Nursing Experience of Early Application of Nasoenteric Tube for Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill ICU Patients

Objective:To investigate the effective nursing measures of early application of nasoenteric tube for enteral nutrition in critically ill patients in ICU,and to summarize the nursing experience.Methods:The study was carried out in June 2023–November 2023.62 samples of ICU critically ill patients were selected,all of whom used enteral nutrition by mesenteric tube and were grouped into an observation group(n=31)and a control group(n=31)by using the numerical table randomization method.The patients in the control group were basic nursing interventions,and the patients in the observation group were comprehensive quality care,comparing the nutritional indexes,complication rates,and nursing satisfaction between the two groups.Results:All nutritional indicators of the observation group were higher than those of the control group after nursing intervention(P<0.05);the complication rate of the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05);the nursing satisfaction of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comprehensive quality nursing care during the early application of a gastroenteric tube for enteral nutrition in critically ill patients in the ICU can improve nutritional indexes,reduce the incidence of complications and improve nursing satisfaction.

The Effect and Nursing of Indwelling Nasal Jejunal Feeding Tube for Enteral Nutrition in Acute Severe Pancreatitis

Objective:To analyze the effect of enteral nutrition and nursing intervention in patients with indwelling nasojejunal tube in acute severe pancreatitis.Methods:Sixty cases of patients with indwelt nasojejunal tubes treated in our hospital from August 2019 to August 2020 were divided into routine group and observation group as research subjects.Patients in both groups received enteral nutrition,patients in the routine group received routine care,and patients in the observation group received quality care.The recovery time of gastrointestinal function,length of hospital stay,hospitalization cost,nutritional indicators and incidence of complications in the two groups were compared.Results:The recovery time of gastrointestinal function in observation group was lower than that in routine group,P<0.05;The length and cost of hospitalization in observation group were lower than those in routine group,P<0.05;The nutritional indexes in observation group were higher than those in routine group,P<0.05;The incidence of complications in observation group was lower than that in routine group,P<0.05.Conclusion:Quality nursing service improve the effect of enteral nutrition,so as to ensure that patients get sufficient nutritional support.Its effect is remarkable and it is worthy of widespread clinical application.

Comparison of the Clinical Outcomes of Early Enteral Nutrition Versus Convenience Diet by Tube Feeding Following Laryngectomy in Chinese Patients

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of early enteral nutritional support in patients undergoing laryngectomy. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed 329 laryngeal cancer patients who underwent total or partial laryngectomy from November 2003 to July 2013 in our hospital. Of those patients, 278 were given enteral nutrition (EN group) with elemental formulations through a nasogastric tube beginning within 24 hours after the surgery, while 51 chose not to receive the elemental formulations and were on a homogenate diet (convenience diet group, CD group), which was also given through a nasogastric tube. The clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Thirteen patients in the EN group (13/278, 4.68%) and six patients in the CD group (6/51, 11.76%) developed fistulas. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.046). The differences in the post-surgical infection rate, average length of hospitalization and other clinical indicators between the two groups were not statistically significant. In conclusion, early enteral nutrition should be recommended in patients undergoing laryngectomy, and convenience diet is not as effective as the commercial formulation in reducing the risk of fistula formation.

Early nasogastric enteral nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis: A systematic review

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of early nasogastric enteral nutrition (NGEN) for patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2006), Pub-Medline (1966-2006), and references from relevant articles. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only, which reported the mortality of SAP patients at least. Two reviewers assessed the quality of each trial and collected data independently. The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 4.2.9 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three RCTs were included, involving 131 patients. The baselines of each trial were comparable. Meta-analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rate of SAP patients between nasogastric and conventional routes (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.37 and 1.55, P = 0.45), and in other outcomes, including time of hospital stay (weighted mean difference = -5.87, 95% CI = -20.58 and 8.84, P = 0.43), complication rate of infection (RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.62 and 3.23, P = 0.41) or multiple organ defi ciency syndrome (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.27 and 3.47, P = 0.97), rate of admission to ICU (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.48 and 2.09, P = 0.99) or conversion to surgery (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.12 and 3.69, P = 0.64), as well as recurrence of re-feeding pain and adverse events associated with nutrition. CONCLUSION: Early NGEN is a breakthrough in the management of SAP. Based on current studies, early NGEN appears effective and safe. Since the available evidence is poor in quantity, it is hard to make an accurate evaluation of the role of early NGEN in SAP.Before recommendation to clinical practice, further high qualified, large scale, randomized controlled trials are needed.

Gastroenteric tube feeding: Techniques, problems and solutions

Gastroenteric tube feeding plays a major role in the management of patients with poor voluntary intake,chronic neurological or mechanical dysphagia or gut dysfunction,and patients who are critically ill.However,despite the benefits and widespread use of enteral tube feeding,some patients experience complications.This review aims to discuss and compare current knowledge regarding the clinical application of enteral tube feeding,together with associated complications and special aspects.We conducted an extensive literature search on PubMed,Embase and Medline using index terms relating to enteral access,enteral feeding/nutrition,tube feeding,percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy,endoscopic nasoenteric tube,nasogastric tube,and refeeding syndrome.The literature showed common routes of enteral access to include nasoenteral tube,gastrostomy and jejunostomy,while complications fall into four major categories:mechanical,e.g.,tube blockage or removal;gastrointestinal,e.g.,diarrhea;infectious e.g.,aspiration pneumonia,tube site infection;and metabolic,e.g.,refeeding syndrome,hyperglycemia.Although the type and frequency of complications arising from tube feeding vary considerably according to the chosen access route,gastrointestinal complications are without doubt the most common.Complications associated with enteral tube feeding can be reduced by careful observance of guidelines,including those related to food composition,administration rate,portion size,food temperature and patient supervision.

Optimal timing and route of nutritional support after esophagectomy: A review of the literature

Some controversy surrounds the postoperative feeding regimen utilized in patients who undergo esophagectomy.Variation in practices during the perioperative period exists including the type of nutrition started,the delivery route,and its timing.Adequate nutrition is essential for this patient population as these patients often present with weight loss and have altered eating patterns after surgery,which can affect their ability to regain or maintain weight.Methods of feeding after an esophagectomy include total parenteral nutrition,nasoduodenal/nasojejunal tube feeding,jejunostomy tube feeding,and oral feeding.Recent evidence suggests that early oral feeding is associated with shorter LOS,faster return of bowel function,and improved quality of life.Enhanced recovery pathways after surgery pathways after esophagectomy with a component of early oral feeding also seem to be safe,feasible,and cost-effective,albeit with limited data.However,data on anastomotic leaks is mixed,and some studies suggest that the incidence of leaks may be higher with early oral feeding.This risk of anastomotic leak with early feeding may be heavily modulated by surgical approach.No definitive data is currently available to definitively answer this question,and further studies should look at how these early feeding regimens vary by surgical technique.This review aims to discuss the existing literature on the optimal route and timing of feeding after esophagectomy.

Endoscopist's approach to nutrition in the patient with pancreatitis

Nutritional therapy has an important role in the management of patient with severe acute pancreatitis.This article reviews the endoscopist's approach to manage nutrition in such cases.Enteral feeding has been clearly validated as the preferred route of feeding,and should be started early on admission.Parenteral nutrition should be reserved for patients with contraindications to enteral feeding such as small bowel obstruction.Moreover,nasogastric feeding is safe and as effective as nasojejunal feeding.If a prolonged course of enteral feeding(>30d) is required,endoscopic placement of feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes should be considered.

Laparoscopic Janeway gastrostomy as preferred enteral access in specific patient populations:A systematic review and case series

BACKGROUND Nutrition is one of the fundamental needs of both patient and non-patient populations.General trends promote enteral feeding as a superior route,with the most common enteral access being the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG)as the first-line procedure,with surgical access including Witzel gastrostomy,Stamm Gastrostomy,Janeway gastrostomy(JG)as secondary means.AIM To describe cases and technique of laparoscopic Janeway gastrostomy(LJG)and perform a systematic review of the data.METHODS We successfully performed two LJG procedures,after which we conducted a literature review of all documented cases of LJG from 1991 to 2022.We surveyed these cases to show the efficacy of LJG and provide comparisons to other existing procedures with primary outcomes of operative time,complications,duration of gastrostomy use,and application settings.The data were then extracted and assessed on the basis of the Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/).RESULTS We presented two cases of LJG,detailing the simplicity and benefits of this technique.We subsequently identified 26 articles and 56 cases of LJG and extrapolated the data relating to our outcome measures.We could show the potential of LJG as a viable and preferred option in certain patient populations requiring enteral access,drawing reference to its favorable outcome profile and low complication rate.CONCLUSION The LJG is a simple,reproducible procedure with a favorable complication profile.By its technical ease and benefits relating to the gastric tube formed,we propose this procedure as a viable,favorable enteral access in patients with the need for permanent or palliative gastrostomy,those with neurologic disease,agitation or at high risk of gastrostomy dislodgement,or where PEG may be infeasible.

Summary of the Best Evidence for Tube Feeding Intolerance in Critically Ill Children

Objective:To summarize the evidence of tube feeding intolerance in critically ill children,aiming to provide evidence-based information for clinical nursing staff.Methods:Evidence search was done in Chinese and English databases to guide network and professional associations at home and abroad.The search time limit was from January 2014 to January 2024,nearly 10 years of relevant literature,mainly including guidelines,consensus,expert advice,best practice,evidence summary,system evaluation,and meta-analysis.Literature quality evaluation and evidence extraction were independently performed by two researchers.Results:This paper included 13 articles,including three guidelines,three systematic evaluations,three expert opinions,and four expert consensus.Twenty-six pieces of evidence were summarized from 10 aspects of feeding intolerance definition,team building,nutritional assessment,nutritional preparation,feeding protocol,feeding route,feeding management,pipeline management,gastric residual volume,and drug application.Conclusion:This paper summarized the evidence of tube feeding intolerance in critically ill children,which can provide evidence-based information for clinical practice.The abdominal signs should be closely observed when evaluating feeding intolerance,focusing on the prevention and reduction of feeding interruption.

Evaluation of a new method for placing nasojejunal feeding tubes

AIM:To compare fluoroscopic, endoscopic and guide wire assistance with ultraslim gastroscopy for placement of nasojejunal feeding tubes. METHODS:The information regarding nasojejunal tube placement procedures was retrieved using the gastrointestinal tract database at Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College. Records from 81 patients who underwent nasojejunal tubes placement by different techniques between 2004 and 2011 were reviewed for procedure success and tube-related outcomes. RESULTS:Nasojejunal feeding tubes were successfully placed in 78 (96.3%) of 81 patients. The success rate by fluoroscopy was 92% (23 of 25), by endoscopic technique 96.3% (26 of 27), and by guide wire assistance (whether via transnasal or transoral insertion)100% (23/23, 6/6). The average time for successful placement was 14.9 ± 2.9 min for fluoroscopic placement, 14.8 ± 4.9 min for endoscopic placement, 11.1 ± 2.2 min for guide wire assistance with transnasal gastroscopic placement, and 14.7 ± 1.2 min for transoral gastroscopic placement. Statistically, the duration for the third method was significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with the other three methods. Transnasal placement over a guidewire was significantly faster (P < 0.05) than any of the other approaches. CONCLUSION:Guide wire assistance with transnasal insertion of nasojejunal feeding tubes represents a safe, quick and effective method for providing enteral nutrition.

Single endoscopist-performed percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement

AIM: To investigate whether single endoscopist-performed percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is safe and to compare the complications of PEG with those reported in the literature. METHODS: Patients who underwent PEG placement between June 2001 and August 2011 at the Baskent University Alanya Teaching and Research Center were evaluated retrospectively. Patients whose PEG was placed for the first time by a single endoscopist were enrolled in the study. PEG was performed using the pull method. All of the patients were evaluated for their indications for PEG, major and minor complications resulting from PEG, nutritional status, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the use of antibiotic treatment or antibiotic prophylaxis prior to PEG. Comorbidities, rates, time and reasons for mortality were also evaluated. The reasons for PEG removal and PEG duration were also investigated. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients underwent the PEG procedure for the first time during this study. Eight patients who underwent PEG placement by 2 endoscopists were not enrolled in the study. A total of 54 patients were investigated. The patients' mean age was 69.9 years. The most common indication for PEG was cerebral infarct, which occurred in approximately two-thirds of the patients. The mean albumin level was 3.04 ± 0.7 g/dL, and 76.2% of the patients' albumin levels were below the normal values. The mean CRP level was high in 90.6% of patients prior to the procedure. Approximately two-thirds of the patients received antibiotics for either prophylaxis or treatment for infections prior to the PEG procedure. Mortality was not related to the procedure in any of the patients. Buried bumper syndrome was the only major complication, and it occurred in the third year. In such case, the PEG was removed and a new PEG tube was placed via surgery. Eight patients (15.1%) experienced minor complications, 6 (11.1%) of which were wound infections. All wound infections except one recovered with antibiotic treatment. Two patients had bleeding from the PEG site, one was resolved with primary suturing and the other with fresh frozen plasma transfusion. CONCLUSION: The incidence of major and minor complications is in keeping with literature. This finding may be noteworthy, especially in developing countries.

Jejunostomy Feeding Tube Placement in Gastrectomy Procedures: A Systematic Review

Many nutritional interventions have been developed to improve nutritional outcomes following upper gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether or not the routine use of intraoperative jejunostomy feeding tubes in partial and total gastrectomy procedures is warranted when assessing complications and nutritional benefits such as improved chemotherapy tolerance. An electronic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL databases was performed to identify studies which reported complications and/or post-operative outcomes of patients who received an intraoperative jejunostomy feeding tube in gastrectomy procedures. Five articles met the inclusion criteria (n = 636) with four retrospective cohort studies and one RCT. Studies varied in regards to the complications and nutritional outcomes reported. Jejunostomy feeding tube insertion may carry a risk of increased infectious complications but appears to reduce patient post-operative weight-loss and may improve chemotherapy tolerance. Due to the lack of high-quality studies, it is unclear if the routine use of an intraoperative jejunostomy feeding tube is indicated for all patients undergoing gastrectomy procedures or only those at a high-risk of post-operative malnutrition. More comprehensive research is recommended, particularly on the usefulness of home enteral nutrition post-gastrectomy.

Timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in post-stroke patients does not impact mortality, complications, or outcomes

BACKGROUND Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy(PEG)tubes are often placed for dysphagia following a stroke in order to maintain sufficient caloric intake.The 2011 ASGE guidelines recommend delaying PEG tube placement for two weeks,as half of patients with dysphagia improve within 2 wk.There are few studies comparing outcomes based on timing of PEG tube placement,and there is increasing demand for early PEG tube placement to meet requirements for timely discharge to rehab and skilled nursing facilities.AIM To assess the safety of early(≤7 d post stroke)vs late(>7 d post stroke)PEG tube placement and evaluate whether pre-procedural risk factors could predict mortality or complications.METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients undergoing PEG tube placement for dysphagia following a stroke at two hospitals in Saint Louis,MO between January 2011 and December 2017.Patients were identified by keyword search of endoscopy reports.Mortality,peri-procedural complication rates,and post-procedural complication rates were compared in both groups.Predictors of morbidity and mortality such as protein-calorie malnutrition,presence of an independent cardiovascular risk equivalent,and presence of Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)criteria or documented infection were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS 154 patients had a PEG tube placed for dysphagia following a stroke,92 in the late group and 62 in the early group.There were 32 observed deaths,with 8 occurring within 30 d of the procedure.There was an increase in peri-procedural and post-procedural complications with delayed PEG placement which was not statistically significant.Hospital length of stay was significantly less in patients with early PEG tube placement(12.9 vs 22.34 d,P<0.001).Protein calorie malnutrition,presence of SIRS criteria and/or documented infection prior to procedure or having a cardiovascular disease risk equivalent did not significantly predict mortality or complications.CONCLUSION Early PEG tube placement following a stroke did not result in a higher rate of mortality or complications and significantly decreased hospital length of stay.Given similar safety outcomes in both groups,early PEG tube placement should be considered in the appropriate patient to potentially reduce length of hospital stay and incurred costs.

Exfoliative esophageal bleeding caused by blind placement of a nasogastric tube:Two cases and a literature review

Transnasal intubation is a clinical operation usually performed blindly at the bedside.Mild adverse events,such as epistaxis and tube misplacement,are relatively common.Esophageal bleeding or perforation and other serious adverse events are rare.In the present study,two cases of severe diffuse esophageal bleeding caused by the blind placement of a nasogastric tube are described.These cases were successfully treated using a covered metal stent or Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.A review of the literature regarding the possible causes of such adverse events and the potential endoscopic treatments for severe hemorrhage are discussed.

Decompression of Malignant Large-bowel Obstruction with a Self-expanding Metallic Stent or Transanal Drainage Tube

Objective To compare the outcomes after self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) or transanal drainage tube (TDT) placement in patients with malignant large-bowel obstruction (MLBO). Methods Seventy-three patients with MLBO from the clinical unit underwent SEMS (n = 51) or TDT (n = 22) placement from 2012 to 2017. The success rates of placement, clinical outcomes after decompression, complications, the time to resuming enteral nutrition (EN), Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scoring and the following-up therapeutic options were investigated. Results Technical success were achieved in 100% of patients in both groups. The clinical success rates were 98.0%(50/51) for SEMS and 95.5%(21/22) for TDT. No perforation was found in any group, while 3.9%(2/51) in the SEMS and 18.2%(4/22) in TDT group experienced displacement (P = 0.26). It took 2.1 IQR (0~2) days and 3 IQR (2~5) days to resume EN in the SEMS and TDT groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The KPS scores were significantly higher in patients implanted with SEMS (70, IQR 50~80) than in those with TDT (35, IQR 30~50)(P < 0.001). In the SEMS group, 37.3%(19/51) of patients underwent stenting as a bridge to surgery, 9.8%(5/51) for chemotherapy only and 52.9%(27/51) for palliation, while 40.9%(9/22), 0 and 59.1%(13/22) underwent placement for these reasons in the TDT group, respectively. The majority (6/9) of the patients who underwent TDT placement as a bridge to surgery required stoma creation, while only 31.6%(6/19) of those in the SEMS group needed a stoma (P = 0.080). In addition, anastomotic leakage was only found in the TDT group (2/9)(P = 0.10). Conclusion Both SEMS and TDT placement could provide clinical relief for MLBO. However, SEMS placement is associated with earlier EN, fewer complications, and benefits for the postoperative quality-of-life.

神经重症患者留置双腔胃肠营养管护理专家共识

目的形成神经重症患者留置双腔胃肠营养管护理专家共识,推动护士规范、安全、有效地实施双腔胃肠营养管喂养,满足患者营养需求。方法检索、评价和汇总神经重症患者胃肠营养管护理的相关证据,提取相关的推荐意见,形成专家共识初稿,通过1轮专家函询和2轮专家论证会,结合专家意见修改、完善各条目内容,形成专家共识终稿。结果最终形成的专家共识包括神经重症患者双腔胃肠营养管喂养的操作性定义、置管适应证、置管禁忌证、置管及维护、拔管指征5个方面。结论形成的专家共识实用性较强,可为神经重症患者双腔胃肠营养管的临床护理实践和质量控制提供指导依据。

重力引导螺旋型鼻肠管空肠置管操作流程及教学歌诀

为了提高鼻肠管床旁定位的有效性和空肠置管的成功率,根据经典文献,结合自己的操作实践,编写了一个重力引导螺旋型鼻肠管空肠置管的操作流程及教学歌决。歌决内容:肠内营养寓胜算,空肠置管莫等闲。方法多样各神通,大力推广路漫长。半坐吞咽进食管,回抽自如识胃腔。右卧轻张过幽门,左卧低阻到空肠。胃内折返何征象?导管反弹最先见,充气受阻“折返征”,染色定位胜影像。真空试验最敏感,酸碱序变特异强,美蓝试验神答问,三法联用共导航。腹部平片金标准,超声时代仍可参。立体影像整体观,更有断层解疑难。此教学歌决以简明扼要、易于记忆的形式,成为临床手把手鼻肠管置管教学的有力工具。

鼻肠管管饲法在晚期帕金森病患者肠内营养支持治疗中的应用研究

目的探讨保留鼻肠管进行肠内营养支持治疗对晚期帕金森病患者营养状况及并发症的影响。方法2020年2月至2023年3月某三甲医院及医联体医院收治的32例晚期帕金森病患者,采用留置鼻肠管管饲法进行肠内营养支持治疗,二周后,观察血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白实验室检查指标、肌张力评分以及胃食道返流、误吸和吸入性肺炎并发症发生例次,运用SF-36评分评估患者生活质量,比较干预前后上述指标的变化情况。结果留置鼻肠管管饲法行肠内营养的患者血清血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白水平较前显著升高(P<0.05),球蛋白有上升但较干预前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后肌张力降低,胃食道返流、误吸和吸入性肺炎发生例数明显降低(P<0.05),生活质量评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用鼻肠管管饲法对晚期帕金森病患者进行肠内营养支持治疗,患者营养状况有明显改善,能减少因进食引发的并发症发生,有临床应用价值。

肠内营养安全输注核查单的设计及应用效果研究

目的:设计肠内营养安全输注核查单并应用于临床,以期提高肠内营养输注的安全性和高效性。方法:通过文献回顾、小组讨论和专家函询,设计肠内营养安全输注核查单,比较该核查单应用于临床前后患者的营养状况、管道堵塞、管道移位/滑脱、误吸、血糖异常等不良事件发生率及肠内营养不耐受发生率。结果:应用核查单后,患者的管道堵塞、管道位移/滑脱、血糖异常发生率及肠内营养不耐受发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05),患者出院时的营养状况优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:肠内营养安全输注核查单的应用可规范护士操作行为,提高护士决策能力和工作质量,有效降低肠内营养不良事件和肠内营养不耐受发生率,改善患者的营养状况。

鼻空肠管与鼻胃管肠内营养支持在急诊ICU机械通气患者中的应用效果对比

目的对比鼻空肠管与鼻胃管肠内营养支持在急诊ICU机械通气患者中的应用效果。方法70例急诊ICU机械通气患者随机分为两组。对照组留置鼻胃管进行肠内营养支持,观察组留置鼻空肠管进行肠内营养支持。比较两组的营养状况和并发症。结果观察组的达目标喂养量所需时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的HB、PAB和ALB水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的胃肠道并发症总发生率为5.71%,低于对照组的28.57%(P<0.05)。结论与鼻胃管肠内营养支持相比,鼻空肠管肠内营养支持能够快速改善急诊ICU机械通气患者的营养状况,减少胃肠道并发症的发生。