Intestinal parasites infection and associated factors among school children in Dagi primary school, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Worldwide, about 3.5 billion people are affected, and 450 million are ill as a result of these infections, among whom, the majority are children. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence of intestinal parasites infection and associated risk factors among school children in Dagi primary school, ANRS, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted by involving 399 school children from 24 September to 19 October, 2012. Structured questionnaires were used to identify environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors and stool specimens were collected and examined for parasites using direct smear and formal-ether concentration technique. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 15 statistical soft ware. Results: Eight species of intestinal parasites were identified with an overall prevalence of 77.9%. Students were infected with one or more intestinal parasites and the predominant parasite was hook worm, 94 (23.6%) followed by G. lamblia 91 (22.8%), E. histoltica 86 (21.6%) and Strongyloides 6 (1.5%). The presence of mixed parasitic infection was 106 (34.1%), double and triple infections were 97 (91.5%) and 9 (8.5%) respectively. Intestinal parasitic infection was higher in children whose fathers’ occupational status were farmers, who had unclean finger nails and who did not have the habit of wearing shoes (p parasites infection was an important public health problem among Dagi primary school children. Therefore, the local health office and other governmental and non-governmental organizations need to give attention to this serious problem of intestinal parasitic infection of school children.

History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

Six national-scale,or near national-scale,geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United States.The earliest of these,here termed the ＇Shacklette＇ data set,was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey（USGS） project conducted from 1961 to 1975.This project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous U.S.The National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance（NUREHSSR） Program of the U.S.Department of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments,lake sediments,or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous U.S.and Alaska.The sampled area represented about 65%of the nation.The Natural Resources Conservation Service（NRCS）,from 1978 to 1982,collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous U.S.This data set contains analyses of more than 3000 samples.The National Geochemical Survey,a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009,used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils,in the parts of the U.S.not covered by the NURE-HSSR Program.This data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 samples.The USGS,in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada,initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in 2007.Sampling of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the U.S.was completed in 2010,and chemical analyses are currently ongoing.The NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the U.S.This data set currently contains data from more than 1400 sites.This paper（1） discusses each data set in terms of its purpose,sample collection protocols,and analytical methods;and（2） evaluates each data set in terms of its appropriateness as a national-scale geochemical database and its usefulness for nationalscale geochemical mapping.

Importance of Standards Underlined in State Council's National Nutrition Plan

The General Office of the State Council released National Nutrition Plan （2017-2030） （Plan for short） to improve national health and nutrition on July 13. The plan sets a goal to make substantial improvements by 2030 in reducing student obesity, ane- mia, and stunted development afflicting children younger than 5, as well as raising residents＇ nutritional awareness.

Travel-Limiting Disabilities in the United States: Why Accessibility Matters?

This study evaluates the distribution of travel-limiting disabilities across genders and geographic locations in the United States. This study aims to describe and compare the socioeconomic and demographic variables of the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across geographic locations and gender. The study further evaluates the trip purpose and impact of Covid-19 fourth wave pandemic on the use of public transit and travel to physical workplace for the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across gender and geographic locations. The study uses the 2022 weighted National Household Travel Survey dataset and employs descriptive statistics. Results reaffirm the findings from previous literature that there are more people with travel-limiting disabilities in urban areas and among women. Over 50 percent of people aged 65 and above have a form of travel-limiting disabilities. The most trip for people with travel-limiting disabilities is made for shopping and medical purposes. Across all categories, rural areas, urban areas, male and female for the people without travel-limiting disabilities, COVID-19 fourth wave did not change the pattern of trips made to physical workplace as pre-COVID-19 era. This pattern is also observable for the people with travel-limiting disabilities in rural and urban areas. Females with travel-limiting disabilities reported making less trips to physical workplaces while male reported doing the same as before COVID-19 era. The study concludes that the quantification of travel-limiting disabilities across geographic location and gender is vital in disability study and could drive policy implementation for improved accessibility for the vulnerable population.

关于当今中国亚国家层次民族概念及其英译的新思考(二)——National ethnic unit:我国亚国家层次民族英译的新探索

在当今中国,作为整体的中华民族与亚国家层面的"各民族"都被称呼为民族,这就造成语义的模糊、混用和学界的困扰争鸣;在英文翻译上也难以精准表述,目前的两种译法nationality和ethnic group都引起一些异议。民族概念必须以尊重历史、符合现实、符合我国的族际政治和民族关系为原则。本文试提出当今中国亚国家层次的各民族,包括汉族和各少数民族都应平等地称之为"族元"——即共同形塑中华民族、共同创造中华文化、共同缔造中华人民共和国的具有重要历史意义和贡献的族类单元,英文翻译取用National ethnic unit。文章对"族元"这一概念的意涵进行了阐释,从历史史实、宪法精神、学理层面和国际视野展开了论证。对National ethnic unit进行了英文词语分析,将其与nationality,ethnic group等作了比较论述。

更好的治理能力会促进国家认同吗?——基于非洲十二国的实证研究

国家认同受到历史、政治、经济等多种因素的影响,国家治理能力可能也影响着国家认同。对于国家治理能否促进非洲的民族认同,已有的研究并没有给出明确的答案。首先从理论上探讨了国家认同提升的机制,通过运用有序逻辑回归模型实证方法对非洲晴雨表、世界银行和UNCTAD机构记录的国家认同和国家治理数据以及非洲国家的贸易开放程度进行了调查。研究发现,非洲国家的国家治理与人民的国家认同之间存在正相关关系。这一发现进一步扩展了对国家治理影响的理解,对加强非洲的国家认同以及非洲现代国家构建具有一定的启示。

Nationwide trends and predictors of inpatient mortality in 83884 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.

“博弈”视角下的美国国家公园发展理念对中国的启示--评National Parks:The American Experience

目前,我国正处于国家公园体制稳步推进,自然保护地体系转型重构的关键时期,明确国家公园的发展思路与理念是我们亟待解决的关键问题。National Parks:The American Experience一书较为全面地探讨了美国国家公园体系的发展历程及发展理念变迁,讲述了联邦政府、铁路公司和环保组织等利益团体围绕"国家公园该如何发展"这条主线展开的一系列博弈过程,涵盖了重要的历史事件、关键的推动性人物及相关开创性法案等内容。书中对推动美国国家公园发展的思潮和理念做了总结回顾,尤其是国家公园应该"保护什么"以及"如何保护"的思考,对完善我国国家公园体制、重构自然保护地体系具有一定的借鉴和启示意义。

“全民一体”:一个述说中华民族的原创概念

民族复兴被确立为国家发展目标,中华民族得到了前所未有的凸显,也进一步突出了中华民族与国家之间的内在联系。为了体现中华民族的国家属性,形成对中华民族的完整述说,笔者在中华民族“多元一体”概念的基础上,提出了中华民族“全民一体”概念,并通过原创的“人口国民化”“国民整体化”等概念来丰富其内涵。因此,就能将从中华民族与现代国家关系角度提出的“全民一体”概念,与从国内民族关系角度提出的“多元一体”概念结合起来,在既揭示中华民族与世界上其他现代民族的共同性,又揭示中华民族特殊性的基础上,对中华民族进行完整、有效的述说。

The Growth Logic of Modern States——On the History of Western Political Thoughts

As a modern concept,the word "state"dates from Europe of the 16th century and matures at the end of the 18th century.The concept of state is accompanied by the concept of sovereignty; if there is no sovereignty,there is no state at all.This paper studies the key writers in the history of the western political thoughts in modern times.It can be concluded that constitutional democracy is the result of seeking balance between"being governed"and"being non- oppressed".On the one hand,it ensures that sovereignty will not be threatened,and on the other hand,it avoids centralization of authority.

Capitalism, Internationalism, and Socialism in Times of Globalization

This paper will mention Marxist propositions, presented since the mid-19th century, about capitalism, socialism, and internationalism. According to Marx, socialism would replace capitalism and internationalism would occur through the dissolution of nation states. Later, Marxist circles presented a historical arrow in the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 socialism 〉 internationalism. Taking into account recent steps of globalization and measures imposed by national governments in the face of the deep financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to compare the above theory with some historical events that have happened since the 19th century. Much has happened that Marx did not predict. Considering the world trajectory since the Second World War, it seems that the historical arrow has the form of 〉 capitalism 〉 internationalism 〉 hybridism of capitalism and socialism 〉？

马克思共同体思想视域下铸牢中华民族共同体意识的理论分析和路径探索

马克思共同体思想理论精髓在于自由人联合体,马克思的“真正的共同体”以追求人类解放为定位。中华民族共同体是马克思共同体思想影响下结合我国国情的“共同体”表现形式。本文从“现实的人”“个体与共同体”等方面探讨两者的关系,进而从马克思共同体思想思考铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践路径,主要从生产力发展、中国特色社会主义制度、社会主义核心价值观三个视角来探讨铸牢中华民族共同体意识的经济基础、制度基础和思想基础。

中国近代以来的民族构建及其影响

对当代中国民族现象和民族关系的认知务必注意,不论是中华民族、国内各民族还是民族间关系,均在历史演变基础上经过了近代以来的民族构建过程。其间,历史形态的中华民族,一方面经由人口国民化和国民整体化而形成了国民共同体,另一方面又经由自我构建的各个民族的凝聚而成为一个更大的多族聚合体,实现了现代构建。同时,历史上众多的民族群体,则经过民族构建而成为国内的56个民族。在此过程中,国家因素、国族因素和各族互动三个方面相结合,造就了当代中国的民族关系。经历了这样的民族构建,中华民族、国内56个民族以及民族关系有了今天的形态、面貌和性质。因此,要对当代中国的民族现象和民族关系形成准确的把握,就必须对近代以来的民族构建进行认真的梳理。

国际体育参与对民族国家意识的建构——基于民国时期中国参与远东运动会和奥运会的考察

20世纪初,中国在世界资本主义洪流的席卷下开启了构建现代民族国家的历程。受西方文化的影响,现代体育在清末民初传入中国之际即被引以为“救国强种”的有效途径,并与政治紧密结合。借助文献资料,运用史学研究的基本方法,基于中国在20世纪上半叶的远东运动会及奥运会参与史,发现在民国时期通过国际体育参与,包括收回国人体育领导权、积极参与国际体育竞争等,强化了中国的独立自主意识,推动了民众参与国家政治议程,塑造了国民的国家意识和民族认同,并借助远东运动会和奥运会在争取国际合法权益、表达国家立场及输出民族传统体育文化等行动中推进了作为现代民族国家的外交进程,表达了参与国际事务、融入国际社会的意愿。

边疆自觉、少数民族文学与当代中国观

近现代中国由王朝帝国向民族国家转型过程中,边疆的自觉,边民的发现、想象和书写,构成了统一的多民族中国的观念基础。国际地理和国内空间的再认识与复杂化,意味着中国对于外部与内部、世界与自我的认知变化。在国内外多重因素所导致的主动与被动的迁徙与流动中,地理、政治、社会与价值观念得以重构,形成了中国特色社会主义的主权国家。包容不同类型的文化于国家一体的内部,兼顾共同性与特殊性,促成了新中国多民族共同主体的再造。这个主体再造的过程,决定了少数民族文学作为中国特色国家意志体现与文化表达的当代属性。少数民族文学从属于社会主义文化新体系与格局的建构,成为总体性中华民族审美共同体的组成部分,进而形成了集体主义的美学风格。在经由改革开放以来各种“后学”思潮的洗礼之后,如今需要重申社会主义早期文化实践的遗产,重塑中华民族共同体美学。

民族国家与个人身体的文学抉择——以中国新文学启蒙为考察中心

中国新文学的重要主题是现代性民族国家启蒙,以鲁迅为代表的启蒙主义者普遍认为达成该任务有赖于国民精神的解放,文学中的个人身体一度遭遇忽视和贬抑,启蒙也随之陷入困惑。当新文学再度选择解放个人身体时,现代民族国家的启蒙想象方才境界阔大、身心圆融。

“复线历史”的书写可能——从清季历史教科书谈起

清季历史教科书在叙述中国历史特别是清代本朝史时,大体遵循线性历史叙事下的普遍主义历史观,以适应民族国家时代到来的新挑战,但中国历史发展的独特性,导致书写实践中存在矛盾纠结和进退失据之处。只有从经典的以欧式民族国家话语为准绳的线性历史观中走出来,方能写出符合中国历史实际的史著。这恰恰表明中国历史书写具有另一种可能——走“复线历史”之路,建构起中国式的从天下、王朝国家走向民族国家的历史书写线索和路径。

“国家”、“民族”与“人民”的三重纠葛——重述闻一多的思想道路

中国现代作家闻一多的一生被文学史概括为从诗人到学者再到战士的思想历程,这也是现代知识分子追求进步的典型。在他理想的追求和思想逻辑中,其实就是“国家”、“民族”与“人民”这三重概念的发展和纠缠:“国家”是他认知的起点,“民族”是贯穿始终的情感中心,而“人民”则是思想的升华,从中,也折射出现代中国社会历史的跌宕起伏和知识分子的曲折探索。重述这里的思想演变,对于我们洞见现代国家意识在知识分子精神史上的深刻流变,具有十分重要的典范意义。

半殖民体验与晚清民族国家文学的主体性建构

现代文学研究的民族国家文学命题需要在半殖民体验中重审。晚清文本在殖民西方认知中,试图移植西欧范式的民族国家文学,实现反殖文本的建构。但在帝国内陆文化传统隐脉的影响下,晚清文本中的民族国家成为再次通往世界大同的途径,实则表明了西欧范式在中国本土的不适用性;因晚清文本生成于沿海都市社会,在缺少对内陆农村的主体认知前提下,晚清文人未完成“殖民西方”认知中民族国家文学的主体性建构。

情境、权力与技术:乡村动员式治理的实践逻辑——基于江苏省T村空间治理实践的考察

在乡村软治理兴起的时代背景下,以互动协商为特色的动员式治理成为基层推进乡村振兴的常用方式。对乡村动员式治理作全过程的解构发现,情境、权力、技术是理解其发生逻辑与运行逻辑的关键要素。“弱压力—高风险—低配套”的制度情境与强阻力的生活情境共同构成了动员式治理的发生条件,国家与社会互嵌从组织基础、认同基础、社会基础层面提供了动员式治理的权力基础,价值、关系、资源、制度等动员工具的技术化配置塑造了动员式治理的运作风格。从本质上看,动员式治理的过程同样是国家基础性权力的持续再生产过程,其兼顾了科层有效性与社会有效性,是柔性转向情境下乡村治理机制的一种理性表达。