects. Three groups of projects related to the three different productivity patterns, characterized by domain, team size, elapsed time and rigor of verification and validation carried out during development, were found to be statistically significant. Within each project group, the variations in test effort can be explained, in addition to functional size, by 1) the processes executed during development, and 2) the processes adopted for testing. Portfolios of estimation models were built using combinations of the three independent variables. Performance of the estimation models built using the function point method innovated by the Common Software Measurement International Consortium (COSMIC) known as COSMIC Function Points, and the one advocated by the International Function Point Users Group (IFPUG) known as IFPUG Function Points, were compared to evaluate the impact of these respective sizing methods on test effort estimation.

环氧砂改善新老混凝土粘结强度试验研究

根据新老混凝土的粘结机理,提出采用环氧砂作为新老混凝土粘结的过渡层,通过劈裂试验方法,对不同粒径的砂和不同界面剂的新老混凝土粘结强度进行了试验研究.结果表明,环氧砂过渡层可明显改善新老混凝土之间的粘结劈拉强度,尤以米粒石的情况为好,同时,对环氧砂过渡层改善粘结性能的机理进行了探讨,并把该方法应用于某水利工程的修补加固中.实践表明,该方法具有良好的适用性和有效性.

基于近红外光谱技术苹果尺寸差异对糖度模型适用性的影响

为消除水果自身尺寸差异对其糖度预测模型的不利影响,进一步提高水果分选模型精度,应用近红外光谱在线检测装置采集不同果径苹果的近红外光谱,对光谱进行多种预处理后,分别建立苹果可溶性固形物的偏最小二乘法模型,再用苹果果径75~85mm组中的建模集预测苹果果径分别为65~75、85~95mm组中的预测集样品,最后用果径组65~75、75~85、85~95 mm中的建模集和预测集,分别作为混合苹果尺寸糖度预测模型的建模集和预测集,并利用特征光谱选择算法对模型进行简化,建立苹果糖度通用预测模型。结果显示:与建模集和预测集果径不同时所建立的苹果糖度预测模型最优组相比,其相关系数Rp由0.805提高至0.943,预测集均方根误差值RMSEP由0.778减小至0.480,RPD由0.96增加至3.05,再对建立的通用模型进行简化,可以降低苹果尺寸对苹果糖度模型的影响,提高模型预测性能。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

改进萤火虫算法的武器目标分配问题研究

武器目标分配(WTA)是指挥控制和任务规划领域的关键问题之一,萤火虫算法求解武器目标分配问题具有参数设置简单、执行效率高等优点。针对传统萤火虫算法易陷入局部极值,收敛速度和精度不高的弊端,从以下三个方面进行改进:初始化萤火虫序列编码时融入PWLCM混沌优化以提高全局搜索能力;设置受迭代次数控制的服从半高斯分布的非均匀步长因子以兼顾算法的搜索能力和收敛性;设计基于排序的萤火虫更新策略同时融入交叉变异操作以提高算法的效率和准确性。为验证改进算法的先进性,先利用其求解4种典型测试函数的最优解,再求解WTA问题,并与传统萤火虫算法进行对比,仿真实验结果表明,改进后算法的评价函数值提高了2.1%,迭代次数减少了52.9%,改善了传统算法易陷入局部极值的缺点,提高了收敛速度和精度,提升了武器目标分配的效果。

检修车轨道对窄幅流线型箱梁涡振性能影响研究

为给窄幅流线型箱梁抗风设计提供参考,以某窄幅流线型钢箱梁悬索桥为背景,进行节段模型风洞试验,考虑风攻角,分析检修车轨道对箱梁涡振性能的影响;通过数值模拟,研究检修车轨道及其位置对箱梁绕流特性的影响机理及抑振措施的有效性。结果表明:窄幅箱梁在+3°、0°风攻角时的竖向涡振最大振幅较-3°风攻角时分别增大348%、189%;0°风攻角时,检修车轨道布置于箱梁底板内侧1/6底板宽度位置,窄幅箱梁竖向涡振最大无量纲振幅减小60.8%;在此基础上,检修车轨道内侧布置导流板后,箱梁竖向涡振最大无量纲振幅减小79.9%;检修车轨道布置于箱梁底板且布置导流板时,与检修车轨道布置于斜腹板相比,窄幅箱梁竖向涡振最大振幅大幅减小,箱梁周围的流动结构更加稳定,改善了箱梁涡振性能;将检修车轨道向箱梁底板内侧移动或布置导流板是抑制检修车轨道引起窄幅箱梁涡振的有效措施。

Detecting Climate Change Trend, Size, and Change Point Date on Annual Maximum Time Series Rainfall Data for Warri, Nigeria

The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yielded a statistically insignificant positive mild trend. The IMD and MCIMD downscaled model’s time series data respectively produced MK statistics varying from 1.403 to 1.4729, and 1.403 to 1.463 which were less than the critical Z-value of 1.96. Also, the slope magnitude obtained showed a mild increasing trend in variation from 0.0189 to 0.3713, and 0.0175 to 0.5426, with the rate of change in rainfall intensity at 24 hours duration as 0.4536 and 0.42 mm/hr.year (4.536 and 4.2 mm/decade) for the IMD and the MCIMD time series data, respectively. The trend change point date occurred in the year 2000 from the distribution-free CUSUM test with the trend maintaining a significant and steady increase from 2010 to 2015. Thus, this study established the existence of a trend, which is an indication of a changing climate, and satisfied the condition for rainfall Non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency (NS-IDF) modeling required for infrastructural design for combating flooding events.

低压等离子喷涂NiCoCrAIYTa涂层的抗燃气热冲击性能研究

为了保障涡轮叶片材料的抗高温氧化与耐热腐蚀性能,采用低压等离子喷涂技术在航空发动机涡轮叶片试验件上成功制备了NiCoCrAlYTa涂层。通过对不同粉末制备的NiCoCrAlYTa涂层进行1000℃/75 h燃气热冲击试验,研究了带涂层叶片尺寸、涂层表面形貌、相组成和显微组织、涂层厚度和均匀性等性能参数的变化。结果表明:热冲击试验后,不同涂层叶片的整体尺寸未发生显著变化,表明涂层在高温环境下具有稳定的尺寸;涂层表面形成了Al_(2)O_(3)膜和NiAl_(2)O_(4)尖晶石,保留了较好的结构完整度,这有助于提高涂层的耐腐蚀性能;涂层的物相组成主要包括γ-Ni、γ’-Ni_(3)Al和少量的β-NiAl,形成了贫Al区、互扩散区、二次反应区等典型微区结构,析出的TCP相为R相,表明在热冲击过程中涂层发生了相变;不同粉末制备的NiCoCrAlYTa涂层均表现出了良好的抗热冲击性能,为航空发动机涡轮叶片的高温应用提供了可行的涂层方案。

研磨时间对不同煤种煤质特性的影响研究

煤炭一般分析试验煤样是服务于煤炭行业政策制定、科技创新、标准制修订、贸易结算等所需煤质指标的检测基体,煤样研磨属于制备一般分析试验煤样的必经过程,掌握研磨时间对煤质特性的影响可为保障煤炭质量检测结果的准确性提供技术支撑。针对不同变质程度的煤种,分析不同研磨时间对一般分析试验煤样粒度分布的影响,研究煤样的分析水、挥发分、发热量、黏结指数、坩埚膨胀序数度等项目检测结果随研磨时间的变化趋势。结果表明:褐煤和无烟煤样品的研磨时间小于90 s时,其0.2 mm筛上物产率较高,尤其在研磨时间为45 s时,褐煤与无烟煤样品的0.2 mm筛上物产率分别为14.6%和7.3%;研磨时间大于90 s后,其0.2 mm筛上物产率接近于0。随研磨时间的增加,烟煤样品0.2 mm筛上物产率均表现出升高趋势,且具有黏结性的烟煤样品在研磨时间45~240 s范围均含有少量的0.2 mm筛上物。研磨时间对褐煤和无烟煤的分析水影响较大,对不同煤种的挥发分、发热量影响较小,对低黏结性烟煤的黏结指数和坩埚膨胀序数影响较大;随着研磨时间的增加,黏结指数和坩埚膨胀序数均有下降,而黏结指数下降尤为明显。

An Experimental Study on the Effect of Foundation Depth, Size and Shape on Subgrade Reaction of Cohessionless Soil

The modulus of subgrade reaction ks depends on several factors such as the size and shape of the foundation as well as the embedment depth of the foundation. The present study is an experimental analysis using plate load test to determine the effect of foundation depth, size as well as the shape on the modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) of cohesionless soils. It was carried out by using nine rigid steel plates with different sizes and shapes (circular, square and retangular). The tests were carried out on cohessionless soil with different relative densities under different applied pressures. The settlement has been measured at the surface of the plate for different depths of footings. The ultimate bearing capacity [qu] has been determined from the stress-settlement relationships. The allowable bearing capacity (qa) was determined by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity (qu) by F.S. = 3.0, after which the corresponding settlement (Sa) has been obtained. However, ks was calculated based on dividing the allowable bearing capacity (qa) by the corresponding settlement (Sa). From the present study it is concluded that the subgrade reaction ks of cohessionless soil increases with increasing foundation depth as well as foundation size. In addition, subgrade reaction ks of cohessionless soil under rectangular footing is higher than that under square and that under circular one with same equivalent area. An empirical formula is presented to calculate the subgrade reaction ks of cohessionless soil under square foundation taking into consideration foundation depth. Fair agreement has been obtained between values of ks from the empirical formula at depth of footing = 0.00 B and Biot (1937) as well as Meyerhof and Baike (1965).